scholarly journals Estimation of Electromagnetic Compatibility Between DVB-T/DVB-T2 and 4G/5G in the 700 MHz Band for Co-Channel Case

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 30-38
Author(s):  
G. Ancans ◽  
E. Stankevicius ◽  
V. Bobrovs ◽  
G. Ivanovs
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Electromagnetic Compatibility ◽  
Mobile Radiocommunication ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Separation Distance ◽  
Propagation Model ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Mobile Service ◽  
The World

AbstractThe 694–790 MHz band (700 MHz) known also as the second digital dividend was allocated to the mobile radiocommunication service on a primary basis in Region 1 and identified to International Mobile Telecommunications by the World Radiocommunication Conference 2012 (WRC-12). The designation of mobile service in Europe and other countries of Region 1 in 700 MHz band was obtained after the World Radiocommunication Conference 2015 (WRC-15). Administrations of Region 1 will be able to plan and use these frequencies for mobile networks, including IMT. The goal of this study is to estimate the electromagnetic compatibility of Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestrial (DVB-T/DVB-T2) and LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology operating both in 700 MHz band. The study assumes frequency division duplex (FDD) channel arrangement of 703–733 MHz (for uplink) and of 758–788 MHz (for downlink).The model contains two parts: a DVB-T/DVB-T2 system and LTE mobile broadband network. Co-channel scenario is considered in this paper, and possible impact of DVB-T/DVB-T2 on LTE base stations (receivers) is also investigated. The Monte Carlo simulations within SEAMCAT software and the Minimum Coupling Loss (MCL) method are used for interference investigation. The coordination trigger field strength value predetermined by GE06 Agreement is also used in this study. The Monte Carlo method presents more relaxed electromagnetic compatibility scenario in comparison with the MCL method. For SEAMCAT simulations, ITU-R P.1546-5 radio propagation model is used.The obtained results present the required minimum separation distance between DVB-T/DVB-T2 and LTE networks in the 694–790 MHz in order to provide the necessary performance of LTE mobile network.

scholarly journals Electromagnetic Compatibility Studies: LTE BS vs. Aeronautical Radionavigation Services in 694-790 MHz Frequency Band

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evaldas Stankevičius ◽  
Šarūnas Oberauskas
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Frequency Band ◽  
Electromagnetic Compatibility ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
Statistical Simulation ◽  
Mobile Services ◽  
Separation Distance ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Simulation Monte Carlo ◽  
Two Phases

Abstract This paper presents the sharing analysis of the 694–790 MHz frequency band for Mobile services IMT and Aeronautical radio-navigation services (ARNS) using SEAMCAT (established by CEPT) software based on the statistical simulation (Monte-Carlo) method. In 2012 the World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-12) decided to allocate the 694–790 MHz frequency band (the so-called 700 MHz band) to mobile services IMT (excluding aeronautical mobile) after WRC-15 conference. But this agreement raises electromagnetic compatibility problems, which should be solved until WRC-15 [1]. This study was carried out in two phases: first applying theoretical analysis, then statistical Monte-Carlo simulations with SEAMCAT software tool in order to verify results obtained in theoretical approach. Analytical calculations shows that the required protection distances between ARNS stations and the MS base stations are 132 km. The obtained results from SEAMCAT simulations indicate that separation distance should be above 100 km. These results illustrate that the systems are not electromagnetically compatible. The possible mitigation technic could be antenna pattern correction.

Mobile Location Based Services

2014 ◽  
pp. 214-227
Author(s):  
Hee Jhee Jiow
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Network ◽  
Location Based Services ◽  
Mobile Service ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
System Technology ◽  
Mass Market ◽  
Mobile Location ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
The World ◽  
Evolution Of Technology

Mobile Location Based Services (MLBS) have been in operation since the 1970s. Conceived initially for military use, the Global Positioning System technology was later released to the world for other applications. As usage of the technology increased, mobile network points, developed by mobile service operators, supplemented its usage in various applications of MLBS. This chapter charts the trajectory of MLBS applications in the mass market, afforded by the evolution of technology, digital, and mobility cultures. Assimilating various MLBS classifications, it then situates examples into four quadrants according to the measures of user-position or device-position focus, and alert-aware or active-aware applications. The privacy implications of MLBS are captured on the economic, social, and political fronts, and its future is discussed.

scholarly journals Handover with Buffering for Distributed Mobility Management in Software Defined Mobile Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-40
Author(s):  
Battulga Davaasambuu
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Mobility Management ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Distributed Mobility Management ◽  
Mobile Cellular ◽  
Network Technologies

The rapidly-growing number of mobile subscribers has led to the creation of a large number of signalling messages. This makes it difficult to efficiently handle the mobility of subscribers in mobile cellular networks. The long-term evolution (LTE) architecture provides software-defined networking (SDN) to meet the requirements of 5G networks and to forward massive mobile data traffic. The SDN solution proposes separation of the control and data planes of a network. Centralized mobility management (CMM) is widely used in current mobile network technologies, such as 4G networks. One of the problems related to CMM is a single point of failure. To solve the problems of CMM and in order to provide for efficient mobility management, IETF has developed a solution called distributed mobility management (DMM), in which mobility is handled via the nearest mobility anchor. In this paper, we propose a DMM solution with handover operations for SDN-enabled mobile networks. The advantage of the proposed solution is that intra and inter handover procedures are defined with the data buffering and forwarding processes between base stations and mobility anchors. We adopt a simulation model to evaluate and compare the proposed solution with the existing solution in terms of handover latency, packet loss and handover failures.

scholarly journals Base Station Energy Efficiency Improvement for Next Generation Mobile Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weston Mwashita ◽  
Marcel Ohanga Odhiambo
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Energy Efficiency Improvement ◽  
Next Generation Mobile Networks ◽  
Operational Expenditure

Abstract As more and more Base Stations (BSs) are being deployed by mobile operators to meet the ever increasing data traffic, solutions have to be found to try and reduce BS energy consumption to make the BSs more energy efficient and to reduce the mobile networks’ operational expenditure (OPEX) and carbon dioxide emissions. In this paper, a BS sleeping technology deployable in heterogeneous networks (HetNets) is proposed. The proposed scheme is validated by using extensive OMNeT++/SimuLTE simulations. From the simulations, it is shown that some lightly loaded micro BSs can be put to sleep in a HetNet when the network traffic is very low without compromising the QoS of the mobile network.

scholarly journals Introduction of 5G as a Next-generation Mobile Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-138
Author(s):  
Ruhul Amin
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Safety Nets ◽  
Great Expectations ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Frequency Radiation ◽  
Game Changer

5G aren't just about significantly improving network connectivity. It's a next-generation mobile network that promises to be a game changer in the way we live. The true breakthrough of 5G is the capacity of up to 1,000 5G connected devices per person. It covers all 7 billion people worldwide. One of the great expectations for the future is that not only will all humans be connected to the Internet, but most items of our lives will also be connected. With 5G, coverage will be improved, capacity will be increased, latency will be reduced, and data speed will significantly improve.   Future 5G solutions will outperform current 4G mobile networks in several ways. Significant   improvements in device density, transfer speeds and latencies, and a 90% reduction in power    consumption are just a few of the 5G goals. On the other hand, the harmful effects of frequency radiation have already been proven. Even   before 5G was proposed, dozens of petitions and appeals by international scientists, including the Flyberger appeal signed by more than 3,000 doctors, stopped the expansion of wireless technology and made new base stations. Requested a moratorium. Negative microbiological effects have also been recorded. Government regulators will consider deploying 5G, especially with the additional infrastructure needed to expand their networks. 5G deployments need to address both standard and advanced cybersecurity threats. It is the responsibility of the carrier and network consortium to provide customers with digital safety nets, except that customer complacency can be an issue as well.

scholarly journals How Trend of Increasing Data Volume Affects the Energy Efficiency of 5G Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Josip Lorincz ◽  
Zonimir Klarin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Density Class ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
The Impact

As the rapid growth of mobile users and Internet-of-Everything devices will continue in the upcoming decade, more and more network capacity will be needed to accommodate such a constant increase in data volumes (DVs). To satisfy such a vast DV increase, the implementation of the fifth-generation (5G) and future sixth-generation (6G) mobile networks will be based on heterogeneous networks (HetNets) composed of macro base stations (BSs) dedicated to ensuring basic signal coverage and capacity, and small BSs dedicated to satisfying capacity for increased DVs at locations of traffic hotspots. An approach that can accommodate constantly increasing DVs is based on adding additional capacity in the network through the deployment of new BSs as DV increases. Such an approach represents an implementation challenge to mobile network operators (MNOs), which is reflected in the increased power consumption of the radio access part of the mobile network and degradation of network energy efficiency (EE). In this study, the impact of the expected increase of DVs through the 2020s on the EE of the 5G radio access network (RAN) was analyzed by using standardized data and coverage EE metrics. An analysis was performed for five different macro and small 5G BS implementation and operation scenarios and for rural, urban, dense-urban and indoor-hotspot device density classes (areas). The results of analyses reveal a strong influence of increasing DV trends on standardized data and coverage EE metrics of 5G HetNets. For every device density class characterized with increased DVs, we here elaborate on the process of achieving the best and worse combination of data and coverage EE metrics for each of the analyzed 5G BSs deployment and operation approaches. This elaboration is further extended on the analyses of the impact of 5G RAN instant power consumption and 5G RAN yearly energy consumption on values of standardized EE metrics. The presented analyses can serve as a reference in the selection of the most appropriate 5G BS deployment and operation approach, which will simultaneously ensure the transfer of permanently increasing DVs in a specific device density class and the highest possible levels of data and coverage EE metrics.

Mobile Location Based Services

2016 ◽  
pp. 765-778
Author(s):  
Hee Jhee Jiow
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Network ◽  
Location Based Services ◽  
Mobile Service ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
System Technology ◽  
Mass Market ◽  
Mobile Location ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
The World ◽  
Evolution Of Technology

Mobile Location Based Services (MLBS) have been in operation since the 1970s. Conceived initially for military use, the Global Positioning System technology was later released to the world for other applications. As usage of the technology increased, mobile network points, developed by mobile service operators, supplemented its usage in various applications of MLBS. This chapter charts the trajectory of MLBS applications in the mass market, afforded by the evolution of technology, digital, and mobility cultures. Assimilating various MLBS classifications, it then situates examples into four quadrants according to the measures of user-position or device-position focus, and alert-aware or active-aware applications. The privacy implications of MLBS are captured on the economic, social, and political fronts, and its future is discussed.

Mobile Network Systems

2018 ◽  
pp. 46-78
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Mobile Service ◽  
Network Systems ◽  
Network Generation ◽  
Probative Value ◽  
Voice Traffic ◽  
Key Features

Mobile communication systems were initially designed to carry voice traffic with limited support for packet and messaging services. The constant increase in demand for packet traffic evolved the mobile networks to ultimately become data pipes with support for mobility. While the mobile applications changed dramatically over time, the fundamental principles for mobile service delivery remain the same to a large extend in every network generation. These principles are important to form the investigative context and identify the sources of network evidence with the highest probative value. This chapter details the mobile service delivery fundamentals together with the key features implemented in each mobile network generation. In practice, the sources of mobile network evidence belong to network segments from different generations; therefore, the fundamentals are necessary to establish an effective forensics plan and maximize the investigative outcome.

scholarly journals One Step Greener: Reducing 5G and Beyond Networks’ Carbon Footprint by 2-Tiering Energy Efficiency with CO2 Offsetting

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís Carlos Gonçalves ◽  
Pedro Sebastião ◽  
Nuno Souto ◽  
Américo Correia
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Mobile Service ◽  
Service Usage ◽  
Mobile Network Operators

Fifth generation (5G) and Beyond-5G (B5G) will be characterized by highly dense deployments, both on network plane and user plane. Internet of Things, massive sensor deployments and base stations will drive even more energy consumption. User behavior towards mobile service usage is witnessing a paradigm shift with heavy capacity, demanding services resulting in an increase of both screen time and data transfers, which leads to additional power consumption. Mobile network operators will face additional energetic challenges, mainly related to power consumption and network sustainability, starting right in the planning phase with concepts like energy efficiency and greenness by design coming into play. The main contribution of this work is a two-tier method to address such challenges leading to positively-offset carbon dioxide emissions related to mobile networks using a novel approach. The first tier contributes to overall power reduction and optimization based on energy efficient methods applied to 5G and B5G networks. The second tier aims to offset the remaining operational power usage by completely offsetting its carbon footprint through geosequestration. This way, we show that the objective of minimizing overall networks’ carbon footprint is achievable. Conclusions are drawn and it is shown that carbon sequestration initiatives or program adherence represent a negligible cost impact on overall network cost, with the added value of greener and more environmentally friendly network operation. This can also relieve the pressure on mobile network operators in order to maximize compliance with environmentally neutral activity.

scholarly journals An intelligent algorithm to reduce and eliminate coverage holes in the mobile network

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 920-930
Author(s):  
Rageed Hussein Hussan Al-Hashemy ◽  
Intisar Mohsin Saadoon
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Intelligent Algorithm ◽  
Communication Services ◽  
Communication Problems ◽  
The World ◽  
Coverage Holes

Abstract The need for services in the world of telecommunications and the prosperity and rapid development of this sector around the world has led mobile phone companies to compete to provide the best services to customers. One of these devices used for communications is the mobile phone. The mobile phone is simply an electronic device that is mainly serving unwired telecommunications through a cellular network of particular base stations known as cell sites. There are many obstacles or problems in the telecommunication field, and the relevant institutions and companies should find solutions to these obstacles and problems. One of these obstacles in telecommunications is the coverage holes. Coverage holes occur when the location of the mobile phone is set in midway between the two base transceiver stations (BTSs). This causes an abnormal interruption in communication until the user crosses the coverage holes area. This paper presents an intelligent algorithm as a set of technical steps that can be used to improve the communication services of the mobile phone network and to solve the communication problems via the reduction of the coverage holes between two BTSs. It suggests a method that could alleviate this problem using a strategy that reduces the coverage holes by developing an intelligent algorithm system to receive signal strength indicators and use AT command “+CREG” to disconnect and reconnect to available BTS within an acceptable energy level. As a result, the connection turned from marginal into good connection.

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