Gene variants related to the power performance of the Lithuanian athletes

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Ginevičienė ◽  
Erinija Pranckevičienė ◽  
Kazys Milašius ◽  
Vaidutis Kučinskas
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Power ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Power Performance ◽  
Phenotypic Characteristics ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Intermediate Phenotypes ◽  
Genotype Frequencies ◽  
Group Success

AbstractACE (I/D), ACTN3 (R/X), PPARGC1A (Gly482Ser) and PPARA (G/C) polymorphisms have been linked to the success in power-oriented sports through the intermediate phenotypes. The study involved 193 Lithuanian elite athletes and 250 controls. The measured phenotypic variables included short-term explosive muscle power (STEMP) and anaerobic alactic maximum power (AAMP). ACE DD genotype was more common among endurance athletes compared to the power athletes. The ACTN3 genotype frequencies of the elite athletes differed from those of non-elite athletes; however, there were no differences among the athletes and the control group across the PPARGC1A Gly482Ser genotypes. The frequency of PPARA CC genotype increased with the growing skill level of athletes (non-elite 2%, sub-elite 7.7%, elite 11.6%). The STEMP and AAMP were higher in the males than females and they were also higher in the power-oriented group compared to the endurance sports group. Success in power sports can be attributed to the ACE II, PPARGC1A SerSer, PPARA CC genotype in association with phenotypic characteristics such as AAMP and STEMP. ACTN3 XX genotype may not be critical but rather additive to endurance performance. The results show that high muscle power depends on both environmental and genetic factors.

Short-Term Training, Muscle Glycogen, and Cycle Endurance

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard J. Green ◽  
Marg Ball-Burnett ◽  
Steve Symon ◽  
Sue Grant ◽  
Greg Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Exercise Time ◽  
Glycogen Concentration ◽  
Prolonged Fatigue ◽  
Performance Adaptation ◽  
Cycle Endurance

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the increased glycogen concentration found in the working muscles following short-term training would result in an increase in endurance performance. Endurance performance was examined in 8 active but untrained males who cycled until fatigue at 65% [Formula: see text]max prior to and following 3 consecutive days of training. Training consisted of cycling for 2 hrs a day at the same power output used in the prolonged fatigue trials. A 39% increase in cycle time, from 103 ± 7.7 to 143 ± 14 min (p < 0.05), was observed following training. At fatigue prior to training, glycogen concentration in the vastus lateralis muscle was depleted by 75% (317 ± 17 to 78.8 ± 32 mmol∙glucosyl units∙kg−1 d.w). Following training, glycogen concentration at a comparable work time was 2.3 times higher. The elevated glycogen level following training was due both to higher glycogen at rest and during exercise. The energy cost of the activity as measured by the [Formula: see text] at selected intervals was unchanged with training. No change (p > 0.05) in exercise time was observed in a control group who were subjected to similar exercise protocols approximately 1 to 2 weeks apart. It is concluded that short-term training at least in untrained individuals ([Formula: see text]max averaging 43.6 ± 2.9 ml∙kg−1∙min−1) substantially elevates submaximal exercise tolerance and that the increase in resistance to fatigue is related to the elevated availability of glycogen. Key words: endurance performance, adaptation, carbohydrate, vastus lateralis

scholarly journals Effects of Self-Talk Training on Competitive Anxiety, Self-Efficacy, Volitional Skills, and Performance: An Intervention Study with Junior Sub-Elite Athletes

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadja Walter ◽  
Lucie Nikoleizig ◽  
Dorothee Alfermann
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Competitive Anxiety ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Self Talk ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

(1) Background: Self-talk (ST) is used to influence athletes’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Samples of squad and competitive athletes are underrepresented, although research has proven the positive effects of ST in the context of sports. Thus, the present study focused on the impact of ST on psychological and performance outcomes of junior sub-elite athletes. (2) Methods: N = 117 athletes (55 females, 62 males; M = 16.0 years) were randomly assigned to either one of two experimental groups or to a control group (n = 30). The experimental groups received an ST intervention for either one week (n = 36) or eight weeks (n = 38), and the control group received no ST training. The dependent variables (competitive anxiety, volitional skills, self-efficacy, and coaches’ performance ratings) were assessed three times before and after the intervention. It was expected that (a) an ST intervention would reduce the competitive anxiety and increase volitional skills, self-efficacy, and performance; and, (b) long-term training would lead to higher effects than short-term training. (3) Results: As expected, ST training led to (less) somatic state anxiety and (higher) state self-confidence, self-optimization, self-efficacy, and performance. Additionally, long-term training was more effective than short-term training. (4) Conclusions: Targeted ST interventions may help to improve junior athletes’ psychological states and performance.

Genetic polymorphisms in alpha-actinin 3 and ­adrenoceptor beta genes in Austrian elite athletes and healthy controls

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Power Performance ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Performance Development ◽  
Genotype And Allele Frequencies

Background: During the last years many studies were conducted to investigate the contribution of various genetic variants to endurance and sprint/power performance of elite athletes. Data on team sport athletes are missing to a large extent. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the frequency of selected polymorphisms on elite athlete status in Austrian team sport (handball, soccer), endurance and power athletes as well as in healthy control subjects. Methods: Genotype and allele frequencies of ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739), ADRB1 Ser49Gly (rs1801252), ADRB2 Arg16Gly (rs1042713), ADRB2 Gln27Glu (rs1042714) and the ADRB3 Trp64Arg (rs4994) polymorphisms were determined in 56 Austrian sprint/power athletes, 86 endurance athletes, 143 team sport athletes and 216 healthy non-athletic controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva and genotyping was performed by real time polymerase chain reaction using a standard protocol. Results: Handball and soccer players had a higher frequency of the ACTN3 RR genotype and a lower frequency of RX + XX genotypes than the control group. Furthermore, the frequency of athletes being homozygous for the ADRB1 Ser49Ser genotype was significantly higher in team sport athletes in comparison to those competing in power/sprint sports. We did not detect any other differences in genotype distributions between the study groups. Conclusion: This study provides some evidence that the ACTN3 R577X and the ADRB1 Ser49Gly polymorphisms are associated with team sport performance. Larger prospective studies focusing on the genetic influence of performance development are required for confirmation of these findings.

scholarly journals The Trainability of Adolescent Soccer Players to Brief Periodized Complex Training

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 645-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athanasios Chatzinikolaou ◽  
Konstantinos Michaloglou ◽  
Alexandra Avloniti ◽  
Diamanda Leontsini ◽  
Chariklia K. Deli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Power Performance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Repeated Sprint ◽  
Performance Deterioration ◽  
Complex Training ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Training Protocol

Purpose: To investigate the effect of a complex, short-term strength/power training protocol on performance and body composition of elite early adolescent soccer players. Methods: Twenty-two players (14–15 y) were randomly assigned to (1) an experimental group (N = 12; participated in a 5-wk training protocol with traditional multijoint power resistance exercises, Olympic-style lifts, plyometric drills, and speed work; 4 times per week) or (2) a control group (N = 10). Strength and power performance (jumping, speed, change of direction, repeated sprint ability, endurance, isokinetic strength of knee flexors and extensors, maximal strength in various lifts, and speed-endurance) were evaluated pretraining and posttraining. Results: Cessation of training for 5 weeks in the control group induced a marked performance deterioration (∼5%–20%). Training not only prevented strength performance deterioration but also increased it (∼2%–30%). Endurance and repeated sprint ability declined to a smaller extent in experimental group compared with control group (15% vs 7.5%). Isometric strength and body composition remained unaltered in both groups. Conclusions: Results demonstrate that (1) young players exhibit a high level of trainability of their strength/power performance (but not endurance) in response to a short-term complex training protocol during early adolescence, (2) Olympic-style lifts are characterized by increased safety in this age group and appear to be highly effective, (3) lifts incorporating a hip thrust result in increased strength of both knee extensors and flexors, (4) cessation of training for only 5 weeks results in marked deterioration of strength/power and endurance performance, and (5) improvement of strength/power performance may be related to neural-based adaptation as body composition remained unaffected.

scholarly journals Effects of short-term resistance training and tapering on maximal strength, peak power, throwing ball velocity, and sprint performance in handball players

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Souhail Hermassi ◽  
Aloui Ghaith ◽  
René Schwesig ◽  
Roy J. Shephard ◽  
Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
Training Period ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Progressive Resistance Training ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Resistance Training Program ◽  
Experimental Group

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to assess the effect of short-term resistance training and two weeks of tapering on physical performances in handball players. Following a ten-week progressive resistance training program, subjects were divided between an experimental (n = 10) and a control group (n = 10). The experimental group completed a resistance training program, followed by a two-week period when the training intensity was tapered by 60%, while the control group maintained their typical pattern of training. Muscle power (force–velocity test and squat and counter-movement jump tests), sprinting ability (10m and 30m), ability to change direction (T-half test) and throwing velocity (a 3-step throw with a run, and a jump throw) were evaluated before training, at the end of training and after tapering. The experimental group showed significantly larger interaction effects for the 10-week training period (12/15, 80%), than for the following 2 weeks of tapering (10/15, 67%), with the largest gains being in 15 m sprint times (d=3.78) and maximal muscular strength in the snatch (d=3.48). Although the performance of the experimental group generally continued to increase over tapering, the mean effect size for the training period was markedly higher (d=1.92, range: 0.95-3.78) than that seen during tapering (d=1.02, range:−0.17-2.09). Nevertheless the ten weeks of progressive resistance training followed by two weeks of tapering was an effective overall tactic to increase muscle power, sprint performance and ball throwing velocity in handball players.

scholarly journals Short-term heat acclimation improves the determinants of endurance performance and 5-km running performance in the heat

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl A. James ◽  
Alan J. Richardson ◽  
Peter W. Watt ◽  
Ashley G.B. Willmott ◽  
Oliver R. Gibson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Heat Acclimation ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Running Performance

This study investigated the effect of 5 days of controlled short-term heat acclimation (STHA) on the determinants of endurance performance and 5-km performance in runners, relative to the impairment afforded by moderate heat stress. A control group (CON), matched for total work and power output (2.7 W·kg−1), differentiated thermal and exercise contributions of STHA on exercise performance. Seventeen participants (10 STHA, 7 CON) completed graded exercise tests (GXTs) in cool (13 °C, 50% relative humidity (RH), pre-training) and hot conditions (32 °C, 60% RH, pre- and post-training), as well as 5-km time trials (TTs) in the heat, pre- and post-training. STHA reduced resting (p = 0.01) and exercising (p = 0.04) core temperature alongside a smaller change in thermal sensation (p = 0.04). Both groups improved the lactate threshold (LT, p = 0.021), lactate turnpoint (LTP, p = 0.005) and velocity at maximal oxygen consumption (vV̇O2max; p = 0.031) similarly. Statistical differences between training methods were observed in TT performance (STHA, −6.2(5.5)%; CON, −0.6(1.7)%, p = 0.029) and total running time during the GXT (STHA, +20.8(12.7)%; CON, +9.8(1.2)%, p = 0.006). There were large mean differences in change in maximal oxygen consumption between STHA +4.0(2.2) mL·kg−1·min−1 (7.3(4.0)%) and CON +1.9(3.7) mL·kg−1·min−1 (3.8(7.2)%). Running economy (RE) deteriorated following both training programmes (p = 0.008). Similarly, RE was impaired in the cool GXT, relative to the hot GXT (p = 0.004). STHA improved endurance running performance in comparison with work-matched normothermic training, despite equality of adaptation for typical determinants of performance (LT, LTP, vV̇O2max). Accordingly, these data highlight the ergogenic effect of STHA, potentially via greater improvements in maximal oxygen consumption and specific thermoregulatory and associated thermal perception adaptations absent in normothermic training.

A Newspaper’s Effect on the Strength of Automatic Associations in Memory

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Arendt
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Short Term Effect ◽  
Automatic Associations ◽  
Foreign Nationality ◽  
The Impact

A test was done to see if reading a newspaper which consistently overrepresents foreigners as criminals strengthens the automatic association between foreign country and criminal in memory (i.e., implicit cultivation). Further, an investigation was done to find out if reading articles from the same newspaper produces a short-term effect on the same measure and if (1) emotionalization of the newspaper texts, (2) emotional reactions of the reader (indicated by arousal), and (3) attributed text credibility moderate the short-term treatment effect. Eighty-five participants were assigned to one of three experimental conditions. Participants in the control group received short factual crime texts, where the nationality of the offender was not mentioned. Participants in the factual treatment group received the same texts, but the foreign nationality was mentioned. Participants in the emotionalized treatment group received emotionalized articles (i.e., texts which are high in vividness and frequency) covering the same crimes, with the foreign nationality mentioned. Supporting empirical evidence for implicit cultivation and a short-term effect was found. However, only emotionalized articles produced a short-term effect on the strength of the automatic association, indicating that newspaper texts must have a minimum of stimulus intensity to overcome an effect threshold. There were no moderating effects of arousal or credibility pertaining to the impact on the implicit measure. However, credibility moderated the short-term effect on a first-order judgment (i.e., estimated frequency of foreigners of all criminals). This indicates that a newspaper’s effect on the strength of automatic associations is relatively independent from processes of propositional reasoning.

Effectiveness of humor on short term memory function in age matched elderly and diabetic subjects vs. control group

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurinder S. Bains ◽  
Lee Berk ◽  
Noha Daher ◽  
Pooja Deshpande ◽  
Everett Lohman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

IL-10-592 A/C Gene Polymorphism and Cytokine Levels are Associated with Susceptibility to Drug Resistance in Tuberculosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-112
Author(s):  
Atefeh SADEGHI SHERMEH ◽  
Majid KHOSHMIRSAFA ◽  
Ali-Akbar DELBANDI ◽  
Payam TABARSI ◽  
Esmaeil MORTAZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Levels ◽  
World Health ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Genotype Frequencies ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Function

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) and especially resistant forms of it have a substantial economic burden on the community health system for diagnosis and treatment each year. Thus, investigation of this field is a priority for the world health organization (WHO). Cytokines play important roles in the relationship between the immune system and tuberculosis. Genetic variations especially single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) impact cytokine levels and function against TB. Material and Methods: In this research SNPs in IFN-γ (+874 T/A) and IL-10 (-592 A/C) genes, and the effects of these SNPs on cytokine levels in a total of 87 tuberculosis patients and 100 healthy controls (HCs) were studied. TB patients divided into two groups: 1) 67 drug-sensitive (DS-TB) and 2) 20 drug-resistant (DR-TB) according to drug sensitivity test using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For the genotyping of two SNPs, the PCR-based method was used and IFN-γ and IL-10 levels were measured by ELISA in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and control group. Results: In -592A/C SNP, only two genotypes (AA, AC) were observed and both genotypes showed statistically significant differences between DR-TB and HCs (p=0.011). IL-10 serum levels in PTB patients were higher than HCs (p=0.02). The serum levels of IFN-γ were significantly higher in DS-TB patients than that of the other two groups (p<0.001); however, no significant differences were observed for allele and genotype frequencies in IFN-γ +874. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the SNP at -592 position of IL-10 gene may be associated with the susceptibility to DR-TB. However, further investigation is necessary. Keywords: Polymorphism, IFN-γ, IL-10, tuberculosis, drug-resistant tuberculosis

Сочетанные генотипы генов, кодирующих белки холецистокининергической системы и ферменты фолатного цикла в значительной степени связаны с мигренью

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E. Azimova ◽  
E.A. Klimov ◽  
E.A. Naumova ◽  
Z.G. Kokaeva ◽  
A.I. Zaitseva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Control ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Episodic Migraine ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Maoa Gene ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Genotype Frequencies ◽  
Biochemical Systems ◽  
Combined Genotypes

Перспективным в изучении биомаркеров мигрени может быть многолокусный анализ, в частности, анализ частот сочетанных генотипов. Цель исследования - поиск составных генетических биомаркеров индивидуальной предрасположенности к мигрени, полученных на основе полиморфизмов генов, уже показавших статистическую значимость при однолокусном ассоциативном анализе. Методика. Обследовано 155 пациентов с мигренью (104 пациента с эпизодической мигренью, 51 - с хронической мигренью), наблюдавшихся в Университетской клинике головной боли (Москва). Все пациенты - представители белой расы, жители Московского региона. Возраст пациентов - 30-50 лет. Контроль составили 365 необследованных лиц (популяционный контроль). Выявление исследуемых 22 генов (всего 31 SNP) осуществляли методом ПЦР, ПЦР-ПДРФ, аллель-специфичной ПЦР и ПЦР в реальном времени. Выявление ассоциированных с мигренью сочетанных генотипов проводили с использованием программы анализа полигенных данных APSampler v3.6. Результаты. Выявлено 8 сочетанных генотипов с высокой статистически значимой ассоциацией с мигренью (ОШ>20,0). В состав сочетанных генотипов вошли гены: CCKAR, CCKBR, COMT, MTHFR, MTR, MTRR. Так же выявлено 4 защитных сочетанных генотипа (ОШ<0,02), основным в которых является ген MAOA. Заключение. Полученные данные об ассоциированных с мигренью сочетанных генотипах указывают на значимую роль в патогенезе заболевания 2 биохимических систем: 1) холецистокининергической системы, регулирующей выброс и обратный захват дофамина, и 2) фолатного цикла, в ходе работы которого гомоцистеин метаболизируется в метионин. Результаты, полученные в данном исследовании, позволяют говорить о защитной роли аллеля VNT:R4 гена MAOA.Multilocus analysis, specifically, analysis of combined genotype frequencies may be promising in studying migraine biomarkers. The aim of the study was to search for composite genetic biomarkers, which would predict individual predisposition to migraine, obtained on the basis of gene polymorphisms that have already shown a statistical significance in a single-locus associative analysis. Methods. 155 patients with migraine aging 41.7 ± 12.5 who had been followed up at the University Clinic of Headache, Moscow, were evaluated (104 patients with episodic migraine and 51 with chronic migraine). All patients were white and residents of the Moscow region. The control group included 365 unexamined individuals (population control). Identification of The 22 genes under study (total, 31 SNPs) were identified by PCR, PCR-RFLP, allele-specific PCR, and real-time PCR. Combined genotypes associated with migraine were identified using the APSampler v3.6 software for polygenic data analysis. Results. Eight combined genotypes were identified with a highly significant association with migraine (OR> 20.0). The combined genotypes included the CCKAR, CCKBR, COMT, MTHFR, MTR, and MTRR genes. Four protective combined genotypes were also identified (OS <0.02) with the MAOA gene as the major one. Conclusion. Our data on migraine-associated combined genotypes indicate a significant role in the migraine pathogenesis of two biochemical systems, i) the cholecystokininergic system that regulates the release and reuptake of dopamine, and ii) the folate cycle, where homocysteine is metabolized to methionine. The results obtained in this study suggest a protective role of the VNT: R4 allele of the MAOA gene.

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