A Scoping Review on Intergenerational Learning in Urban China

AbstractSouth Africa's churches grew or declined so quickly in the years after 1960 that by 1991 the country's religious map had been redrawn. This article charts and offers explanations for such developments. Almost all Christian churches grew substantially in the first half of the twentieth century but mainline churches were dominant. They continued to grow numerically into the 1960s and 1970s, but were beginning to shrink as a proportion of the expanding population. By contrast, Roman Catholic, African Independent and smaller independent denominations were growing quickly. By the 1990s, mainline Protestant churches were suffering considerable decline and Roman Catholicism's growth had stalled. African Independent and other churches continued to grow rapidly. A matrix of forces help to explain this phenomenon-including the political situation, socio-economic pressures, secularisation and particular religious factors. A comparative perspective shows South Africa's churches to have much in common with African and global trends.

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ASEAN and African relations: towards a renewed partnership?

10.31730/osf.io/ph35m ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Dirk Kohnert

Keyword(s):

Strategic Partnership ◽

World Population ◽

Industrialized Countries ◽

Interregional Trade ◽

Political Independence ◽

1960S And 1970S ◽

The 1960S ◽

Almost All ◽

Economic Ties ◽

The Eu

ABSTRACT & RÉSUMÉ & ZUSAMMENFASSUNG : The ASEAN summit of October 2021 showed the increased geopolitical importance of the Indo-Pacific realm. Today ASEAN is the most successful regional organization in Asia and the second largest worldwide behind the EU. The establishment of the New Asian-African Strategic Partnership (NAASP) more than 15 years before (2005) aimed to revive the Bandung spirit of the non-aligned movement of 1955. This time with a stronger focus on economic ties. In 2013 these countries counted around 620 million inhabitants or 8.8% of the world population. They wanted to fight colonialism and neocolonialism by promoting Afro-Asiatic economic and cultural cooperation. Almost all member countries gained sovereignty and political independence by the 1960s and 1970s, with the exception of Palestine. However, the aftermath of the Bandung conference also promoted negative developments, including the polarization of Asian countries, the strengthening of political authoritarianism and regional interventions. In addition, most countries continued to grapple with economic and political challenges, including poverty, debt burdens, backwardness, ignorance, disease and environmental degradation. Their access to the markets of the industrialized countries also remained limited. At the global level, the NAASP received little attention so far. Despite the longstanding rhetoric of Asia-Africa solidarity, Asia and Africa still lack formal institutional and trade links. Although interregional trade increased, Africa remained a small part of ASEAN with only around 2% of its total market. The most important trading countries of ASEAN with Africa were Thailand, Indonesia and Singapore, while South Africa, Nigeria and Egypt were the largest African import markets. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- RÉSUMÉ : 'Les relations commerciales entre l'ASEAN [ANASE] et l'Afrique: vers un partenariat renouvelé ?' --- Le sommet de l'ASEAN d'octobre 2021 a montré l'importance géopolitique accrue de la region indo-pacifique. Aujourd'hui, l'ANASE est l'organisation régionale la plus performante d'Asie et la deuxième au monde derrière l'UE. La création du Nouveau partenariat stratégique Asie-Afrique (NAASP) plus de 15 ans auparavant (2005) visait à raviver l'esprit de Bandung du mouvement des non-alignés de 1955. Cette fois en mettant davantage l'accent sur les liens économiques. En 2013, ces pays comptaient environ 620 millions d'habitants soit 8,8% de la population mondiale. Ils voulaient combattre le colonialisme et le néocolonialisme en promouvant la coopération économique et culturelle afro-asiatique. Presque tous les pays membres ont acquis leur souveraineté et leur indépendance politique dans les années 1960 et 1970, à l'exception de la Palestine. Cependant, les conséquences de la conférence de Bandung ont également favorisé des développements négatifs, notamment la polarisation des pays asiatiques, le renforcement de l'autoritarisme politique et les interventions régionales. En outre, la plupart des pays ont continué à faire face à des défis économiques et politiques, notamment la pauvreté, le fardeau de la dette, le retard, l'ignorance, la maladie et la dégradation de l'environnement. Leur accès aux marchés des pays industrialisés restait également limité. Au niveau mondial, le NAASP a reçu peu d'attention jusqu'à présent. Malgré la rhétorique de longue date de la solidarité Asie-Afrique, l'Asie et l'Afrique manquent encore de liens institutionnels et commerciaux formels. Bien que le commerce interrégional ait augmenté, l'Afrique est restée une petite partie de l'ASEAN avec seulement environ 2% de son marché total. Les principaux pays commerçants de l'ASEAN avec l'Afrique étaient la Thaïlande, l'Indonésie et Singapour, tandis que l'Afrique du Sud, le Nigéria et l'Égypte étaient les plus grands marchés d'importation africains.

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‘A magnificent business prospect . . .’ the Coase theorem, the extortion problem, and the creation of Coase theorem worlds

Journal of Institutional Economics ◽

10.1017/s174413741400023x ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 353-378 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

STEVEN G. MEDEMA

Keyword(s):

Present Article ◽

Coase Theorem ◽

Theoretical Frameworks ◽

The Creation ◽

1960S And 1970S ◽

The 1960S

AbstractThe Coase theorem, circa the 1970s, had no settled meaning or content; instead, that meaning and content was created – and in differing ways – by the modeling choices of scholars who attempted to grapple with and assess the proposition that Coase had laid out in 1960. These modeling decisions included both the theoretical frameworks laid onto the theorem and the assumptions (including meanings ascribed thereto) said to underlie it. The present article illustrates this using the 1960s and 1970s extortion debate as a backdrop, showing how conclusions reached regarding the theorem's validity hinged on the Coase theorem worlds created by the authors involved.

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Status of Service Delivery System of Bangladesh Railway: An Empirical Study

Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal ◽

10.14738/assrj.88.10650 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 426-437

Author(s):

Abu Jakaria Nishat ◽

Shanjay Kumar Mukharjee ◽

Avakova Olga Victorovna

Keyword(s):

Public Sector ◽

Service Delivery ◽

Turn Of The Century ◽

Railway Network ◽

Railway Stations ◽

Face To Face ◽

The Public ◽

1960S And 1970S ◽

The 1960S ◽

Almost All

The Bangladeshi Railway was given the name after the country gained independence in 1971. Even so, it had a history dating more than a century before that. By the turn of the century, it had just about 37 diesel-hydraulic and 231 diesel- electric locomotives. These ran about 100 coaches and 10900 freight wagons. This number has presently increased and it serves in a network of broad-gauges, dual-gauge and meter-gauge in around 440 railway stations. The public sector runs various transport modes like the Biman Bangladesh Airline, taxis, ferries, buses and other means that move freight around and out of Bangladesh. With a capacity to transport more than 60% of freight around Bangladesh, the public sector transport quite overshadows the BR, which suffers a number of challenges that cripple it to date. These challenges range in nature from lack of sufficient funds to operate the railway, to a poor railway network, part of which may be attributed to the Indo-Pakistan War that ground the services to a halt back between the 1960s and 1970s. Moreover, ongoing, coronavirus pandemic is proving to be another challenge that has grounded the normal operations at BR. The research has been conducted by a field survey using a structural and semi-structural questionnaires and face-to-face interview. A set of (---) questionnaires were given to (----) stakeholder at various levels at almost all the junctions in Mymensingh to observe the practical service delivery experiences of the railway sector. Over the survey a plethora of experiences have been gained which is givens as findings in this article and we have given some recommendations which will make this sector stronger.

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STATE OF EREMURUS SPECTABILIS BIEB POPULATIONS IN THE STAVROPOL KRAI

Izvestiâ Timirâzevskoj selʹskohozâjstvennoj akademii ◽

10.26897/0021-342x-2021-2-26-36 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 26-36

Author(s):

T.N. ISAENKO ◽

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Botanical Garden ◽

The State ◽

Mineral Waters ◽

Natural Habitats ◽

1960S And 1970S ◽

The 1960S ◽

Almost All ◽

Stavropol Krai

The study of the floral composition, including rare species on the territory of the Stavropol Krai, started from the first days of the operation of the botanical garden in Stavropol, the 1960s. Between the 1960s and 1970s, the garden staff identified the growing areas of Eremurus spectabilis Bieb. in natural conditions, as well as studied the questions related to biology, morphology, morphogenesis, photoperiodism and methods of its reproduction. In 2009, the garden employees set the task of studying the dynamics of the current state of populations of the Eremurus representative in the vicinity of Stavropol, in the Yankulskaya (Shatyr Kurgan mountain) and Sengileevskaya hollows (Balka Trety Log). The survey of the territories according to the first level of monitoring was carried out in the Andropov region and in the Caucasian Mineral Waters (Kavminvody) region. As a result of long-term expedition trips, some deterioration in the state of the Eremurus spectabilis populations has been recently established in the Trety Log hollow (balka): a decrease in the habit of peduncles and inflorescences, seedcase setting, the manifestation of inflorescence deformation in almost all populations. This can be attributed to deteriorated weather conditions – a prolonged dry spring-summer period against the background of a heavy clay composition of the soil. No diseases or pests have been found. The populations are stable, since the renewal of plants in the populations at this stage is equal to their decrease. According to the ratio of age groups, growing populations are currently noted on Shatyr Kurgan, where young, not yet reproductive individuals prevail. Observations of the state of Eremurus spectabilis in natural habitats should be continued in dynamics (once every 3–5 years) in order to note the success and stability of a particular cenopopulation in the community or toanalyze the critical points of its development.

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Les relations entre l'ANASE et l'Afrique: vers un partenariat renouvelé

10.31730/osf.io/zpb43 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Dirk Kohnert

Keyword(s):

Strategic Partnership ◽

World Population ◽

Industrialized Countries ◽

Interregional Trade ◽

Political Independence ◽

1960S And 1970S ◽

The 1960S ◽

Almost All ◽

Economic Ties ◽

The Eu

ABSTRACT & RÉSUMÉ & ZUSAMMENFASSUNG : The ASEAN summit of October 2021 showed the increased geopolitical importance of the Indo-Pacific realm. Today ASEAN is the most successful regional organization in Asia and the second largest worldwide behind the EU. The establishment of the New Asian-African Strategic Partnership (NAASP) more than 15 years before (2005) aimed to revive the Bandung spirit of the non-aligned movement of 1955. This time with a stronger focus on economic ties. In 2013 these countries counted around 620 million inhabitants or 8.8% of the world population. They wanted to fight colonialism and neocolonialism by promoting Afro-Asiatic economic and cultural cooperation. Almost all member countries gained sovereignty and political independence by the 1960s and 1970s, with the exception of Palestine. However, the aftermath of the Bandung conference also promoted negative developments, including the polarization of Asian countries, the strengthening of political authoritarianism and regional interventions. In addition, most countries continued to grapple with economic and political challenges, including poverty, debt burdens, backwardness, ignorance, disease and environmental degradation. Their access to the markets of the industrialized countries also remained limited. At the global level, the NAASP received little attention so far. Despite the longstanding rhetoric of Asia-Africa solidarity, Asia and Africa still lack formal institutional and trade links. Although interregional trade increased, Africa remained a small part of ASEAN with only around 2% of its total market. The most important trading countries of ASEAN with Africa were Thailand, Indonesia and Singapore, while South Africa, Nigeria and Egypt were the largest African import markets. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- RÉSUMÉ : 'Les relations commerciales entre l'ASEAN [ANASE] et l'Afrique: vers un partenariat renouvelé ?' --- Le sommet de l'ASEAN d'octobre 2021 a montré l'importance géopolitique accrue de la region indo-pacifique. Aujourd'hui, l'ANASE est l'organisation régionale la plus performante d'Asie et la deuxième au monde derrière l'UE. La création du Nouveau partenariat stratégique Asie-Afrique (NAASP) plus de 15 ans auparavant (2005) visait à raviver l'esprit de Bandung du mouvement des non-alignés de 1955. Cette fois en mettant davantage l'accent sur les liens économiques. En 2013, ces pays comptaient environ 620 millions d'habitants soit 8,8% de la population mondiale. Ils voulaient combattre le colonialisme et le néocolonialisme en promouvant la coopération économique et culturelle afro-asiatique. Presque tous les pays membres ont acquis leur souveraineté et leur indépendance politique dans les années 1960 et 1970, à l'exception de la Palestine. Cependant, les conséquences de la conférence de Bandung ont également favorisé des développements négatifs, notamment la polarisation des pays asiatiques, le renforcement de l'autoritarisme politique et les interventions régionales. En outre, la plupart des pays ont continué à faire face à des défis économiques et politiques, notamment la pauvreté, le fardeau de la dette, le retard, l'ignorance, la maladie et la dégradation de l'environnement. Leur accès aux marchés des pays industrialisés restait également limité. Au niveau mondial, le NAASP a reçu peu d'attention jusqu'à présent. Malgré la rhétorique de longue date de la solidarité Asie-Afrique, l'Asie et l'Afrique manquent encore de liens institutionnels et commerciaux formels. Bien que le commerce interrégional ait augmenté, l'Afrique est restée une petite partie de l'ASEAN avec seulement environ 2% de son marché total. Les principaux pays commerçants de l'ASEAN avec l'Afrique étaient la Thaïlande, l'Indonésie et Singapour, tandis que l'Afrique du Sud, le Nigéria et l'Égypte étaient les plus grands marchés d'importation africains.

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Aleksei Petersoni roll vepslaste ja udmurtide rahvuslikus taassünnis (1980.–1990. aastad)

Eesti Rahva Muuseumi aastaraamat ◽

10.33302/ermar-2020-003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 45-66

Author(s):

Indrek Jääts ◽

Svetlana Karm

Keyword(s):

National Identity ◽

Mother Tongue ◽

Folk Culture ◽

The Press ◽

High Regard ◽

1960S And 1970S ◽

The 1960S ◽

Almost All ◽

Relationship Of

Estonian ethnographers have always taken a keen interest in Finno-Ugric peoples, their linguistic kin. The golden age of Finno-Ugric studies in Estonian ethnography began in the 1960s and lasted until the early 1990s. The State Ethnographic Museum of the Estonian SSR in Tartu (the current Estonian National Museum) emerged as the center of Finno-Ugric research with its long-term director Aleksei Peterson at the helm of the enterprise. Estonian ethnographers visited almost all Finno-Ugric peoples, with the major focus given to the Veps in the 1960s and 1970s, and to the Udmurts, in the 1980s. The museum acquired an awe-inspiring number of ethnographic objects, descriptions, photographs, drawings and films. Did all this benefit the peoples visited? What was the relationship of Estonian ethnographers with the subjects of their research? Did their plight affect Estonian scholars? The Estonian ethnographers had a high regard for the ethnic particularities, languages and traditional folk cultures of the kindred peoples and resisted their disappearance. Their views contradicted the Soviet nationalities policy which until the mid-1980s, emphasized the convergence and assimilation of nations. The interaction between the Estonian ethnographers and the Veps and Udmurts during the long series of expeditions helped to stimulate the suppressed and weak ethnic self-esteem of the latter. The mid-1980s marked the beginning of the era of Gorbachev’s glasnost and perestroika. As a result, national issues could be discussed openly, and it was at that time that the national revival of the Veps and Udmurts began. Estonian ethnologists embraced the process and actively contributed to it. This is especially true of Peterson, who was quite well known in Vepsia and Udmurtia and had a certain authority there. In his speeches at various events and in the press, Peterson encouraged the use of Veps and Udmurt in public life, including the schools. He emphasized the need to place a greater emphasis on traditional folk culture, which he considered to be critical to the national identity of small nations. His ideas influenced the creation of the open-air museum of the Udmurts. He supported the territorial autonomy of the Veps. He could speak as a messenger of perestroika whose word had weight. Thus Veps and Udmurt activists and nationally-minded ordinary people received inspiration and moral support from Peterson (and other Estonian ethnographers) for the preservation of their mother tongue, national identity and cultural heritage.

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Two stabilization plans for a developed economy: West Germany and Israel

International Journal of Social Economics ◽

10.1108/03068290010694912 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 27 (5/6) ◽

pp. 471-518

Author(s):

Anghel N. Rugina

Keyword(s):

Welfare State ◽

Stable Equilibrium ◽

West Germany ◽

New Era ◽

Social Thinking ◽

1960S And 1970S ◽

The 1960S ◽

Almost All ◽

New System ◽

The Welfare State

Investigates, in Part 1, the effects of West German stagnation in the 1980s following on from the welfare state doctrine of the 1960s and 1970s, which led to an economic and social crisis becoming inevitable. Shows this is not purely a German problem but one that also affects almost all other capitalist countries – either developed or developing. Expresses irony that the former communist bloc countries should also be engulfed in such crises. Proffers explanations and recommendations to offset the problems in Germany. Part II looks at Israel and how it has begun to emerge from its 1974 austerity programme by Rabin. States that Israel must initiate a new system of stable equilibrium to open a new era that is very possible, but involves economic and social thinking to avoid previous mistakes.

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Baldwin’s Kitchen

James Baldwin Review ◽

10.7227/jbr.6.6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 85-105

Author(s):

Emily Na

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Black Family ◽

Saint Paul ◽

Family Structures ◽

Domestic Spaces ◽

Late Twentieth ◽

1960S And 1970S ◽

Set Up ◽

The 1960S ◽

Late Twentieth Century

This article traces how the queer Black writer James Baldwin’s transnational palate and experiences influenced the ways he wrote about Black domestic spaces in the late twentieth century. In the 1960s and 1970s, while Black feminist cooks and writers like Edna Lewis, Jessica B. Harris, and Vertamae Smart-Grosvenor developed new theories of soul food in relation to the Black American community and broader American cuisine, Baldwin incorporated these philosophies and transnational tastes into his lifestyle and works. He traveled and worked around Europe, settling in places like Paris, Istanbul, and Saint-Paul de Vence for years at a time. In Saint-Paul de Vence, where he spent his last years, he set up his own welcome table, at which he hosted internationally renowned guests and shared his love of cuisine. Inevitably, Baldwin’s passion for cooking and hosting meals became a large, though scholarly neglected, component of his novels and essays. In his novels Another Country, which he finished in Istanbul and published in 1962, and Just Above My Head, which he finished in Saint-Paul de Vence and published in 1979, Baldwin’s depictions of food and Black kitchens take a queer turn. Instead of lingering on traditional Black family structures, these texts specifically present new formulations of intimate home life and reimagine relationships between food, kitchens, race, and sex in the late twentieth century.

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Ken Russell's Wartime Imagery

Journal of British Cinema and Television ◽

10.3366/jbctv.2015.0284 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 539-555 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kevin M. Flanagan

Keyword(s):

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

War Films ◽

Personal Style ◽

American Cinema ◽

1960S And 1970S ◽

The 1960S ◽

Second World ◽

Wartime Experience ◽

National Experience

This article traces Ken Russell's explorations of war and wartime experience over the course of his career. In particular, it argues that Russell's scattered attempts at coming to terms with war, the rise of fascism and memorialisation are best understood in terms of a combination of Russell's own tastes and personal style, wider stylistic and thematic trends in Euro-American cinema during the 1960s and 1970s, and discourses of collective national experience. In addition to identifying Russell's recurrent techniques, this article focuses on how the residual impacts of the First and Second World Wars appear in his favoured genres: literary adaptations and composer biopics. Although the article looks for patterns and similarities in Russell's war output, it differentiates between his First and Second World War films by indicating how he engages with, and temporarily inhabits, the stylistic regime of the enemy within the latter group.

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