scholarly journals The Volume and Dynamics of Domestic Expenditures on Research and Development in the European Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-48
Author(s):  
Jerzy Baruk
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
New Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Secondary Material ◽  
Efficient Management

AbstractIn the article, whose construction is of theoretical and empirical nature, the author attempted to achieve the following objectives: 1) identification and critical assessment of expenditures on research and development (GERD index), expressed in euro per inhabitant, incurred by statistical units concentrated in the sectors: business enterprises, government, higher education, private non-profit organizations and jointly in all sectors in countries members of the European Union. The level and dynamics of these expenditures are treated as an indirect measure of senior management’s involvement in creating R&D policy and efficient management in R&D phases; 2) an attempt to verify theses that R&D expenditures are variable and diversified in EU Member States, which indicates the lack of a rational R&D policy focused on the systematic generation of new knowledge materialized in innovations providing customers the expected value in a systemic way; 3) developing models of innovative R&D activities management. To develop the article, research methods are used, such as: critical-cognitive analysis of literature, statistical-comparative analysis of Eurostat’s empirical secondary material, projection method. The level of the GERD meter indicates a significant differentiation of R&D expenditure in individual sections of the analysis. The member states of the old EU had relatively higher outlays for this purpose compared to the new member states.

scholarly journals Using Patent Development, Education Policy and Research and Development Expenditure Policy to Increase Technological Competitiveness of Small European Union Member States

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (78) ◽  
pp. 97-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Ferraro ◽  
Pawan Kumar Dutt ◽  
Tanel Kerikmäe
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Education Policy ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
High Tech ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Development Education ◽  
Member States ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Development Expenditure

Abstract The Chinese Belt and Road Initiative will open new trade routes between China and the European Union (EU) and increase competition pressures on smaller EU member states. This article ranks where states like Estonia stand internationally in terms of innovativeness (and consequent competitiveness) by conducting an econometric study of patent development, education policy and research and development (R&D) expenditure policy. The authors claim that small member states such as Estonia should follow the example of countries such as Germany and adopt policies which focus more on increased public spending on R&D and innovation in public universities of science and technology, and raise support for high tech startups with a strong focus on international patenting. Member States must go further and subsidise R&D activities by focusing, inter alia, on filing of foreign patents such as triadic patents.

scholarly journals Polityka w zakresie badań i rozwoju technologicznego Unii Europejskiej jako przykład integracji formalnie i faktycznie zróżnicowanej

Politeja ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (54) ◽  
pp. 79-92
Author(s):  
Leszek Kwieciński
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Development Policy ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Structural Policy ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Differentiated Integration

Research and Development Policy of the European Union as an Example of Formal and Real Differentiated IntegrationIn this paper has been analysed a concept of the differentiated integration and their main criteria. This allows to show the formal and legal sphere of this concept, especially in the Research and Technological Development Policy of the European Union. As a result it was noted that the described EU structural policy is an area of deep formal and real diversity that runs both between EU Member States and other public‑private stakeholders, such as universities or enterprises. This fact contributed to present two scenarios for the further evolution of European integration in the area of Research and Technological Development Policy.

Selected aspects of innovation of companies functioning in the countries of the European Union

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-98
Author(s):  
Dr inż. Jerzy Baruk
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Innovation Processes ◽  
Varied Level ◽  
The Eu

In the publication, the Author discusses two issues: the essence of innovations and their role in the development of enterprises and the increase of their competitiveness together with empirical aspects of the level of innovation described by three measures – universali-ty of introducing innovations, the influence of introduced innovations on turnover of en-terprises, universality of conducting research and development, treated as a source of knowledge in innovation processes. The results of the study indicate a relatively low and varied level of these measures in the enterprises from the EU Member States.

Migration in Europe

2006 ◽  
Vol 198 ◽  
pp. 36-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Barrell ◽  
Catherine Guillemineau ◽  
Iana Liadze
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Large Wave ◽  
New Member States ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Uk

Recent developments in the European Union have raised immigration as an issue, especially in the UK. There has been a large wave of migrants into the UK from Poland since its accession in 2004, and as Romania and Bulgaria are preparing to become members of the European Union on 1 January 2007, migration from the new member states to other EU countries has become even more a focus of attention. Concerns over potential immigration towards the old EU member states have been rising because the total population of Bulgaria and Romania is approximately 30 million, a similar size to Poland, and the standards of living in both countries are considerably lower than in the EU-15 member countries, or than in any of the current New Member States. Hence outward migration is more likely to be attractive. The scale of flows will depend upon any restrictions that might be imposed by other member states, but current estimates suggest that 2 million Romanians, for instance, are already at work in the core EU countries.

scholarly journals Administration of foreign trade advantages and restrictions as the basis of the strategy of the new EU member States

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Елена Горбатенко ◽  
Elena Gorbatenko
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Foreign Trade Policy ◽  
Member States ◽  
New Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
New Eu Member States

This article analyzes the current aspects of the management of regional economic integration processes in the context of the entry of new member States into the largest integration grouping in the modern world economy – the European Union (EU). Some components of these processes are considered on the example of a number of European countries that joined the bloc at the stage of 2004-2013. The significant trends in the foreign trade policy of the European Union are identified.

scholarly journals Why the EU-15 Maintains Higher CIT Rates than the New Member States?

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-120
Author(s):  
Andrzej Karpowicz
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Corporate Income Tax ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
New Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The European Union is not a homogenous area. This lack of homogeneity extends to taxes, which vary across jurisdictions. On average, Western Europe imposes significantly higher taxes on capital than New Member States, which joined the Community in 2004 and 2007. Often this fact is simply taken for granted. However, there are several arguments that can explain this variance. Although several of these arguments are well known and have been researched, they have not been assessed in combination, or used in a comparative analysis of corporate income tax (CIT) rates between EU member states. Because of interest in harmonizing CIT throughout the EU, the roots of divergent CIT is of particular and timely value. Therefore, this article we attempts to demonstrate the differences in CIT rates in the EU-15 and New Member States. In so doing the general characteristics of these country grouping is identified, and then discussed in the context of the taxation theory.

scholarly journals Real convergence of the European Union members states – evaluation attempt

Management ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 393-404
Author(s):  
Aleksander Grzelak ◽  
Marlena Kujaczyńska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Convergence ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
New Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Development Level ◽  
Real Convergence ◽  
The Eu

Summary The key aim of the article is to verify the hypothesis concerning convergence in the economic development of the EU member states, which is reflected in evening out differences in the economic development level of the EU member states. New member states develop faster than old member states. In the light of the presented results, economic convergence of the member states seems not to be homogenous. Thus, it can be provisionally stated that progress has been recorded as regards convergence of the member states economies, in particular since 2007, although it needs to be emphasised that differences between them are still significant.

European Union: Integration, National, and European Identities

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Croucher
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
National Integration ◽  
New Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Integration Of Immigrants ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Key Questions

The European Union (EU) is an economic, political, and social conglomeration of 28 member nations. These member nations work together via a system of supranational institutional and intergovernmental-negotiated treaties and decisions by member states. While the EU has been able to continue its development in various stages since the 1950s respectively, a key issue continually facing the EU has always been integration at different levels. Integration of new member states, integration of individuals and cultures within member states, and most recently integration of immigrants (newcomers of different designations) into the EU. While the EU has strict guidelines regarding the integration of new member states into the EU, no policies/procedures are in place regarding the integration of individuals into the EU. Issues of national sovereignty are critical to EU member states when discussing how to integrate newcomers. Most recently during the heightened wave of refugees entering the EU through its southern and eastern borders, the issue of how to integrate newcomers into the EU has come to the forefront of national and EU policymakers. Key questions facing the EU and its member states include: What are the national integration policies, and how do they differ? What is the future for the EU in response to increased legal, illegal, and irregular migration?

Political aspects of security of the European Union Member States

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Kusztykiewicz-Fedurek
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Political Security ◽  
New Institutions ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
The Eu

Political security is very often considered through the prism of individual states. In the scholar literature in-depth analyses of this kind of security are rarely encountered in the context of international entities that these countries integrate. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to key aspects of political security in the European Union (EU) Member States. The EU as a supranational organisation, gathering Member States first, ensures the stability of the EU as a whole, and secondly, it ensures that Member States respect common values and principles. Additionally, the EU institutions focus on ensuring the proper functioning of the Eurozone (also called officially “euro area” in EU regulations). Actions that may have a negative impact on the level of the EU’s political security include the boycott of establishing new institutions conducive to the peaceful coexistence and development of states. These threats seem to have a significant impact on the situation in the EU in the face of the proposed (and not accepted by Member States not belonging to the Eurogroup) Eurozone reforms concerning, inter alia, appointment of the Minister of Economy and Finance and the creation of a new institution - the European Monetary Fund.

scholarly journals European Regional Inequalities: The Other Face of Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Celeste Perrucchini ◽  
Hiroshi Ito
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Per Capita

Empirical evidence suggests an overall convergence in terms of GDP and per capita income occurring among the European Union (EU) Member States. Nevertheless, economic inequalities have been increasing at the regional level within European Union countries. Through the review of relevant literature, this study analyzes the increasing inequalities from an economical point of view, focusing on Italy and the UK as examples. First, a general overlook of the empirical evidence of the GDP and per capita income at national and sub-national levels will be presented. Second, an explanation of the possible causes of the results will be proposed through the use of economical and sociological theories. The findings of this research might uncover the relative inefficacy of EU Cohesion policies and point towards the necessity for deeper and more thoughtful measures to continue the convergence of Member States while preserving internal equilibria. This paper ends with discussions for the future directions of the EU.

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