scholarly journals Between entertainment and education

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-39
Author(s):  
Magdalena Wasilewska-Chmura
Keyword(s):  
Popular Literature ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Right To Education ◽  
Female Writers ◽  
International Success ◽  
Current Standards ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This paper addresses a phenomenon of the international success of Swedish female writers in the 19th century. I have focused on the Polish translations of Marie Sophie Schwartz’s works, which became extremely popular in the 1860’s and 1870’s, judging from the number of books translated in comparison to other Swedish bestselling writers. One of the most important issues for Schwartz was emancipation, specifically women’s right to education, employment and economic autonomy. Her novel Emancipation Frenzy was translated into Polish in 1865 and 1876. Both translations differ as to the accuracy in rendering the emancipation message. The earlier translation tends to omit or soften the author’s radical opinions on emancipation, which flattens the novel’s progressive message. The later one is closer to the original and articulates emancipation claims more faithfully. This probably has to do with the fact that the Polish emancipation debate was already more developed in the 1870s. That seems to confirm a fundamental thesis of Translations Studies that translation not only communicates the message of the source text but also comprises an inscription of the host culture’s current standards and needs. Thus, the novels by Schwartz were initially read as popular literature, and over time they were perceived as socially engaged literature (Tendenzroman), which corresponded to the Polish nationalistic program.

Revising Biblical Translation: Luther's Lexical Choices in Matthew between 1522 (Septembertestament) and 1545, Compared with the Greek Source Text

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-246
Author(s):  
Geoffrey S. Koby
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Gospel Of Matthew ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Source Text ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Greek Source ◽  
Biblical Translation ◽  
Over Time

After Martin Luther first translated and published the New Testament in 1522, he immediately began the work of revision—work that would last through his lifetime and beyond. Working with a group of biblical scholars, he made thousands of changes to the text, continuing until his death in 1546. Although some critics have seen Luther's earlier language as vulgar and coarse—particularly in the Gospels— and have suggested that he refined his language over time, others suggest that a more differentiated view is necessary. This article examines the lexical differences in the Gospel of Matthew between the Septembertestament of 1522 and the last Bible published during Luther's lifetime, in 1545. Major lexical changes are compared with the Greek source text, and assigned to three major classes: (I) changes that bring the translation closer to the original Greek meaning; (II) changes that diverge from a close rendering of the source text, for comprehension or esthetic reasons; and (III) changes that are neutral with regard to the source, originating from target language (German) considerations. Most major changes arise from either the source text or understandability considerations. The original lexical choices in the 1522 version are not as coarse or extreme as some have suggested.

scholarly journals Reclaiming a future that has not yet been: The Faure report, UNESCO’s humanism and the need for the emancipation of education

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gert Biesta
Keyword(s):  
Right To Education ◽  
Strong Argument ◽  
Educational Provision ◽  
Educational Vision ◽  
The World ◽  
Education Today ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Education And Society ◽  
Over Time

AbstractFifty years after UNESCO’s publication of Learning to be: The world of education today and tomorrow, the author of this article provides an assessment of this seminal report, commonly known as “the Faure report”. He characterises the educational vision of the report as humanistic and democratic and highlights its emphasis on the need for educational provision throughout the life-course. He demonstrates how the right to education has, over time, been transformed into a duty to learn, Moreover, this duty has been strongly tied to economic purposes, particularly the individual’s duty to remain employable in a fast-changing labour market. Rather than suggesting that Edgar Faure and his International Commission on the Development of Education set a particular agenda for education that has, over time, been replaced by an altogether different agenda, the author suggests a reading of the report which understands it as making a case for a particular relationship between education and society, namely one in which the integrity of education itself is acknowledged and education is not reduced to a mere instrument for delivering particular agendas. Looking back at the report five decades later, he argues that it provides a strong argument for the emancipation of education itself, and that this argument is still needed in the world of today.

Australian cinema: transforming youth issues over time

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-108
Author(s):  
Irina A. Zvegintseva
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
May 1968 ◽  
To Come ◽  
International Success ◽  
Over Time

Long ago, Australian filmmakers discovered that it was the issues of universal interest that could ensure worldwide success of their films. One of such issues was the leftwing youth protests expressing the unwillingness of the young people to live according to the rules of the older generation. These protests peaked in the late 1960s and immediately found their way onto the screen. The importance of the problem ensured an almost inevitable international success of the films which dealt with those events. Yet there was another reason for the close attention paid by Australian filmmakers to the May 1968 events. Many of them (including the authors of the analyzed films) matured during those tempestuous years. Like many young people in Europe, they were fed up with the hypocrisy and lies of the older generation. They wanted to believe that changes were about to come. What interests the filmmakers of today is not so much the leftist movement itself or the revolt of the young against the society of their fathers but the results which transpired twenty years after the events, following the disillusionment and the shipwreck of youthful hopes. Some found solace in conformism and indifference, others in despair and nihilism. But luckily the filmmakers saw a third path: that of love and care for the destitute; and, by consequence, that of the belief in the coming changes for the better.

The Time of Punishment

2019 ◽  
pp. 149-182
Author(s):  
Julian V. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Change Over Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
Subsequent Period ◽  
The World ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Current Standards ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Relevant Factors

Increasingly, courts around the world are being required to sentence offenders for crimes committed years or even decades earlier. Prevailing conceptions of harm and culpability change over time. Policymakers concerned with punishment and sentencing should be sensitive to changes in the absolute and relative seriousness of crimes as well as the absolute and relative severity of punishments. Ordinal rankings of offenses have evolved over the past 50 years, as has our understanding of the impact of various sanctions. Issues raised by sentencing for crimes committed much earlier illustrate the need for a time-sensitive approach. Should defendants be sentenced according to standards prevailing at the time of the offense or according to current standards? In a just system, offenders would be judged by the standards prevailing when they took the decision to offend. A time-sensitive approach would apply the sentencing standards of the earlier time yet also consider time-relevant mitigation and aggravation in the subsequent period. The offender’s conduct and the victim’s suffering during the period are both relevant factors. Passage of time often changes our evaluation of the offense and the offender. When this occurs, the nature of the sentence should change. Likewise for long-serving prisoners, whose sentences should be reviewed after years have passed, in case they are no longer deemed proportionate.

Applied Cryptography in Electronic Commerce

2011 ◽  
pp. 180-200
Author(s):  
Slawomir Grzonkowski ◽  
Brian D. Ensor ◽  
Bill McDaniel
Keyword(s):  
Intrusion Detection ◽  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Reputation Management ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Global Marketing ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Barrier To Entry ◽  
Current Standards ◽  
Over Time

Electronic commerce has grown into a vital segment of the economy of many nations. It is a global phenomenon providing markets and commercialization opportunities world-wide with a significantly reduced barrier to entry as compared to global marketing in the 20th century. Providing protocols to secure such commerce is critical and continues to be an area for both scientific and engineering study. Falsification, fraud, identity theft, and disinformation campaigns or other attacks could damage the credibility and value of electronic commerce if left unchecked. Consequently, cryptographic methods have emerged to combat any such efforts, be they the occasional random attempt at theft or highly organized criminal or political activities. This chapter covers the use of cryptographic methods and emerging standards in this area to provide the necessary protection. That protection, as is common for web-based protocols, evolves over time to deal with more and more sophisticated attacks. At the same time, the provision of security in a manner convenient enough to not deter electronic commerce has driven research efforts to find easier to use and simpler protocols to implement even as the strength of the cryptographic methods has increased. This chapter covers current standards, looking at several facets of the secure commercialization problem from authentication to intrusion detection and identity and reputation management. Vulnerabilities are discussed as well as capabilities.

scholarly journals Meaning in (Translated) Popular Fiction: An Analysis of Hyper-Literal Translation in Clive Barker’s Le Royaume des Devins

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Gabrielle Kristjanson
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Popular Fiction ◽  
Popular Literature ◽  
Online Reviews ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Award Winning ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
Target Culture

Most translation theorists agree that source text fidelity results in a translation that aptly transmits the foreign cultural values and meaning embedded within the source language to a target culture. While the preservation of foreignness might be beneficial for the propagation of international artistic diversity, when translating works of popular fiction, domestication is key to a novel’s successful incorporation into the target literary system. In popular fiction translation, the goal is accessibility rather than artistic influence or cultural exchange, yet the necessary domestication can be problematic. This article examines the reception of the English-to-French translation of an epic fantasy novel by Clive Barker. Online reviews written by the French-speaking readership describe the translated text as aberrant of Barker’s oeuvre and incomprehensible. While it may be easy to dismiss this translation as yet another example of poor translation practices, knowing that the translator, Jean-Daniel Brèque, is an award-winning translator and that he has translated many works by other popular artists such as Stephen King and Dan Simmons points the blame elsewhere. An analysis of Jean-Daniel Brèque’s translation of Weaveworld reveals the detrimental effect that strict adherence to the source text can have on the reception of popular literature in translation and affirms that domestication is necessary to transform the source text into a version digestible and understandable by the target audience.

scholarly journals Legal consciousness as a factor promoting the achievement of educational objectives and the realization of the right to education by individuals and collectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (32) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Elena Anatolyevna Tereshchenko ◽  
Vladimir Viktorovich Kovalev ◽  
Maxim Sergeevich Trofimov ◽  
Dzambolat Arthurovich Zasseev
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Legal Consciousness ◽  
Educational Objectives ◽  
Right To Education ◽  
Educational Activities ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Right ◽  
Over Time

The article studies the legal consciousness of participants to educational activities in the process of achieving educational objectives and realizing their right to education. Obstacles that are typical of such a type of research conditioned by an insufficient theoretical basis for studying legal consciousness in general and as a category accompanying the realization of goals, capabilities and rights of participants to educational activities. In the Russian legal science, these obstacles are caused by the prevalence of ideological dogmas over objective scientific approaches (for example, the concept that state and law will wither away as unnecessary institutes alongside the formation of communism), which is emphasized by Russian scholars concerned with these issues. Over time, the above-mentioned difficulties have been overcome and today the issues associated with legal consciousness (in particular, individuals and collectives in the educational sphere) are an integral part of scientific interests in the field of jurisprudence. The article aims at reviewing and analyzing the process of studying legal issues (including participants to educational activities) by Russian and foreign scholars, summarizing the results of their scientific research and drawing the relevant conclusions. Relying on the existing theoretical and practical experience and an extensive set of different research methods (general scientific and specific legal methods), the authors have achieved certain results and reached several conclusions. Their main achievement is new data on various aspects of justice.

Applied Cryptography in Electronic Commerce

2013 ◽  
pp. 368-388
Author(s):  
Slawomir Grzonkowski ◽  
Brian D. Ensor ◽  
Bill McDaniel
Keyword(s):  
Intrusion Detection ◽  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Reputation Management ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Global Marketing ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Barrier To Entry ◽  
Current Standards ◽  
Over Time

Electronic commerce has grown into a vital segment of the economy of many nations. It is a global phenomenon providing markets and commercialization opportunities world-wide with a significantly reduced barrier to entry as compared to global marketing in the 20th century. Providing protocols to secure such commerce is critical and continues to be an area for both scientific and engineering study. Falsification, fraud, identity theft, and disinformation campaigns or other attacks could damage the credibility and value of electronic commerce if left unchecked. Consequently, cryptographic methods have emerged to combat any such efforts, be they the occasional random attempt at theft or highly organized criminal or political activities. This chapter covers the use of cryptographic methods and emerging standards in this area to provide the necessary protection. That protection, as is common for web-based protocols, evolves over time to deal with more and more sophisticated attacks. At the same time, the provision of security in a manner convenient enough to not deter electronic commerce has driven research efforts to find easier to use and simpler protocols to implement even as the strength of the cryptographic methods has increased. This chapter covers current standards, looking at several facets of the secure commercialization problem from authentication to intrusion detection and identity and reputation management. Vulnerabilities are discussed as well as capabilities.

scholarly journals The evolution of literary translations: a case study of the Romanian translation and retranslation of “A Little Cloud”

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-125
Author(s):  
Andra Iulia Ursa
Keyword(s):  
Creative Process ◽  
Original Work ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
One Year ◽  
Text Language ◽  
Over Time

It goes without saying that literary translators participate actively in the creative process of authors. They read the original work and try to understand the author’s perspective, so that they are able to communicate the message to those readers who do not understand the source text language. Therefore, translators act as mediators, that constantly struggle to surmount linguistic, stylistic or cultural difficulties, by using effective strategies. With regard to the retranslation theory, subsequent translations of the same literary work are susceptible to supplement previous versions, and to capture more of the original work. However, some researchers blame translation practices used nowadays of ‘too much’ invisibility, up to the point that the role of mediation is nullified. Therefore, this paper seeks to understand how the strategies of translation evolve over time, and what the predisposition of translators’ attitudes is nowadays. In order to obtain some conclusive answers to our questions, this research is based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of three Romanian renditions of one of the stories in James Joyce’s Dubliners— “A little cloud”. The advantage of this study is that even though there is a fifty-one-year gap between the first Romanian version and the second, the last two translators belong to the same period of time and have similar education backgrounds, knowledge and skill in the field of specialty.

Geopolitica della lingua italiana

FUTURIBILI ◽  
2009 ◽  
pp. 139-161
Author(s):  
de Leitenburg Mainardo Benardelli
Keyword(s):  
Literary History ◽  
Popular Literature ◽  
National Service ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Regional Literature ◽  
Official Languages ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time

- Language is one of the most widely discussed questions in Italian social and literary history, and Italian has recently been dropped from the list of official languages in the European Community. The author presents a historical overview starting from the 13th century, which saw the beginning of popular literature in poetry, and comprising the development of written and spoken Italian from traditional regional literature to the evolution of the dolce stilnovo, the appearance in the 19th century of the language of Manzoni and his antagonists, the composition of the first Dictionary of the Italian language and the practice of transferring teachers and national service conscripts from one part of the country to another so as to spread a standard language over the whole territory. The article concludes with the observation that language changes over time and that its current written and spoken form is the result of standardisation produced by the population's exposure to the mass media.

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