Affective-Cognitive Consistency and Self-Conceptual Structure

1980 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy K. De Chenne
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Conceptual Structure ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
Cognitive Consistency ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Conceptual Organization ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Instrument Control

This study evaluated a model of self-conceptual organization. The model, an adaptation of the affective-cognitive theory of social attitudes, predicted the maintenance of consistency in the perceived organization or structure of self-conceptual items. Undergraduate subjects ( N = 74) completed a questionnaire assessing self-conceptual structure and then returned one week later to complete a similar instrument. Control subjects were simply retested; subjects in four experimental groups completed the posttest following adoption of roles designed to create different types of imbalance in self-conceptual organization. Pretest results indicated a moderately consistent structuring of self-conceptual items. In response to the various types of role-induced imbalance, subjects tended to reestablish consistency through a significant reorganization of self-conceptions.

scholarly journals Static and dynamic states: the case of Estonian stative colour expressions

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geda Paulsen
Keyword(s):  
Structure Analysis ◽  
Mental Image ◽  
Conceptual Structure ◽  
Lexical Information ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Permanent Property ◽  
Dynamic States

The aim of this study is to account for stative situations through the example of structurally different but semantically close colour expressions: the Estonian stative verbs derived from colour adjectives and colour adjectives appearing as the predicative. Stative verbs are assumed to be similar to copula constructions, with the aspectual distinction of temporary/permanent property. In this article, the stative colour expressions are analysed using the linguistic diagnostics developed for the determination of ontological properties of different types of states – the sc. Davidsonian and Kimian states (see e.g. Maienborn 2003). Analysis reveals that the copula construction with colour adjective as predicative is ambiguous, inclining to the Kimian states but also assigning properties characteristic to the Davidsonian states; the stative colour verbs, in turn, are true examples of Davidsonian states. In addition to the examination of the stative properties, the conceptual structure analysis of the colour expressions instantiating stative and dynamic states is given. The observer’s evaluation of the coloured object as a mental image is treated as part of the lexical information of the colour statives. Also, sentential and contextual phenomena of the colour statives are discussed.

Sentence verification and delusions: a content-specific deficit

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 1189-1198 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. ROSSELL ◽  
J. SHAPLESKE ◽  
A. S. DAVID
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Emotional Content ◽  
Verification Task ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
True False

Background. A sentence verification task was developed to investigate semantic memory in schizophrenia.Methods. The test consisted of three types of sentence (true, unlikely and nonsense) and seven different types of content (neutral, persecutory, grandiose, political, religious, relationships and somatic) representing common delusional themes present in schizophrenic patients. Sixty-three schizophrenic patients and 66 matched control subjects were asked to make true/false judgements to 143 sentences.Results. Overall accuracy was similar across the two groups; sentences with some emotional themes and sentences of the unlikely type produced the most violations. Significant differences between the two subject groups were found specifically on nonsense sentences with persecutory and religious themes. Patients made significantly more incorrect responses (acceptance) to nonsense sentences that had an emotional content congruent with their delusional beliefs, past or present, and also on unlikely sentences (incorrect rejections) whose content was not congruent with their delusions. Further analysis of response bias in the patients showed, overall, that there were more incorrect rejections (a reflection of the large number of unlikely sentence errors) and more incorrect responses to sentences congruent with patients delusions. Furthermore, analysis of those patients currently experiencing delusions revealed more incorrect responses to sentences congruent with their delusional ideas compared with patients not currently deluded.Conclusions. These findings are indicative of cognitive bias in schizophrenia towards certain emotional themes that may underlie illogical semantic connections and delusions.

Media's Influence on LGBTQ Support Across Africa

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Stephen Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
Selection Effects ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Queer Representation ◽  
The Media ◽  
Mixed Approach ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractPolitical leaders across Africa frequently accuse the media of promoting homosexuality, while activists often use the media to promote pro-LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer) narratives. Despite extensive research on how the media affects public opinion, including studies that show how exposure to certain information can increase support of LGBTQs, there is virtually no research on how the media influences attitudes towards LGBTQs across Africa. This study develops a theory that accounts for actors' mixed approach to the media and shows how different types of media create distinct effects on public opinion of LGBTQs. Specifically, the study finds that radio and television have no, or a negative, significant effect on pro-gay attitudes, whereas individuals who consume more newspapers, internet or social media are significantly more likely to support LGBTQs (by approximately 2 to 4 per cent). The author argues that these differential effects are conditional on censorship of queer representation from certain mediums. The analysis confirms that the results are not driven by selection effects, and that the relationship is unique to LGBTQ support but not other social attitudes. The results have important implications, especially given the growing politicization of same-sex relations and changing media consumption habits across Africa.

Individual Orientations and Career Satisfaction

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 425-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hang-Yue Ngo ◽  
Li Hui
Keyword(s):  
Work Engagement ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Career Satisfaction ◽  
Self Determination Theory ◽  
Career Orientation ◽  
Protean Career ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Employment Commitment

This study examines the relationships between two different types of individual orientation (i.e., protean career orientation and employment commitment) and career satisfaction. Drawing on self-determination theory and social cognitive theory, we propose that work engagement and self-efficacy act as mediators in the above relationships. Several hypotheses are developed and tested with a sample of 222 employees in Hong Kong. The results of path analysis and bootstrapping indicated that both protean career orientation and employment commitment are positively related to career satisfaction, and these relationships are fully mediated by work engagement and self-efficacy.

scholarly journals WORD AND WORD FORM: DERIVATIONAL TYPES, LINGUISTIC SIGNIFICANCE AND FUNCTIONS

2016 ◽  
pp. 207-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Sharandin
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Structure ◽  
Central Problem ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Conceptual Content ◽  
Priority Areas ◽  
Multilevel Structure ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Communicative Approach ◽  
Practical Nature

The problem of correlation of two notions “word” and “word form” is the central problem in Russian Grammar (Morphology) and is connected with some priority areas of the modern linguistics in the framework of the general anthropocentric approach to the language description. Derivational processes are connected with the notion of motivation and viewed in the paper. This motivation defines the eduction of different derivational types, which are united by a cognitive-communicative approach. The linguistic significance of the word form is determined as a conceptual structure, “servicing” conceptual content of the word-lexeme. The fundamental functions of the word forms and their significance for description of the language as a multilevel structure are identified. The represented extended understanding of word form allows to solve some problems of methodological (the problem of relativity between content and form in the language), theoretical (the problem of identification of the word and different types of the word form) and practical nature (inclusion the grammar material into the lexicographic practice).

The neural and cognitive time course of intention reasoning: Electrophysiological evidence from ERPs

2020 ◽  
pp. 174702182097421
Author(s):  
Qin Jiang ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Hong Li
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Cognitive Conflict ◽  
Conceptual Structure ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Positive Component ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Late Positive Component ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Present Event

Intention is a typical mental state in the theory of mind. However, to date, there have been theoretical debates on the conceptual structure of intention. The neural and cognitive time course of intention reasoning remains unclear. The present event-related potential (ERP) study had two purposes: first, to investigate the neural correlates of intention reasoning based on a differentiated conceptual structure distinguishing desire and intention; second, to investigate the neural basis of intention reasoning for different agents. Thus, we compared the neural activity elicited by intention reasoning for self and for others when the intention matched or mismatched the desire of the agent. The results revealed that three ERP components distinguished among different types of intention reasoning. A negative-going ERP deflection with right frontal distribution between 400 and 500 ms might reflect the cognitive conflict involved in intention reasoning, a right frontal late positive component might be associated with the categorisation of agents, and a centro-parietal late slow wave might indicate the conceptual mental operations associated with decoupling mechanisms in intention processing. These findings implied the neural and cognitive time course of intention reasoning and provided neural evidence for the differentiated conception of intention.

Case Studies of Two Second Language Learners of English

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Kamila alhadi Algwil
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Second Language Learners ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Cultural Theory ◽  
Oral Communication ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Main Factors

This study focuses on the factors that affect learners in learning English as a second language and the different types of errors. It also focuses on the strategies that are followed by the two second language learners during a three-month period and how they may help to understand the behaviourism theory, cognitive theory, and socio-cultural theory. The aims of the study are to explore how learners learn a second language, to highlight methods that they use to learn English and to examine their abilities in English. The methods that are used for data collection are an interview, a grammar test, samples of writing in English, and observation. The findings are analysed in relation to behaviourism theory, cognitive theory, and socio-cultural theory. The findings reveal that age, motivation, and personality are the main factors that affect the two learners. It appears that the Critical Period Hypothesis may have an impact only in pronunciation and oral communication rather than grammatical ability. The study also shows that the socio-cultural context is the most essential theory in learning a second language as it considers mental processes and the socio-cultural context. 

scholarly journals Unofficial Media, Government Trust, and System Confidence Evidence From China: An Empirical Exploration of the Attitudes of Netizens Based on the Dual Moderating Effect

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caijuan Chen ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Jie Ye
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Media Use ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
Negative Role ◽  
The Government ◽  
Using Data

Mass media has a significant impact on public support for the government. This manuscript constructs a mixed model with official media use as the moderating variable and government trust as the intermediary variable to explore the mechanism of how unofficial media use affects system confidence, using data from a survey of the political and social attitudes of netizens (2015). The study finds that official media use weakens the negative role of unofficial media use in building system confidence, with the intermediary variable of government trust creating the necessary conditions for weakening the effect of unofficial media use. Moreover, the effect of unofficial media use on system confidence is heterogeneous. These findings remind us that it is necessary to deepen research into the micromechanisms that explain how unofficial media use reduces system confidence, a task for which cognitive theory is well suited.

scholarly journals Self-Monitoring Abilities of Two Adults With Traumatic Brain Injury During Verbal Learning

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 159-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary R. T. Kennedy ◽  
Kathryn M. Yorkston ◽  
Margaret Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Adult Survivors ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Judgment Of Learning ◽  
Monitoring Accuracy ◽  
Different Types

Adult survivors of traumatic brain injury (TBI) often display learning and executive function deficits. In this study, two adults with TBI and two control subjects were required to self-monitor their learning by making "judgment-of-learning" (JOL) predictions about future recall. Control subjects were highly accurate when predictions were delayed from the learning episode, but not as accurate when predictions were made immediately following learning. Delayed monitoring accuracy of subjects with TBI was the same as their immediate monitoring accuracy. One subject overpredicted his recall ability, whereas the other displayed poor relative predictive accuracy. Proportions of recall, predictions of recall, and correlations between recall and predictions were necessary in order to identify the different types of monitoring difficulty demonstrated by these subjects with TBI.

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