scholarly journals Mutual Occurrence and Dietary Exposure to Total Aflatoxin and Fumonisins in Bread: A Major Breakfast Bakery Product in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
Apeh Daniel Ojochenemi ◽  
Umoh Patrick Oku ◽  
Makun Hussaini Anthony
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Health Damage ◽  
The World ◽  
Breakfast Food ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Safe Limit ◽  
Materials Used

Abstract Bread, which is a major breakfast food, has been documented to be susceptible to contamination by toxic fungi metabolites (mycotoxins) in various parts of the world. Total aflatoxins (AfT) and fumonisins (FB) are two important mycotoxins known for their ability to cause health damage to animals and humans when ingested through food over a long time. This study set out to determine the presence and level of these mycotoxins in bread produced and/or consumed within Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria. After extraction, ELISA was used to quantify the toxins in 30 samples of bread. The outcome showed 50% (15/30) contamination of bread samples by AfT and 93.3% (28/30) contamination by FB within the ranges 0.1-5.5 μg/kg and 10-220 μg/kg respectively. Three (3) of the bread samples were contaminated by AfT beyond the safe limit, while all the samples contaminated with FB were contaminated within the safe limit. The mutual occurrence of both toxins was recorded at 46.7%. EDI for AfT and FB were estimated to be 0.0048 μg/kg bw/day and 0.3379 μg/kg bw/day respectively while risk characterisation gave an estimated TDI% of 16.896% for FB. The results suggest that chronic toxic effects rather than acute toxicity could occur from long-term exposure to AfT and FB from bread. It is therefore advised that the raw materials used in bread manufacturing should be monitored and regulated for mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Short Review on Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
Rabia Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
System Disorder ◽  
Ovarian Syndrome

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a metabolic disease and a common endocrine system disorder among women of reproductive age. Infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods, excess hair growth, acne, and obesity can occur in women with PCOS. Early diagnosis and treatment along with weight loss may reduce the risk of long-term complications. Now a days PCOS is also the cause of infertility. India is PCOS capital of the world. PCOS management is necessary to reduce its long time complications.J MEDICINE Jan 2018; 19 (1) : 49-53

scholarly journals Green criminology and native peoples: The treadmill of production and the killing of indigenous environmental activists

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J Lynch ◽  
Paul B Stretesky ◽  
Michael A Long
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Green Criminology ◽  
Native Peoples ◽  
The Past ◽  
Environmental Interest Groups ◽  
The World ◽  
Treadmill Of Production ◽  
Capitalist World ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
News Services

During the development of green criminology, little attention has been paid to how Indigenous/Native Peoples (INP) are victimized by green crime and how they employ environmental activism to resist externally imposed ecological destruction. In the past decade, news services and environmental interest groups have reported on the killing of INP environmental activists who have resisted ecological destruction across the world. Here, we begin to develop a green criminological view of INP victimization and resistance to ecological destruction within the context of the global capitalist treadmill of production, while drawing upon concepts of colonization, imperialism, genocide and ecocide. Our analysis suggests that in the contemporary capitalist world system, expansion of the treadmill of production’s ecological withdrawal process (i.e. the withdrawal of raw materials used in production) not only accelerates ecological disorganization in developing/underdeveloped nations, but may be harmful in nations where INP are dependent on access to nature for survival.

scholarly journals HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY: AMBITIONS AND GOALS

2021 ◽  
pp. 118-124
Author(s):  
V.S. Akimova ◽  
◽  
S.S. Atlasova ◽  
K.E. Ershova
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
Diffi Cult ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
The University

Japan is a developing country but is getting diffi cult to hold in leadership 21st century. The domestic lack of raw materials fosters the government to count on competitive power of science and the higher education system. Japanese system of higher education must become demanded in the world. The history of Hokkaido University, the oldest institution in the country and is being modernized at present, is reviewed. It is noted that various mid-term and long-term measures have been developed and implemented. The university partakes in diff erent activities to raise the university international rating.

scholarly journals Prospects for Social and Economic Development of Coal Mining Regions

2020 ◽  
Vol 174 ◽  
pp. 04021
Author(s):  
Elena Kazantseva ◽  
Natalya Osokina ◽  
Galina Chistyakova
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mining ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Mining Regions ◽  
Modern Technologies

In recent decades, raw materials companies occupy leading positions in world ratings, largely determining the economic situation of their home countries. The rapid growth of digital companies’ position in the global economy does not detract from the role of raw materials production, which develops using modern technologies and adheres to the principles of sustainable development. The paper analyzes the position of leading foreign and domestic raw materials companies in the world rankings; examines the features of mining regions functioning, in particular, coal mining regions (on the example of the Kemerovo region, Western Siberia, Russia), and the prospects for their long-term development. Proposals for long-term development of coal mining regions are formulated.

The Air Factor in West Africa's Colonial Defence 1920–1945: A Neglected Theme

Itinerario ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-24
Author(s):  
Yomi Akinyeye
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Capital Intensity ◽  
Military History ◽  
French West Africa ◽  
Naval Warfare ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of

The colonial military history of British and French West Africa has received copious attention from historians and soldiers. The role of the region in the two world wars has also been discussed in one way or the other. However, in the discussion of West Africa's colonial military history and the role of the colonies in the two world wars, hardly any reference is made to the air factor. While discussions of colonial military history concentrate on infantry and naval exploits, those on the role of the colonies in the world wars concentrate on their importance as sources of raw materials and manpower for British and French war efforts in other theatres of the wars. The wrong impressions thus given are that the air factor was alien to West Africa's colonial defence and that the region was largely outside the strategic manoeuvres of the two world wars. This is understandable in that the Maxim gun and the gunboat had largely been responsible for the conquest and policing of West Africa. Moreover, while infantry and naval warfare had been the mode of combat in all societies from time immemorial the air as a factor of warfare is largely a phenomenon of the twentieth century. Lastly, strategists in British West Africa ignored the air factor for a very long time because of its capital intensity.

scholarly journals EKSPLORASI LIMBAH PLASTIK DALAM KARYA SENI RUPA

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-103
Author(s):  
Syamsiar - Syamsiar
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Fine Art ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Living Things ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Materials Used

Art creation: Exploration of Plastic Waste in Fine Art is an experiment in utilizing plastic waste around the author into an aesthetic 2-dimensional work of art as an effort to reduce waste on earth, and at the same time enriching the treasures of art in Indonesia, especially and the world in general. Plastic waste can unknowingly threaten the survival of the human environment. Plastic cannot be destroyed through natural processes and lasts a very long time in nature. It takes 500-1000 years for plastic to degrade, but it will still leave microplastic particles that are harmful to living things. Creating works of art is one of the efforts of the author as an artist to take care of reducing plastic waste. The concept of the work in this creation is a spooky facial expression that conveys a message to the audience that plastic waste is dangerous for the future of living things. To achieve the goal of creation, it is done by using the method of material experimentation and exploration of the form of the work of creation. The materials used are various kinds of plastic waste which are cleaned, sorted by color and then pressed using an electric iron on the prepared medium. Through this method, several works of spooky facial expressions were obtained. Abstrak               Penciptaan karya seni: Eksplorasi Limbah Plastik dalam Karya Seni Rupa adalah sebuah eksperimen dalam memanfaatkan limbah plastik yang ada di sekitar penulis menjadi sebuah karya seni 2 dimensi yang estetis sebagai upaya dalam mengurangi limbah sampah di bumi, dan sekaligus dapat memperkaya khasanah kesenirupaan di tanah air khususnya dan dunia umumnya. Limbah plastik tanpa disadari dapat mengancam kelangsungan lingkungan kehidupan manusia. Plastik tidak dapat hancur lewat proses alami dan bertahan sangat lama di alam. Dibutuhkan 500-1000 tahun bagi plastik agar tergradasi, tapi tetap saja akan menyisakan partikel mikroplastik yang berbahaya bagi makhluk hidup. Menciptakan karya seni adalah salah satu upaya penulis sebagai perupa untuk ikut peduli mengurangi limbah plastik. Konsep karya dalam penciptaan ini adalah ekspresi wajah seram yang membawa pesan kepada audiens bahwa limbah plastik berbahaya bagi masa depan makhluk hidup. Untuk mencapai tujuan penciptaan dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode ekspremen bahan dan eksplorasi bentuk ciptaan karya. Bahan yang digunakan adalah berbagai macam limbah plastik yang dibersihkan, dipilah warnanya kemudian dipress menggunakan setrika listrik pada medium yang telah disiapkan. Melalui metode ini kemudian didapatkan beberapa karya ekspresi wajah seram.  

scholarly journals Globalization’s Impact on the Usages of Imported and Local Building Materials in Jordan

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 971-975
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Noticeable Increase ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Local Materials

The process of choosing building materials is an essential part of the design process. Whenever architects and interior designers start to think about a project, one of the first things they consider is the materials that will be used in the production of the project. There is little research exploring the impact of globalization on the level of using imported and local building materials in Jordan. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the impact of globalization on the level of using imported and local building materials in Jordan and explore the impact of using imported building materials on the level of using local building materials in Jordan. For the purpose of this study, data gathered about the usage of imported building materials in Jordan and analyzed to observe any drops of rises of using specific building materials. Also, this data was used to understand the most common imported building materials used. This study requires a total understanding of the relationship between globalization and building materials and their impact on the economy and the usage of imported and local building materials. comprehension of this relationship will make it possible to find solutions to integrate the use of imported building materials and local materials. Globalization impact can be observed in other sectors in Jordan. The building materials market is being affected by the phenomenon of globalization. It was found that there is a noticeable increase in imported building materials or raw materials that are needed to manufacture building materials. If the attitude toward the usage of local building materials in Jordan keep decreases and relying on imported building materials in the construction section, there will be a recession in the local building materials in Jordan. Having this recession will have a greater impact on the building materials and local factories in the long term.

scholarly journals Presence and importance of mycotoxins in pig feed

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 83-92
Author(s):  
Radmila Markovic ◽  
Dragan Sefer ◽  
Stamen Radulovic ◽  
Marcela Speranda
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Negative Effect

Mycotoxins present a significant problem in the diet of pigs. Secondary metabolites of fungi are toxic matter that have a negative effect on health and the performance of animals, as well as on the quality of their products. The creating of mycotosins is a complex process and it is difficult to predict which toxin will be produced and in which concentration. Food is most often contaminated by low concentrations of different mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, fumonisinsi and zearalenone) which cause a series of undesired effects, depending on the amount that the animal has ingested into the organism. Mycotoxin interactions in the organism are complex, and they can have antagonistic, synergistic or a joint effect, depending on the combination and quantity in which they appear. The pig is a domestic animal which is most sensitive to the effects of mycotoxins. Long-term consumption of feed contaminated with mycotoxins results in a decline in production, a deterioration of the general health and reproductive disorders. One of the most important negative effects in pigs which receive low doses of mycotoxins in the longterm, is immunosuppression. Mycotoxins present very stable links that remain in raw materials and animal products for a long time and thus pose a major health risk for humans. .

scholarly journals Release of Cadmium, Lead and Manganese from Unglazed Ceramic Food Containers to Pickled Mustard Greens Juice and Soy Sauce

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. xx-xx
Author(s):  
Nga Vu Thuy ◽  
Minh Vu Thi Ngoc
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Acidic Medium ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Soy Sauce ◽  
Ceramic Production ◽  
Metal Contents ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Cadmium Lead

Leaching of toxic elements from containers to food can be a direct threat to human health, especially when they are used to hold highly corrosive foods over a long time. The concern of this study is the leaching of cadmium, lead and manganese from unglazed ceramic containers when holding two leachates, including pickled mustard greens juice and a soy sauce. The containers were randomly collected from four ceramic production facilities in Bat Trang - Hanoi, Nam Sach - Hai Duong, Tien Hai - Thai Binh and Thuan An - Binh Duong, where no standard was employed to control heavy metal contents in raw materials and products. The release of cadmium, lead and manganese from the containers to the leachates were analyzed at 24-hour intervals for six days for pickle juice and at two-month intervals for a year for soy sauce. The results showed that the concentrations of those elements increased non-linearly during the course of the study and increased more rapidly in the more acidic medium. The concentrations of cadmium, lead and manganese in the pickle juice (pH reduced from 4.1 to 2.9) after six days were 80.78, 140.10, and 150.11 ppb, and in the soy sauce (pH stable at 6.1) after twelve months were 11.32, 11.86 and 13.87 ppb, respectively. It suggests that further research on the long-term leaching of toxic elements from containers to highly acidic foods is needed to protect the health of consumers.

scholarly journals Joining efforts to destroy a mighty empire: the Delphic oracle reloaded!

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (34) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Carlos Renato Zacharias
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Attempt ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
The World ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Long Time ◽  
High Dilutions ◽  
The Universe

Whether in short or long term, it seems that history always repeats itself! We started in 2011 under the announcement of another collective suicide attempt by organized by Merseyside Skeptics Society, with followers in various cities all over the world! The reasoning behind this movement is quite clear: if homeopathic medicines are highly diluted, then it can not be found one even molecule of the supposed active substance, inside it. Hence the campaign slogan: Homeopathy: there is nothing in it! ... It seems that the story wants to repeat again! If we join efforts to satisfy the skeptics, the prophecy of the Skeptics’ Oracle will be fulfilled: "respect the Avogadro’s limit and we no longer fight against homeopathy”! If we go forward with this fight, we will destroy ourselves, the homeopathy and all science behind the high dilutions, leaving nothing for the skeptics do, unless, quietly to observe our self-destruction! ... If we want to get into a true battle, then we should review and reflect on our scientific approach to the phenomenon of the HD and homeopathy. And we don’t need to bother in requesting a space in the universe of science, because this decision is not entitled to the skeptics. Further, this place is already booked since a long time! We should only be dedicated to the difficult task of uncovering the phenomenon behind the HD and Homeopathy, in order to fill our space in an honorable manner!

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