scholarly journals The Descendants of Former Aristocratic Families in Hungary at the Turn of the 21st Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-27
Author(s):  
Éva Sztáray Kézdy
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
The Social ◽  
Traditional Elite ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
Sociological Studies

Abstract Historical and social historical researches have extensively explored the social role and history of the Hungarian nobility and aristocracy, but the present situation of the descendants of the former traditional élite has been overlooked by contemporary sociological studies. The aim of this paper is to fill this gap by providing a comprehensive picture concerning the young descendants of the Hungarian aristocratic families living in Hungary at the turn of the 21st century. The results confirm that the examined group has a very good chance of reaching a higher status within the society despite all the disadvantages their parents and grandparents suffered during the communist era. In other words, they possess all socio-demographic factors which make a higher position likely. This advantageous socio-demographic position is interacting with the values and goals transmitted in family upbringing, namely acquiring a diploma and the knowledge of foreign languages. The religious, Christian, and family-centric values also played a considerable role in their education. Among the young descendants of the former aristocratic families, we can distinguish a group which creates a strong informal network and has preserved its special aristocratic identity and filled it with a renewed content.

Urban Space and Aristocratic Power in Late Antique Rome

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Machado
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
The Social ◽  
Traditional Elite ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

This book analyses the physical, social, and cultural history of Rome in late antiquity. Between AD 270 and 535, the former capital of the Roman empire experienced a series of dramatic transformations in its size, appearance, political standing, and identity, as emperors moved to other cities and the Christian church slowly became its dominating institution. Urban Space and Aristocratic Power in Late Antique Rome provides a new picture of these developments, focusing on the extraordinary role played by members of the traditional elite, the senatorial aristocracy, in the redefinition of the city, its institutions, and spaces. During this period, Roman senators and their families became increasingly involved in the management of the city and its population, in building works, and in the performance of secular and religious ceremonies and rituals. As this study shows, for approximately three hundred years the houses of the Roman elite competed with imperial palaces and churches in shaping the political map and the social life of the city. Making use of modern theories of urban space, the book considers a vast array of archaeological, literary, and epigraphic documents to show how the former centre of the Mediterranean world was progressively redefined and controlled by its own elite.

Rola społeczna aptek jezuickich w dawnej Rzeczypospolitej

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-83
Author(s):  
Andrea Mariani
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Academic Education ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
High Level

The article presents the social role of Jesuit pharmacies in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth based on the sources of religious provenance and inventories of Jesuit colleges drawn up as a result of the dissolution of the Society of Jesus in 1773. In the first part, the author analyzes the ecclesiastical and secular legislation and its impact on the activities of Jesuit pharmacies. Canon law did not forbid clergymen to deal with medicine, but only limited the possibility of obtaining academic education in this field and conducting surgical procedures. By adopting these rules, Jesuit legislation placed the main emphasis on superiors’ control over the finances of pharmacies and limited the sale of drugs to protect the order from being accused of unfair competition by the townspeople. In the context of state pharmaceutical law, the privilege of June 30, 1662, which allowed for the liberation of journeymen by Jesuit pharmacists, was of great importance. In this way, a path of professional education in the field of pharmacy under the management of the Society, an alternative to the guild system, was created. The second part of the article discusses the social factors that favoured the establishment of monastic pharmacies. Particularly noteworthy is the uneven distribution of Jesuit pharmacies in the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. While in Royal Prussia the Jesuits did not run pharmacies to avoid conflicts with the Protestant bourgeoisie, in the eastern borderlands of the Polish-Lithuanian state, Jesuit pharmacies were often the only institutions of this type. The third part of the work presents the financial situation of Jesuit pharmacies. They had significant income, but also required considerable investments related to the purchase of raw materials and equipment in the Baltic ports. The fourth part of the article concerns the social scope of the activity of Jesuit pharmacists, who not only provided medicines to the poor, but also treated nobles, magnates and high church dignitaries. Not being obliged by guild regulations, apart from preparing medicines, they also diagnosed them, performed minor surgical procedures and assisted women during childbirth. The last part of the article discusses drugs and raw materials in terms of their availability to the broadly understood clientele. The offer of Jesuit pharmacies included both cheap products derived from the local flora, intended for the treatment of the poor, and expensive raw materials from abroad. Moreover, among the medical matter there were preparations for women and infants, as well as for people suffering from syphilis. In the end, the author emphasizes the centrality of pharmacies in the Jesuit pastoral strategy. Thanks to their high level, pharmacies not only corresponded to the ideal of mercy, but also contributed to gaining the favour and trust of representatives of social elites. In this context, the dissolution of the Society is an important turning point not only in cultural and religious life, but also in the history of medicine and pharmacy in the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Alcohol and Humans

2019 ◽  
pp. 196-206
Author(s):  
Kimberley J. Hockings ◽  
Robin I.M. Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

Humans and alcohol have shared a very long history. In this final chapter, we highlight some of the key findings that emerge from the chapters in this book, in particular the evolutionary history of our adaptation to alcohol consumption and the social role that alcohol consumption plays, and has played, in human societies across the world. This raises a major contradiction in the literature, namely the fact that, despite this long history, the medical profession typically views alcohol as destructive. We draw attention to several avenues that would repay future research and how humans’ relationship with alcohol stands to change and evolve.

Journalistic Organizations: Arenas for Professional and Symbolic Struggles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Le Cam
Keyword(s):  
Trade Unions ◽  
Social Role ◽  
National Level ◽  
Media Companies ◽  
Employment Conditions ◽  
General Terms ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
The 19Th Century

From the end of the 19th century until the present, journalists have created associations, trade unions, clubs, and major international networks to organize workers, defend their rights, set out their duties, establish rules of good conduct, and structure their professional journalistic skills. These journalistic organizations are central actors in the history of the professionalization of journalistic groups around the world. They have enabled journalists to make their demands public, exchange views with journalists from other countries, and sometimes even promote and achieve legal recognition of their profession. In general terms, they have provided journalists with fora to discuss their working conditions, their profession, and the social role of the media and journalism. In this way, they have helped to structure not only discourses and practices, but also networks of solidarity at both national and international levels. These organizations can exist in different arenas: within media companies, at the national level, or internationally. And, despite their variety over time, they have often pursued similar objectives: protect journalists’ pay and employment conditions and status; conceive strategies to maintain a certain form of autonomy in authoritarian political contexts; nourish international networking ambitions that have made it possible to disseminate ways of doing and thinking journalism; and finally generate a set of actions that aims to defend the ethics of journalism, the quality of news, and the lives of journalists.

From System Into Networking: The Social Shape of Ecumenism in the 21st Century

Exchange ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 386-396
Author(s):  
Henk Witte
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Process Of Change ◽  
Modern Culture ◽  
Jean Paul ◽  
The Social ◽  
Post Modernism ◽  
History Of

AbstractOn the threshold of post-modernism, the shape of ecumenism is in a process of change. It passes from a system to a form of networking. This article reflects on this process against the background of the question of the French sociologist of religion Jean-Paul Willaime whether ecumenism is out-of-date. According to Willaime, ecumenism has become a disordered pluralism. He only draws attention to the nihilistic and pluralistic character of post-modernism, but does not look at its aesthetic-mystic dimension. The history of western ontology shows three consecutive ways of experiencing reality: substance, system, and structure (Heinrich Rombach). Ecumenism has been developed as a system, in which unity predominates, but post-modern culture, with its priority to pluralism, challenges it to shape itself as networking and to think about unity in more sacramental and in more juridical terms.

scholarly journals Legal regulation of pawnshops in pre-revolutionary and Soviet civil legislation

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 198-203
Author(s):  
Gennadiy G. Bril’ ◽  
Ekaterina I. Bogdanova
Keyword(s):  
Social Role ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Consumer Services ◽  
History Of ◽  
Legal Forms ◽  
The Public Sphere

The article examines the process of the origin and development of pawnshop activity in the Russian state in the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods. Special attention is paid to improving the conditions for granting loans to the population secured by property. The authors investigated the normative legal acts regulating the activities of pawnshops. It is noted that the creation of pawnshops was due to the need to rid the population of usurious oppression and the search for new sources of replenishment of the state treasury. The analysis of the sources of legal regulation shows that in the pre-revolutionary period there was a gradual transfer of the work of pawnshops from the public sphere to the private – the organisational and legal forms of pawnshops were improved, the system of control over their activities changed. The chronological framework of the study also includes the Soviet stage of the formation of pawnshop activity, which is poorly studied. After the temporary cessation of pawnshops, the process of its revival began within the framework of a new economic policy in order to improve consumer services for the population. The authors reveal the contribution of pawnshops to the preservation of citizens' property during the Axis-Soviet War. The analysis of the history of pawnshop activity allowed us to conclude about the social role of pawnshops and their importance for maintaining the financial situation of the population, which indicates the need for the development of pawnshop activity at the present stage.

scholarly journals Book Review: Sejarah Peradaban Islam (History of Islamic Civilization)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farras Kartika Kusumadewi ◽  
Moses Glorino Rumambo Pandin
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Islamic History ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Student Reading ◽  
History Of ◽  
Limited Edition ◽  
The Times ◽  
Islamic Civilization

The study of Islamic history today may not have been regulated through literature, either in foreign languages or using Indonesian (translations or works of the nation's children). Many books have studied the history of Islam that we can get to fill our information, but no one book is so complete, one literature with another can complement each other to form knowledge of Islamic history. From the thought that no single work is perfect and on the contrary will complement each other, the author of this book aims to present the book Sejarah Peradaban Islam to be a reference and teaching material for the history of Islamic civilization course. The author hopes that this work will not only serve as a reference for students majoring in history at various universities, but has also become a public reading as an important contribution to reinventing Islamic civilization in the past, present, and future.Previously, this book entitled Sejarah Islam was only published in a limited edition (30 copies) by Rayhan Intermedia six years ago for student reading. After undergoing revisions in several parts as well as adjusting the curriculum and lecture materials, a book with the title Sejarah Peradaban Islam was presented. This book is intended for everyone, from all walks of life. Although it focuses on Islam, it can be read by anyone who wants to gain additional knowledge about Islamic history.The flow of study in the book does not follow the periodization of Islamic history as written by Harun Nasution, which is divided into the classical period (650-1250 AD), the middle period (1250-1800 AD), and the modern period (1800 AD). His presentation in the book is more based on the growth and development of Islamic civilization in various regions and the reign of a certain caliph or king, however, it does not ignore the characteristics of the times and the character of the period in which Islam grew and developed. In certain parts of the book, it also reviews the roots and implications of the social revolution, the glorious achievements of the rulers, and the peaks of the development of Islamic civilization in various parts of the world.The book of Sejarah Peradaban Islam from Ahmadin needs to be reviewed to know what is in the book, considering some of the previous things. In addition, also to find out what weaknesses and strengths are contained in the book, it is possible to recommend the book as additional reading for others.

scholarly journals EWALUACJA ROLI SPOŁECZNEJ NAUCZYCIELI JĘZYKA NIEMIECKIEGO W KONTEKŚCIE ZABURZENIA STABILIZACJI ZAWODOWEJ

Neofilolog ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 227-247
Author(s):  
Ewa Papierz-Łapsa
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
World Culture ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Changing Role

In an era of dynamically changing socio-economics and technological progress, many aspects of school education are being transformed. Teachers are required to be professional in the form of a demand for increasingly higher professional qualifications and competences, but are also required to fulfil specific social roles. These new determinants of the functioning of education create difficulties in the construction of the teacher's identity because the changes which are being introduced disturb professional stability and cause fears about the future. The challenge is to try to answer universal questions about the professional identity of the teacher, the ability to combine an exceptional sense of service, vocation and mission. This situation affects teachers of German and other foreign languages (FL). The aim of this paper is to show how teachers of German as a FL perceive the changing school and how they assess the educational process that they co-create. Through biographical interviews, analyzed within the framework of Rubacha’s social role model (2000), an attempt is made to answer the question of how the social role of German teachers is changing as a result of the educational reform initiated in 2017 and what dilemmas are being caused by the changing role of the teacher. Statements from participants of the study will be presented that illustratethe disorder of stabilization of the profession, which results in a critical attitude to the changing situation in school, a disturbed attitude to the world, culture and other people. Impairment of the professional stabilization of German teachers is viewed in the context of the concept of their social role.

scholarly journals The role of confucianism in sociopolitics of the Nguyen dynasty in the first half of the 19th century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
鬼谷 子
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
The State ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The research focuses on how the Nguyen dynasty it became the first to have the largest territory in the history of Vietnam in its nearly 60 years of establishing and reigning over the unified country in the first half of the 19th century. It is seen that in terms of organizing the state apparatus, Gia Long and Minh Mang retained the system of agencies of the previous dynasties and continued reforms to ensure socio-political stability in their governance at that time. The study also clarifies the social role of Confucianism in the Nguyen dynasty, i.e. in the first half of the 19th century, which, in our opinion, is theoretically and practically significant, with the hope of further unraveling the role of Confucianism in that period.

scholarly journals A crise de identidade do museu: Ensaio sobre o “ser ou não ser” dos museus

2014 ◽  
pp. 131-157
Author(s):  
Nilo Cerqueira
Keyword(s):  
Social Role ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Target Image ◽  
Practical Activity ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Guidelines ◽  
Descriptive Knowledge

It is important to museology, museums and especially for visitors to define concepts about the social role of the museum and the museum as an organization. For museums is important from the point of view of its delineations of activity and modes of dialogue. To Museology has value because it gives the mission often propose new guidelines to improve and moments between the museum and society. And finally, for the visitor, it is the reason, the nature of the museum settles. At the headquarters of understanding that this not called. A simple walk in the guideline of the history of advent museum, and you can notice the dissonance between theory, the θεωρία Greek, is the purely rational descriptive knowledge . And the prâxix , 'action' . ] S.f.2 n.1 . Practical activity; action exercise use. In the course of these lines, we note, in the spectrum of branding, the various inconsistencies between theory and practice, the first image and the target image, between the rational and emotional, between being what want to be. Or as the article suggests, between the being or not being of museums.

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