scholarly journals Physiology and Biochemistry of the Tobacco Plant. 2. Physiological Malfunctions: Mineral Nutrients - Physiologie und Biochemie der Tabakpflanze: 2. PhysiologischeStörungen: Mineralstoffe

1989 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-236
Author(s):  
PE Barney ◽  
LP Bush ◽  
TC Tso
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Nutrients ◽  
Boron Deficiency ◽  
Leaf Quality ◽  
Tobacco Leaf ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Reduced Nitrogen ◽  
Burn Rate ◽  
Iron Manganese ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

AbstractQuality tobacco leaf comes from plants grown with balanced mineral nutrition. The “structural nutrients” (carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) are approximately 90 % of the dry weight of cured leaf but are of little economic concern. The macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur) and the micronutrients (boron, chlorine, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum and zinc) are of great economic concern and adequate amounts in the soil are essential for production of quality tobacco leaf. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium are mobile within the plant and deficiency symptoms are observed first in the lower leaves and later in the upper leaves. Deficiency symptoms of the immobile nutrients calcium, boron, manganese, sulfur and iron are observed first on the upper leaves or terminal bud. Of all the mineral nutrients nitrogen has the greatest effect on shoot and root weight. As available nitrogen increases leaf nicotine increases and reducing sugars decrease; thus the sugar:nicotine ratio decreases dramatically. There is a positive relationship between amount of reduced nitrogen and reduced sulfur in the plant and this interaction is important as most of the reduced nitrogen and sulfur are utilized in protein synthesis. Total uptake of potassium is greater than for any other mineral. Because of the immobility of calcium and boron, deficiency of these nutrients results in physiological decapitation (topping) and consequently increased nicotine content of leaves. Excessive amounts of nutrients can also produce some problems. Excessive nitrogen increases yield but it also increases the incidence of disease, delays flowering and leaf ripening, and lowers leaf quality. Excessive addition of lime causes a basic soil pH which increases disease incidence and limits availability of phosphorus, iron, manganese and zinc. Excessive chlorine increases the hygroscopic property of the leaf and reduces burn rate. Soil applied magnesium oxide may reduce potassium absorption and therefore reduce burn rate.

scholarly journals Cold stress in the harvest period: effects on tobacco leaf quality and curing characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Li ◽  
Ke Ren ◽  
Mengyang Hu ◽  
Xian He ◽  
Kaiyuan Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Weather Forecast ◽  
Production Quality ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Leaf Quality ◽  
Tobacco Leaves ◽  
Tobacco Leaf ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme System

Abstract Background Weather change in high-altitude areas subjects mature tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) to cold stress, which damages tobacco leaf yield and quality. A brupt diurnal temperature differences (the daily temperature dropping more than 20 °C) along with rainfall in tobacco-growing areas at an altitude above 2450 m, caused cold stress to field-grown tobacco. Results After the flue-cured tobacco suffered cold stress in the field, the surface color of tobacco leaves changed and obvious large browning areas were appeared, and the curing availability was extremely poor. Further research found the quality of fresh tobacco leaves, the content of key chemical components, and the production quality were greatly reduced by cold stress. We hypothesize that cold stress in high altitude environments destroyed the antioxidant enzyme system of mature flue-cured tobacco. Therefore, the quality of fresh tobacco leaves, the content of key chemical components, and the production quality were greatly reduced by cold stress. Conclusion This study confirmed that cold stress in high-altitude tobacco areas was the main reason for the browning of tobacco leaves during the tobacco curing process. This adverse environment seriously damaged the quality of tobacco leaves, but can be mitigated by pay attention to the weather forecast and pick tobacco leaves in advance.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing Tobacco Leaf Quality: an Investigation of the Literature

1984 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mendell ◽  
E. C. Bourlas ◽  
M. Z. DeBardeleben
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Summary Table ◽  
Leaf Quality ◽  
Tobacco Leaf ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis paper comprises a review of the published literature (1936-1979) dealing with the relationship between the chemical constituents of tobacco and smoke and tobacco and smoke quality. Various components thought to be influential in determining quality are identified; conclusions of researchers regarding the effects of these components are recorded and discussed. A summary table is presented which details the nature of the relationship between these constituents and tobacco quality.

Grey Equal Weight Cluster Analysis of Flue-Cured Tobacco Based on Chemical Compositions

2011 ◽  
Vol 339 ◽  
pp. 299-309
Author(s):  
Guang Lin Feng ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Dong Liang Li ◽  
Ning Li ◽  
Ya Dai
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Sensory Quality ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Leaf Quality ◽  
Tobacco Leaf ◽  
Joint Application ◽  
Optimum Analysis ◽  
Original Formula

Grey optimum analysis and grey equal weight cluster analysis were used to compare the chemical compositions and quality of flue-cured tobacco leaf samples from southwest China. Results showed that the sugar–protein ratio, sugar–nicotine ratio, total amount of ether extract, total alkaloid content, pH, protein content, and potassium–chloride ratio were the chemical composition indices most closely related to the sensory quality. These were used to evaluate and compare the tobacco leaf quality by grey equal weight cluster analysis. Based on the grey equal weight cluster analysis, the 30 samples of flue-cure tobacco from southwest China were divided into two grey categories. The grey categories were verified by using them to selecting similar and different substitutes for a target tobacco in a mixed tobacco formula. The new formula with the similar substitute produced comparable sensory quality results to the original formula, and formula containing the different substitute had dissimilar sensory qualities to the original formula. These results confirm that the joint application of grey optimum analysis and grey equal weight clustering has a high degree of confidence for comparison of tobacco leaf quality.

scholarly journals Physiological and Nutritional Responses of ‘HB’ Pummelo [Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck ‘Hirado Buntan’] to the Combined Effects of Low pH Levels and Boron Deficiency

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-456
Author(s):  
Gaofeng Zhou ◽  
Bixian Li ◽  
Jianmei Chen ◽  
Fengxian Yao ◽  
Guan Guan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Mineral Nutrients ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Boron Deficiency ◽  
Combined Effects

Soil acidification and boron (B) starvation are two dominant abiotic stress factors impacting citrus production in the red soil region of southern China. To evaluate the combined effects of low pH and B deficiency on plant growth, gas exchange parameters, and the concentrations of B and other mineral nutrients, ‘HB’ pummelo seedlings were treated under B deficiency (0 μM H3BO3) or adequate B (23 μM H3BO3) conditions at various low pH levels (4.0, 5.0, and 6.0). The seedlings were grown with modified half-strength Hoagland’s solution under greenhouse conditions for 12 weeks. Plant biomass, leaf area, seedling height, and root traits were remarkably inhibited by low pH and B deficiency stresses, and these parameters were extremely reduced with the decrease in pH levels. After 12 weeks of treatment, typical stress symptoms associated with B deficiency in citrus leaf were observed, with more severe symptoms observed at pH 4.0 and 5.0 than at pH 6.0. Leaf gas exchange parameter measurements showed that leaf photosynthesis was significantly inhibited under both low pH and B-deficient conditions. Notably, the lower the pH level, the greater the inhibition under both normal and deficient B conditions. Further investigations of the mineral nutrient concentrations showed that under both low pH and B deficiency, the concentrations of B and other mineral nutrients were influenced remarkably, particularly at pH 4.0 and 5.0. The physiological and nutritional results of the ‘HB’ pummelo seedlings indicated that low pH can exacerbate the effects of B deficiency to a certain extent.

scholarly journals Leaf Quality and Usability: Theoretical Model I

1975 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
T.C. Tso ◽  
G.B. Gori
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
The State ◽  
Leaf Quality ◽  
Tobacco Leaf ◽  
New Information ◽  
Preliminary Model ◽  
Breeding Selection

AbstractA changing concept in recent years on the usability of tobacco leaf has introduced many problems that may, not fit the traditional requirements of leaf quality. Usability represents the state of being usable without adverse effects to consumers. Theoretical Model I with selected markers is proposed for the development of tobacco materials with emphasis on improving tobacco usability. This preliminary Model I is based on currently available data, and can be improved as new information becomes available. Plant scientists may use this model to develop leaf tobacco of improved usability either through breeding, selection, and culture, or by means of homogenized leaf curing and reconstitution

scholarly journals Implementasi Metode Feature Extraction pada Klasifikasi Kualitas Daun Tembakau Madura

Rekayasa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Kunto Aji Wibisono ◽  
Achmad Fiqhi Ibadillah
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Grading System ◽  
Leaf Quality ◽  
Tobacco Leaf ◽  
Quality Detection ◽  
Quality Classification ◽  
Accuracy Level

<p>Madura merupakan salah satu daerah penghasil tembakau di Indonseia. Tembakau Madura  merupakan jenis komoditi perkebunan yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi. Sebagian besar tembakau madura diserap oleh pabrik rokok sebagai bahan baku utama rokok maupun sebagai racikan atau campuran kretek. Secara umum tembakau Madura sendiri dibagi menjadi tiga bagian: tembakau gunung, tembakau tegal, dan tembakau sawah. Jenis tembakau gunung adalah yang paling diburu oleh pabrik rokok, meski produktivitasnya terbilang sangat rendah dibanding tembakau sawah. Terdapat banyak jenis  varietas tembakau gunung yang ditanam petani di Madura, namun  yang memiliki karakteristik khas adalah tembaku Prancak – 95. Hal ini disebabkan  <a href="http://global-news.co.id/2016/04/tembakau-varietas-prancak-95-madura-diam-diam-dikembangkan-tiongkok/">Aroma tembakau Prancak-95 Madura tidak bisa ditiru oleh</a> jenis varietas tembaku lain di Indonesia. Hal lain yang membedakan yaitu terjadi karena kontur atau struktur tanah Madura yang memang khas, yang merupakan kelebihan dari tembakau Madura.Pada penelitian ini didesain sebuah sistem gradding untuk mendeteksi kualitas tembakau Prancak – 95 madura. Deteksi kualitas daun tembakau ini didasarkan pada dua ekstraksi fitur yaitu tekstur dan aromatik. Berdasarkan kedua fitur tersebut nantinya akan diklasifikasikan dengan menggunakan standard kualifikasi SNI. Sehingga  level akurasi deteksi kualitas daun tembakau Madura menjadi lebih optimal</p><p class="Normal1"><em>Kata Kunci: </em><em>Image extraction, Sensor Gas, Tembakau Madura</em><em>.</em></p><p class="Normal1" align="center">Implementation of Feature Image Extraction on Quality Classification of Maduraness Tobacco<strong></strong></p><p class="Normal1"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><em>Madura is one of the tobacco producing areas in Indonesian. Madura tobacco is a type of plantation commodity that has high economic value. Most tobacco Madura is absorbed by cigarette manufacturers as the main raw material of cigarettes as well as as a concoction or clove mixture. In general Madura tobacco itself is divided into three parts: mountain tobacco, tobacco tegal, and tobacco sawah. Types of mountain tobacco are the most hunted by cigarette manufacturers, although the productivity is very low compared to tobacco. There are many types of varieties of mountain tobacco grown by farmers in Madura, but which has a distinctive characteristic is the Prancak-95 tobacco. This is because the Prancak-95 Madura tobacco aroma cannot be imitated by other types of copious varieties in Indonesia. Another thing that distinguishes that occurs due to the contour or structure of Madura land that is typical, which is the advantage of Madura tobacco. In this study designed a grading system to detect the quality of Prancak tobacco - 95 madura. The tobacco leaf quality detection is based on two feature extractions, namely texture and aromatics. Based on these two features will be classified using SNI qualification standards. So that the accuracy level of Madura tobacco leaf quality detection becomes more optimal</em><em></em></p><em>Keywords: Image extraction, Gas Sensor, Maduraness Tobacco </em>

Recovery of flue-cured tobacco from magnesium deficiency: changes in leaf magnesium content and effects on leaf quality

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 641 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Pinkerton
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Tobacco Plants ◽  
Leaf Quality ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Twenty-four days after being transplanted into sand culture outdoors, tobacco plants were supplied with nutrient solutions with and without magnesium. Magnesium at two levels was resupplied to some deficiency-stressed plants 6, 11, 16, or 26 days later, and all plants were grown to maturity. The value of cured leaf was affected adversely when the period without magnesium exceeded 6 days. Quality of top leaf, but not of cutters, was improved when resupply was made at the rate necessary for maximum leaf value when supplied throughout. Addition of magnesium at a higher level improved the quality of leaf lower on the stalk, but led to an accumulation of magnesium in top leaf with subsequent impairment of quality. It appeared that the leaf concentration of magnesium had to fall below 0.2% for a period of between 5 and 10 days for leaf deficiency symptoms to appear. The application of magnesium, even at a high rate, upon the appearance of the first symptoms of deficiency resulted in a loss of over 25% in the value per plant.

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