scholarly journals The Chemical Components Identified in Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke Prior to 1954: A Chronology of Classical Chemistry

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 277-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Rodgman ◽  
TA Perfetti
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Complex Mixtures ◽  
Commercial Product ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Meaningful Information ◽  
Chemical Techniques ◽  
Early Information ◽  
The Many

AbstractBecause of the excellent fractionation and identification technologies developed during the early-1950s, the compositions of tobacco and tobacco smoke, both classified as highly complex mixtures, have been defined more completely than the composition of any other highly complex commercial product such as coffee. By year-end 1953, the many years of research by scientists using classical chemical techniques to define the composition of tobacco and its smoke provided meaningful information on the nature of over 300 tobacco components and fewer than 100 tobacco smoke components. Those involved in the pre-1954 research not only provided the cornerstone of our knowledge of the two compositions but also deserve the gratitude of their successors for the early information generated on tobacco and its smoke. This article is our tribute to those researchers who generated much meaningful knowledge on the composition of tobacco and tobacco smoke prior to 1954 despite the now known fractionation and analytical limitations of the so-called classical chemical techniques. It also notes the similarity of some of the early and more recent research results obtained on the chemical and biological properties of smoke condensate and several of its components from tobacco with those obtained by Roffo in the 1930s on a destructive distillate of tobacco.

scholarly journals The Complexity of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 215-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
TA Perfetti ◽  
A Rodgman
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Complex Mixtures ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Risk Potential

AbstractTobacco and tobacco smoke are both complex mixtures. We previously reported 8430 unique chemical components identified in these complex mixtures but two years later our updated number was 8889. Addition of unlisted isomers raised these numbers to 8622 and 9081, respectively. Our previous number of 4994 identified tobacco components is now 5229; our previous number of 5315 identified tobacco smoke components is now 5685. An operational definition of a complex mixture is as follows: A complex mixture is a characterizable substance containing many chemical components (perhaps thousands) in inexact proportions.Detailed knowledge of the amount and type of each component within the substance is uncertain even with today's analytical technology. Although it has been estimated that as many as 100000 components are present in these complex mixtures, their analyses indicate that the vast majority of the mass of each of these complex mixtures accounts for the 8430 compounds reported previously. Over 98.7% of the mass of tobacco has been accounted for in terms of identified components in tobacco. Greater than 99% of the mass of whole smoke has been accounted for based on identified chemical components. Certainly, many more tobacco and tobacco smoke components are present in these complex mixtures but the total mass of these components obviously is quite small.One of the significant challenges we face as a scientific community is addressing the problems of determining the risk potential of complex mixtures. Many issues are associated with toxicological testing of the complex mixture of tobacco smoke. Conducting valid experiments and interpreting the results of those experiments can be quite difficult. Not only is the test agent a complex mixture but also the tests are performed on species that have complicated life-processes. Interpretations of test results are often paradoxical. Significant progress has been made in the toxicological evaluations of complex mixtures in the last 80 years. The challenges we face in terms of testing the biological properties of tobacco smoke are substantial. The statement by DIPPLE et al. in their summary of the research on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the 1930s through 1980 is equally true today for the cigarette smoke situation:…many important questions remain unanswered…many questions persist despite the considerable progress that has been made.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Chemical Components and Flavor Characteristics Responsible for Triggering the Perception of “Beer Flavor” in Non-Alcoholic Beer

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1914
Author(s):  
Scott Lafontaine ◽  
Kay Senn ◽  
Laura Knoke ◽  
Christian Schubert ◽  
Johanna Dennenlöhr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Alternative Food ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Sensory Panel ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Beer Flavor ◽  
Chemical Techniques ◽  
Selection Of

Forty-two commercial non-alcoholic beer (NAB) brands were analyzed using sensory and chemical techniques to understand which analytes and/or flavors were most responsible for invoking the perception of “beer flavor” (for Northern Californian consumers). The aroma and taste profiles of the commercial NABs, a commercial soda, and a carbonated seltzer water (n = 44) were characterized using replicated descriptive and CATA analyses performed by a trained sensory panel (i.e., 11 panelists). A number of non-volatile and volatile techniques were then used to chemically deconstruct the products. Consumer analysis (i.e., 129 Northern Californian consumers) was also used to evaluate a selection of these NABs (i.e., 12) and how similar they thought the aroma, taste and mouthfeels of these products were to beer, soda, and water. The results show that certain constituents drive the aroma and taste profiles which are responsible for invoking beer perception for these North American consumers. Further, beer likeness might not be a driver of preference in this diverse beverage class for Northern Californian consumers. These are important insights for brewers planning to create products for similar markets and/or more broadly for companies interested in designing other functional/alternative food and beverage products.

scholarly journals Biological Properties of Essential Oils from Thymus algeriensis Boiss

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 786
Author(s):  
Hamza Ouakouak ◽  
Adel Benarfa ◽  
Mohammed Messaoudi ◽  
Samir Begaa ◽  
Barbara Sawicka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Micrococcus Luteus ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Cancer Cell Line ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Bornyl Acetate ◽  
Thymus Algeriensis

This study describes the chemical composition, antitumor, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of the plant Thymus algeriensis Boiss. Essential oils (EOs) were collected in different periods (before, during, and after flowering stage) from the El-Guetfa region, M’sila, Algeria. The EOs extraction was achieved using three distinguishing techniques: hydro (Clevenger trap), steam, and microwave distillations, targeting different aerial parts of the plant (stems, flowers, and leaves). The EOs chemical components were estimated using GC-FID and GC-MS apparatuses. The resulting yield of the extracted oil was moderate and ranged between 0.84 and 1.53% (wt/vol). In total, eighty-five components were identified, in which the oxygenated monoterpenes family formed the main portion, starting from 40.56 up to 70.66%. The obtained essential oil was dominated by five major components that varied from low to quite moderate percentages: camphor (17.45–32.56%), borneol (11.16–22.2%), camphene (7.53–12.86%), 1.8-cineole (5.16–11.21%), and bornyl acetate (3.86–7.92%). The biological results of this oil pointed out that the EOs extracted from the leaves part exposed a weak radical scavenging activity afterward using two well-known antioxidant assays DPPH (IC50 = 8.37 mg/mL) and ABTS (10.84 mg/mL). Meanwhile, this oil presented strong inhibition activity against colon cancer cell line HCT116 (LC50 = 39.8 µg/mL) and a moderate inhibitory against hepatocellular cancer cells HePG2 (LC50 > 100 µg/mL). In addition, this oil antimicrobial activity was quite important against Micrococcus luteus (M. luteus), Staphylococcus aureus CIP 7625, Escherichia coli ATCC 10536, Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 4226, Candida albicans IPA200, Candida tropicalis (Ct), and Candida glabrata (Cg) after using Amoxicillin and Itraconazole as references.

Research trends in sociological studies on social security and welfare

2021 ◽  
pp. 026858092110053
Author(s):  
Koichi Hiraoka
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Important Research ◽  
Research Results ◽  
The Past ◽  
Active Research ◽  
The Many ◽  
Sociological Studies ◽  
Broad Overview

This article reviews the research trends in welfare sociology (sociological studies on social security and welfare), one of the many subfields of active research in sociology in Japan. For this purpose, several research streams formed from the 1970s to the 2000s are described, and some of the most important research results produced within these in the past two decades are introduced. In the latter part of this article, a broad overview of the research trends in Japanese welfare sociology is attempted by focusing on the contents of the journal published by the Japan Welfare Sociology Association (JWSA).

scholarly journals The Composition of Cigarette Smoke. An Historical Perspective of Several Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 384-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Rodgman ◽  
LC Cook
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Individual Component ◽  
Complex Mixtures ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cigarette Mainstream Smoke

AbstractBecause of the significant advancements in fractionation, analytical, and characterization technologies since the early 1960s, hundreds of components of complex mixtures have been accurately characterized without the necessity of actually isolating the individual component. This has been particularly true in the case of the complex mixtures tobacco and tobacco smoke. Herein, an historical account of a mid-1950 situation concerning polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cigarette smoke is presented. While the number of PAHs identified in tobacco smoke has escalated from the initial PAH, azulene, identified in 1947 to almost 100 PAHs identified by late 1963 to more than 500 PAHs identified by the late 1970s, the number of PAHs isolated individually and characterized by several of the so-called classical chemical means (melting point, mixture melting point, derivative preparation and properties) in the mid-1950s and since is relatively few, 14 in all. They were among 44 PAHs identified in cigarette mainstream smoke and included the following PAHs ranging from bicyclic to pentacyclic: Acenaphthylene, 1,2-dihydroacenaphthylene, anthracene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, dibenz[a, h]anthracene, fluoranthene, 9H-fluorene, naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene. One of them, benzo[a]pyrene, was similarly characterized in another study in 1959 by Hoffmann.

Extraction, Isolation, Characterization and Antioxidant Potential of Pure Compounds from Adonsonia digitata Leaf extract

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac John Umaru ◽  
Hauwa A. Umaru ◽  
Fasihuddin Badruddin Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Chromatography Analysis ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Pure Compounds ◽  
Anti Oxidant

Abstract Introduction Adonsonia digitata L. (Malvaceae) commonly known as Baobab is a medicinal and nutritional plant. The plant parts are used to treat various ailments such as diarrhoea, malaria and microbial infections. It is reported that it is an excellent anti-oxidant due to its vitamin C content. Baobab has numerous biological properties including antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities amongst others. Objective: The study involves extraction, Isolation, Characterisation of phytochemicals and evaluation of antioxidant potential of the pure compounds. Methods: The dried leaf powder was subjected to rotary evaporator to obtain crude extract which was subjected to isolation using chromatography analysis and elucidation using NMR and FTIR. Antioxidant (IC 50 ) potential was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1- picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH). Result: Phytochemical investigation of the Baobab leaf extract through isolation and characterization of a bioactive compound was observed. The leaf extract yielded three compound characterised as D-Limonene, Thunbergol and (z)-2-Methyl-7-octadecene. Conclusion: The analysis of the chemical component reported identified compounds from Baobab leaf as; D-Limonene; ( 1 ) Thunbergol ( 2 ) and Cis-2-Methyl-7-octadecene ( 3 ) with significant antioxidant potential. The chemical components were identified for the first time.

scholarly journals Artemisia annua, a Traditional Plant Brought to Light

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axelle Septembre-Malaterre ◽  
Mahary Lalarizo Rakoto ◽  
Claude Marodon ◽  
Yosra Bedoui ◽  
Jessica Nakab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Artemisia Annua ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Traditional Remedies ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Immunomodulatory Properties

Traditional remedies have been used for thousand years for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, particularly in developing countries. Of growing interest, the plant Artemisia annua, known for its malarial properties, has been studied for its numerous biological activities including metabolic, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and immunomodulatory properties. Artemisia annua is very rich in secondary metabolites such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and phenolic compounds, of which the biological properties have been extensively studied. The purpose of this review is to gather and describe the data concerning the main chemical components produced by Artemisia annua and to describe the state of the art about the biological activities reported for this plant and its compounds beyond malaria.

Chemical components of Silene viridiflora and their biological properties

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Z. Mamadalieva ◽  
D. Egamberdieva ◽  
A. A. Zhanibekov ◽  
D. Triggiani ◽  
A. Tiezzi
Keyword(s):  
Biological Properties ◽  
Chemical Components

scholarly journals The Implementasi Metode On-Page Search Engine Optimization untuk Meningkatkan Peringkat Website sebagai Hasil Pencarian Google

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonius Antonius ◽  
Bernard Renaldy Suteja
Keyword(s):  
Search Engine ◽  
Search Engines ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Current Development ◽  
Result Page ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Search Engine Optimization ◽  
Image Optimization ◽  
Search Engine Result ◽  
The Many

Current development of the internet world has been growing rapidly, especially in the field of website. People use search engines to find the news or information they needed on a website. One of the many indications of the success of a website is traffic. Traffic could be received from various factors, one of which is website rank in Search Engine Result Page (SERP). To improve the SERP, SEO methods are required. This research will implement SEO to website especially on the image, and then analyzed by using a tester tools, for example SEOptimer, Pingdom Tools, and SEO Site Checkup. After the website has been optimized, tested with the same tester tools. From the research results can be seen whether image optimization can affect SERP.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document