scholarly journals Improving Thermo-Physiological Comfort of Polyester/Cotton Knits by Caustic and Cellulases Treatments

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahsan Nazir ◽  
Tanveer Hussain ◽  
Qummer Zia ◽  
Muhammad Ali Afzal
Keyword(s):  
Caustic Soda ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Air Permeability ◽  
Wear Properties ◽  
Cellulase Enzymes ◽  
Caustic Treatment ◽  
Biological Treatments ◽  
Simple Chemical ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Cotton is one of the most commonly used fibres for making knitwear. Some of the limitations of pure cotton knits include their tendency to shrink, relatively limited durability, and poor wash and wear properties. In order to overcome these limitations knitwear are also produced from polyester and cotton blends, however, at the cost of reduction in comfort properties. The objective of this study was to improve the thermo-physiological comfort properties of knits made from polyester/cotton (P/C) blends through simple chemical and biological treatments. The specimens of P/C knits were subjected to treatments with caustic soda solutions and the cellulase enzymes. It was found that the air permeability and perspiration management properties of P/C knits can be significantly improved by appropriate caustic treatment. However, the biological treatment with cellulase enzymes is comparatively less effective in making any improvement in the thermo-physiological comfort properties of P/C knits.

scholarly journals Nutritional impact of partial or complete replacement of clover hay by untreated or biologically treated rice straw and corn stalks on: 1. growth performance and economic evaluation of growing New Zealand (NZW) White rabbits

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed A. A. Omer ◽  
Sawsan M. Ahmed ◽  
Roshdy I. El-Kady ◽  
Aly A. El-Shahat ◽  
Mahmoud Y. El-Ayek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Trichoderma Reesei ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Biological Treatments ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Background Agriculture by-products are considered a great potential value for utilization by ruminants as well as rabbits. They usually can be the maintenance and part of the production requirements. However, in developing countries, as well as in Egypt, animals suffer from shortage of feeds that are continuously increasing in costs. In general, biological treatments were shown to be the most effective and improved chemical composition of rice straw or corn stalks. Method This work aimed to investigate the possible ways of utilizing rice straws or corn stalks in rabbit feeding. The field work is designed to study the effect of biological treatment of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on rice straws and Trichoderma reesei cultivated on corn stalks and replacing clover hay by rice straws and corn stalks at levels of 0, 33, 66, and 100% either without or with microbes adding. Seventy-eight New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits aged 4–5 weeks (565 ± 13.57 g) were randomly divided into thirteen equal experimental groups. Results Untreated rice straws or biologically treated with Pleurotus ostreatus increased their contents of crude protein (CP) by 178.75 and 224.5% and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) by 6.30 and 24.53, respectively. Meanwhile, crude fiber (CF) content was reduced by 31.32 and 56.75%, and organic matter content was decreased by 2.81 and 5.51%, respectively, in comparison with the raw rice straws. Also, biological treatment of rice straws caused a decrease in values of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and hemicellulose contents in comparison with either raw or treated rice straws. Furthermore, biological treatment with Trichoderma reesei realized a decrease in organic matter (OM), CF, NDF, and ADF and increased CP and ash contents in corn stalks. NFE content of corn stalks was decreased as a result of treatment without or with Trichoderma reesei experimental rations by 11.95% and 3.82% compared to raw corn stalks (CS). Biological treatments with fungi significantly (P < 0.05) improved average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion. ADG and feed conversion were significantly (P < 0.05) improved when rabbits were fed diets containing rice straw (RS) compared to that fed CS. Rabbits fed diets replaced clover hay (CH) with 33% or 66% of RS or CS significantly increased ADG compared to control and that replaced 100% of both RS and CS containing rations. Levels of replacing had no significant effect on their dry matter intake (DMI) values. The highest improvement in feed conversion was recorded with rabbits that received diets replaced 33% of berseem hay (BH) by RS or CS, followed by that replaced 66% of BH by RS or CS. There were significantly interactions between biological treatments (T), roughage source (S), and replacement levels (L) (T × S × L) only on ADG. The best fed conversion was realized by rabbits fed diet replaced BH with 33% of RS that are treated by Pleurotus ostreatus (4.05 g DMI/g gain). Rabbits fed 33% biologically treated rice straw with Pleurotus ostreatus showed the highest economic efficiency (179%) followed by rabbits that received 33% of both rice straws treated without Pleurotus ostreatus and rabbits that received corn stalks biologically treated with Trichoderma reesei (161%). Conclusion Biological treatments of rice straws by Pleurotus ostreatus or corn stalks by Trichoderma reesei were safe, and it improves their chemical analysis and improved both daily gain and feed conversion, decreasing the costing of diet formulation which consequently decreased the price of 1-kg live body weight.

scholarly journals Influence of humic substances on the landfill leachate biodegradability with a focus on temporal seasonality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wagner Guadagnin Moravia ◽  
Victor Rezende Moreira ◽  
Yuri Abner Rocha Lebron ◽  
Liséte Celina Lange ◽  
Míriam Cristina Santos Amaral
Keyword(s):  
Humic Substances ◽  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Biologic Treatment ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Biological Treatments ◽  
Lowry Method ◽  
The Cost

Abstract The high resilience to biological treatments from the landfill leachate is generally associated with the presence of humic substances (HS). The brown color characteristic of this effluent is also related to these substances. Landfill leachate with low biodegradability can make biological treatments unfeasible, which can drive up the cost for the treatment of large leachate volumes. In this context, this research aimed to characterize the leachate in different seasonal periods, and verify the influence of HS species on the biodegradability of the effluent to assist in the selection of adequate treatment techniques. The HS quantification was performed using the modified Lowry method and speciation through fractionation according to the molar masses of the HS species. The tropical regions can be the precursor for the rapid stabilization of biodegradable organic matter. The warmer climate contributed to a reduced BOD/COD ratio (0.03) and the predominance of compounds of lower mass (e.g.: fluvic acids). The tests showed an HS concentration of 26.9% of the total COD in the raw leachate in the rainy season, which increased to 37.3% in the dry season. Approximately 70% of HS species refer to fulvic acids, a fraction identified as having the highest biologic treatment resilience.

scholarly journals PILOT-SCALE METHANE DEGRADATION BIOCOVER AT OPERATING LANDFILL

2019 ◽  
pp. 88-92
Author(s):  
A. Sholokhova ◽  
O. Tsibernaja ◽  
V. Mykhaylenko ◽  
J. Burlakovs ◽  
V. Kuusemets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Fine Fraction ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cover Layer ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Landfill Gases

A landfill is a large bioreactor, in the body of which landfill gases are generated due to anaerobic degradation of organic material. According to European legislation, the emission of methane, one of the landfill gases, should be kept to a minimum as methane is a greenhouse gas and has a significant impact on our climate. With large volumes, methane can be used for energy production, but if the collection is uneconomic, an attractive option would be to cover the landfill with a bioactive layer to degrade methane in-situ. In operational Uikala sanitary landfill, Estonia, where active gas collection system exists, it was found that uncaptured gas could be degraded in bioactive cover layer. To check whether such cover layer could be built from fine fraction after mechanical biological treatment (MBT), two experimental cells were constructed (0-20 mm and 0-40 mm fractions). The paper presents the design of experimental cells, a description of materials for construction and construction process, and preliminary results. Measurement system was installed in both cells: gas wells at eight depths and on three locations on surface. Three-level lysimeters were installed to determine water balance. Research is planned for two years with monthly gas sampling. The objective of the work is proving which of the MBT fractions, 0-20 or 0-40 mm, function better for methane degradation. Confirmation of the methane degradation efficiency in fine MBT fraction is important not only from the ecological point of view. The use of a fine fraction as a material for methane degradation layer would reduce the cost of processing this fraction and become a good example to a circular economy since the landfill would be recultivated using its own resources.

Biological Removal of Phosphorus from Wastewater: Principles and Performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nawel Nedjah ◽  
Oualid Hamdaoui ◽  
Nabila Laskri
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Industrial Pollution ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Biological Removal ◽  
Biological Treatments ◽  
Excessive Intake ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Relative Scarcity

Algeria has a fragile ecosystem, characterized by a relative scarcity of water resources and their preservation is a vital imperative. The excessive intake in the natural environment of nitrogen and phosphate load in wastewater, from agricultural activities, domestic and industrial pollution, represents a pollution threat and a serious danger to the aquatic environment. Municipal wastewater contains various wastes, and usually consists of about 99.94% liquid and 0.06% solids. If this wastewater is not treated or improperly collected, it can affect both public health and environment. In our study, we will focus on the biological treatment by natural lagoon and activated sludge, which suits perfectly our country, where space and climate are favorable factors; our main objective is to eliminate the maximum existing phosphorus in wastewater by these biological treatments, which can actually eliminate total phosphorus. Through these modes of treatment we try to remove the maximum of organic matter and phosphorus in the wastewater. Consequently, the receiving environment is preserved.

Funding sources are under-reported in randomised clinical trials of biological treatments in sports medicine: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 371-377
Author(s):  
Hayden A Anz ◽  
Heba A Ahmad ◽  
Adam M Kozemchak ◽  
Mayank Rao ◽  
Ryan J Warth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Randomised Clinical Trials ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Biological Treatments

ImportanceThere have been numerous publications involving the use of biologics in sports medicine injuries. However, a lack of clarity exists with reporting industry affiliations and sources of funding.ObjectiveThe purposes of this study were (1) to determine the frequency of reporting of funding sources in randomised clinical trials evaluating the clinical effects of biological treatments in sports medicine and (2) to evaluate potential relationships between reported clinical results and affiliated funding sources. We hypothesised that funding sources would be under-reported and the favourability of the results would be associated with the specific type of funding received.Evidence reviewA systematic search of MEDLINE and Embase databases was performed to identify funding sources and favourability of conclusions reported for all randomised clinical trials that compared a biological treatment to a standard treatment for sports medicine-related injuries. Industry affiliation was defined as a funding source or author affiliation with the company that provided the biological product being studied. Extracted data included the reported purpose, conclusion, funding sources, researcher industry affiliations, sample size, minimum follow-up (FU) and the outcome metrics used. Two-tailed t-tests and logistic regression analyses were performed for analysis.FindingsNinety-eight studies met our inclusion criteria and included a total of 5898 subjects with a minimum FU of 6 weeks–24 months. These studies investigated shoulder, knee, foot and ankle, and elbow issues. Forty-eight of the 98 studies (49%) did not report the source of study funding. In total, 47 of the 98 studies (48%) reported favourable results, and 5 of these studies (10.6%) reported industry affiliations. Published studies with unknown funding sources reported conclusions in favour of the biological treatment significantly more often than those with reported funding sources (p=0.015).Conclusions and relevanceNearly half of the included studies did not disclose funding sources, and studies with unknown funding sources more frequently reported results in favour of the biological treatment. Clinical reports of randomised trials should emphasise reporting of funding sources to ensure data transparency and interpretability of results. Future initiatives should focus on developing standard international criteria for reporting research funding in scientific publications.Level of evidenceII

The Eutrophication of Pulp and Paper Wastewater Recipients

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 411-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wartiovaara ◽  
P. Heinonen
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Paper Wastewater ◽  
The Cost

During recent years the BOD-loading of pulp and paper mill wastewaters has decreased dramatically, due to more effective circulation of water in the processes, and the new activated sludge biological treatment plants. This traditional threat to the environment has been forgotten by the scientists who nowadays are more interested in the role of chlorine compounds discharged from bleaching processes. However, eutrophication due to nutrient loading is still present in many recipients of pulp and paper industry. The BOD-reduction has often been carried out on the cost of adding nutrients, pnosphorus and nitrogen to the purification processes. The biological treatment has also decreased the inhibitive effect of wastewater on the biological production of the recipient water body. Therefore, the eutrophication arises immediatly. The authors worry about the research of nutrients; loadings, development trends and eutrophication effects.

Biological treatment of winery wastewater: an overview

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1117-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Andreottola ◽  
P. Foladori ◽  
G. Ziglio
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Winery Wastewater ◽  
Applied Technology ◽  
Biological Treatments ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Suspended Biomass

The treatment of winery wastewater can realised using several biological processes based both on aerobic or anaerobic systems using suspended biomass or biofilms. Several systems are currently offered by technology providers and current research envisages the availability of new promising technologies for winery wastewater treatment. The present paper intends to present a brief state of the art of the existing status and advances in biological treatment of winery wastewater in the last decade, considering both lab, pilot and full-scale studies. Advantages, drawbacks, applied organic loads, removal efficiency and emerging aspects of the main biological treatments were considered and compared. Nevertheless in most treatments the COD removal efficiency was around 90–95% (remaining COD is due to the un-biodegradable soluble fraction), the applied organic loads are very different depending on the applied technology, varying for an order of magnitude. Applied organic loads are higher in biofilm systems than in suspended biomass while anaerobic biofilm processes have the smaller footprint but in general a higher level of complexity.

Pretreatment of Herbicides Production Wastewater by Spherical Micro-Electrolysis Media

2013 ◽  
Vol 295-298 ◽  
pp. 1079-1083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Zhang ◽  
Jing Liang Xie
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Good Effect ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Operation Cost

[Objective] The aim is to study the pretreatment effect of herbicides production wastewater by spherical micro-electrolysis media. [Method] Spherical micro-electrolysis media is preferred for the pretreatment of herbicides production wastewater and effects of PH, amount of media and reaction time on the pretreatment was investigated. The change of pre- and post-processing herbicides production wastewater was determined; the operation cost was also analyzed. [Result]The optimum reaction conditions are as follows: the PH was 3; the amount of media was 1.0kg/L wastewater; and the reaction time was 3.0h. Under the optimum reaction conditions, the removal of COD, Chromaticity and TP reached 26.3%, 86.4% and 95.6% respectively; BOD5/COD varied from 0.10 to 0.35, and the biodegradability was improved greatly; the cost of pretreatment was 1.0yuan/t, and it was lower than that of electrolysis. [Conclusion] The pretreatment of herbicides production wastewater by spherical micro-electrolysis media has good effect, low cost and no soiling hardening, so it provides a good foundation for subsequent biological treatment.

Phosphate Precipitation with On-Site Alkali Generation

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (9-11) ◽  
pp. 2249-2252
Author(s):  
F. F. Kolbé ◽  
J. S. Terblanche
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Caustic Soda ◽  
Redox Potential ◽  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Phosphate Removal ◽  
Phosphate Content ◽  
Commercial Viability ◽  
Chlorine Gas ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Final Effluent

Commercially available membrane electrolysis equipment can be used to produce substantial quantities of caustic soda from salt (NaCl) with chlorine gas being produced as a by-product. This caustic soda may be employed to raise the pH of the final effluent in order to achieve high levels of phosphate precipitation or removal in the form of crystallization. The pH may then be lowered, prior to final discharge, by re-carbonation utilising combusted biogas, which is produced on-site. At the Kempton Park wastewater treatment works, which achieves biological phosphate removal by means of the Phostrip process, laboratory scale tests proved the commercial viability of this process. It was found that a dosage of 150 mg/l of caustic soda was needed to reach a redox potential of −250 mV, at which point the phosphate content of the stripper overflow was reduced from 30 mg/l to under 1 mg/l. The savings effected in the cost of chlorinating the final effluent, entirely offsets the cost involved. A number of other possible process configurations are proposed, with treatment costs varying from 0,8 to 5,3c/kl, which compares favourably with biological or other methods of chemical treatment, which typically range from 3 to 6 c/kl (costs given in SA cents = 0,35 US cents).

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