scholarly journals Taxonomy, distribution and host relationships of aphidiine wasps (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) parasitizing aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Australian grain production landscapes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Ward ◽  
Paul A. Umina ◽  
Andrew Polaszek ◽  
Ary A. Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Common Species ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Diaeretiella Rapae ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Dichotomous Key ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
Aphid Parasitoids ◽  
Host Relationships ◽  
Aphid Host

AbstractAphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera; Aphidiidae) were surveyed within grain production landscapes in Victoria, Australia between 2017 and 2018, as well as more sporadically nationwide between 2016 and 2019. In addition, aphidiine records were collated from insect depositories around Australia and online databases. The 5551 specimens recorded constituted a total of 23 species and seven genera. Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh) was the most common species, representing more than 70% of all aphidiines recorded. This species also showed a greater northerly geographic range than other aphidiines. During sampling between 2017 and 2019, aphidiines were reared from mummies to ascertain host-parasitoid relationships. Diaeretiella rapae was again the most commonly reared parasitoid, although aphidiine preference varied with aphid host and between states and territories. An illustrated dichotomous key to Australian aphidiines in grain production landscapes is provided for the 11 species sampled in our field surveys. This is the first comprehensive review of aphidiines sampled within Australia in over two decades. Knowledge about the diversity and distribution of these parasitoids is important for understanding their impact on current and future invasions of aphid species. In addition, understanding the interactions between grain aphids and their associated parasitoids will further support the inclusion of parasitoid wasps into integrated pest management (IPM) strategies.

Aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in cultivated and non-cultivated areas of Markazi Province, Iran

Biologia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Alikhani ◽  
Ali Rezwani ◽  
Petr Starý ◽  
Nickolas Kavallieratos ◽  
Ehsan Rakhshani
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Diaeretiella Rapae ◽  
Plant Associations ◽  
Aphid Parasitoids ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch ◽  
Host Aphid ◽  
Lysiphlebus Cardui

AbstractThe fauna of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae), as well as their diversity and tritrophic (parasitoid-host aphid-host plant) associations in cultivated and non-cultivated areas of Markazi province, was studied during 2004–2009. Thirty species of Aphidiinae belonging to 9 genera were identified. There are presented, in total, 73 associations with 32 host aphids occurring on 42 host plants. Five parasitoid-aphid associations are newly recorded from Iran. Lysiphlebus cardui (Marshall) is newly recorded for the fauna of Iran. Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) and Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh) were the most abundant species in non-cultivated (72.96%) and cultivated (41.17%) areas, respectively. In the non-cultivated areas, L. fabarum was found on eight aphid species, while in cultivated areas it was only found on Aphis craccivora Koch. In cultivated areas, Sitobion avenae (F.) has the greatest diversity of parasitoids (Shanon-Weiner H = 0.875) whereas in non-cultivated areas the greatest diversity of parasitoids was recorded upon Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Shanon-Weiner H = 1.149). Significant differences were found between diversity of two ecosystems based on the overall diversity indices. Both species diversity and evenness were greater in cultivated ecosystems. The results are discussed in relation to the over-all parasitoid-aphid-plant associations in the area.

scholarly journals Hymenopteran Parasitoids of Aphid Pests within Australian Grain Production Landscapes

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Samantha E. Ward ◽  
Paul A. Umina ◽  
Sarina Macfadyen ◽  
Ary A. Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Aphid Species ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Diaeretiella Rapae ◽  
Field Variation ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Crop Type ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Crop Growth Stage ◽  
Hymenopteran Parasitoids

In grain crops, aphids are important pests, but they can be suppressed by hymenopteran parasitoids. A challenge in incorporating parasitoids into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, however, is that parasitoid numbers can be low during periods within the season when aphids are most damaging. Understanding the population dynamics of key aphid species and their parasitoids is central to ameliorating this problem. To examine the composition and seasonal trends of both aphid and parasitoid populations in south-eastern Australia, samples were taken throughout the winter growing seasons of 2017 and 2018 in 28 fields of wheat and canola. Myzus persicae (Sulzer) was the most abundant aphid species, particularly within canola crops. Across all fields, aphid populations remained relatively low during the early stages of crop growth and increased as the season progressed. Seasonal patterns were consistent across sites, due to climate, crop growth stage, and interactions between these factors. For canola, field edges did not appear to act as reservoirs for either aphids or parasitoids, as there was little overlap in the community composition of either, but for wheat there was much similarity. This is likely due to the presence of similar host plants within field edges and the neighbouring crop, enabling the same aphid species to persist within both areas. Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh) was the most common parasitoid across our study, particularly in canola, yet was present only in low abundance at field edges. The most common parasitoid in wheat fields was Aphidius matricariae (Haliday), with field edges likely acting as a reservoir for this species. Secondary parasitoid numbers were consistently low across our study. Differences in parasitoid species composition are discussed in relation to crop type, inter-field variation, and aphid host. The results highlight potential focal management areas and parasitoids that could help control aphid pests within grain crops.

scholarly journals Virulence of Two Entomophthoralean Fungi, Pandora neoaphidis and Entomophthora planchoniana, to Their Conspecific (Sitobion avenae) and Heterospecific (Rhopalosiphum padi) Aphid Hosts

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibtissem Ben Fekih ◽  
Annette Bruun Jensen ◽  
Sonia Boukhris-Bouhachem ◽  
Gabor Pozsgai ◽  
Salah Rezgui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Sitobion Avenae ◽  
Cereal Aphids ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Pandora Neoaphidis ◽  
First Time ◽  
Aphid Host

Pandora neoaphidis and Entomophthora planchoniana (phylum Entomophthoromycota) are important fungal pathogens on cereal aphids, Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi. Here, we evaluated and compared for the first time the virulence of these two fungi, both produced in S. avenae cadavers, against the two aphid species subjected to the same exposure. Two laboratory bioassays were carried out using a method imitating entomophthoralean transmission in the field. Healthy colonies of the two aphid species were exposed to the same conidial shower of P. neoaphidis or E. planchoniana, in both cases from a cadaver of S. avenae. The experiments were performed under LD 18:6 h at 21 °C and a successful transmission was monitored for a period of nine days after initial exposure. Susceptibility of both S. avenae and R. padi to fungal infection showed a sigmoid trend. The fitted nonlinear model showed that the conspecific host, S. avenae, was more susceptible to E. planchoniana infection than the heterospecific host R. padi, was. In the case of P. neoaphidis, LT50 for S. avenae was 5.0 days compared to 5.9 days for R. padi. For E. planchoniana, the LT50 for S. avenae was 4.9 days, while the measured infection level in R. padi was always below 50 percent. Our results suggest that transmission from conspecific aphid host to heterospecific aphid host can occur in the field, but with expected highest transmission success to the conspecific host.

Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea) of Ethiopia. I. Distribution, ecology and host relationships of species infesting livestock

1981 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupert G. Pegram ◽  
Harry Hoogstraal ◽  
Hilda Y. Wassef
Keyword(s):  
Common Species ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Ornithodoros Savignyi ◽  
Boophilus Decoloratus ◽  
Rhipicephalus Evertsi Evertsi ◽  
The Common ◽  
Host Relationships ◽  
Semi Arid

AbstractIn a survey of adult ticks infesting livestock in Ethiopia, 33 species and subspecies were identified. The distribution and abundance of each are discussed in relation to ecology (altitude, climate and vegetation). Amblyomma variegatum (F.) is the most widespread and abundant tick parasitising cattle. A. cohaerens Dön. is common on cattle in wetter western habitats but is replaced by A. gemma Dön. in drier eastern areas. A. lepidum Dön. occupies intermediate habitats. The distribution of Boophilus decoloratus (Koch) is similar to that of A. variegatum. Hyalomma truncatum Koch and H. marginatum rufipes Koch are both common except in extremely arid and humid zones. H. anatolicum anatolicum Koch, H. anatolicum excavatum Koch, H. dromedarii Koch, H. erythraeum Tonelli-Rondelli, and H. impeltatum Schulze & Schlottke are usually associated with camels in semi-arid areas of eastern Ethiopia. Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neum., R. sanguineus (Latr.) group and R. simus Koch do not display marked ecological preferences. East of the Rift Valley in semi-arid areas below 2000 m, R. pulchellus (Gerst.) is abundant on cattle and camels. R. longicoxatus Neum. and R. pravus Dön. inhabit drier localities, but R. lunulatus Neum. occurs only in wetter western areas. Species taken infrequently were A. nuttalli Dön., A. sparsum Neum., B. annulatus (Say), Haemaphysalis aciculifer Warb., H. leachii (Aud.), H. parmata Neum., H. spinulosa Neum., Hyalomma marginatum marginatum Koch, H. marginatum turanicum Pom., H. punt Hoogst., Kaiser & Pedersen, Ornithodoros savignyi (Aud.), R. longus Neum., R. muhsamae Morel & Vassiliades, and R. senegalensis Koch. The seasonal dynamics of the common species and observations on their relationships to tick-borne diseases of man and domestic animals are discussed.

The occurrence of Peanut Mottle virus in Queensland

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Behncken
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Garden Pea ◽  
Normal Length ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Thermal Inactivation Point

A disease causing a mottle in the leaves of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the Mingaroy district of Queensland has been shown to be caused by a virus which appears to be indistinguishable from peanut mottle virus. This virus has not previously been reported in Australia. The virus was sap-transmissible to a range of plants, all but one of which were in the Leguminosae, but the only hosts in the field were peanut and garden pea (Pisum sativum L.). It was shown to be transmitted in a stylet-borne manner by five aphid species including Aphis craccirora Koch, which is the most common species found infesting peanuts. The virus was also seed-transmitted and probably spread to Australia in infected seed. The virus had a thermal inactivation point between 55 and 60�C and a dilution end-point between 10-3 and 10-4, and infectivity was lost within 48 hr of storage at 25�C. Partially purified virus preparations were obtained by clarification of sap by freezing and thawing and :he addition of activated charcoal followed by differential centrifugation An antiserum with an homologous> title of 1 : 64 was prepared but no serological relationships could be demonstrated between this virus and common bean mosaic or bean yellow mosaic viruses Flexuous rod-shaped particles with a normal length of 704 nm were seen in electron micrographs of virus preparations.

The influence of host food plants on host recognition by four aphidiine parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

1991 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Powell ◽  
A.F. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Attack Rate ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Host Recognition ◽  
Aphidius Ervi ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Host Preferences ◽  
Aphid Parasitoids ◽  
Laboratory Populations

AbstractThe attack rate of four parasitoids against different aphid species was investigated in the absence and presence of leaves from aphid food plants. The parasitoids used, Aphidius ervi Haliday, A. rhopalosiphi De Stefani, A. picipes (Nees) and Ephedrus plagiator Nees, varied in the extent of their host ranges. The presence of plant leaves significantly influenced the attack rate of A. ervi and A. rhopalosiphi, the two parasitoids with the most restricted host ranges, but did not appear to affect attack rates by the more polyphagous A. picipes and E. plagiator. Consideration of these results together with those from previous studies on the host preferences of laboratory populations of A. ervi and A. rhopalosiphi leads to the conclusion that genotype is probably determining the responses of individual parasitoids to semiochemicals involved in host recognition. It is proposed that field populations of oligophagous aphid parasitoids consist of a mixture of specialist and generalist individuals.

scholarly journals Transmission of Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus (MWMV) by Aphids in Greece

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisavet K. Chatzivassiliou ◽  
Aristeidis P. Papapanagiotou ◽  
Panagiotis D. Mpenardis ◽  
Dionyssios Ch. Perdikis ◽  
George Menexes
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Watermelon Mosaic Virus ◽  
Efficient Vector ◽  
Probe Transmission ◽  
Macrosiphum Rosae ◽  
Mass Inoculation

The aphid-transmitted Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus (MWMV; Potyvirus, Potyviridae) is an emerging pathogen in cucurbit crops in the Mediterranean basin but information on its transmitting vector species is limited. This study aimed to record the competence of 22 species of the Greek aphid fauna to vector MWMV. Timed-probe transmission experiments and arena tests were performed using laboratory colonies of aphid species abundant in field surveys; less common species were tested as apterous individuals collected directly from field plants in mass-inoculation (nonpersistent) tests. Depending on the test, aphids were tested in cohorts of 10 or 20 individuals on zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) plants and the frequency of transmission was calculated for a single aphid. Among 12 species tested in timed-probe transmission tests, Myzus persicae nicotianae (74.0%) appeared to be the most efficient vector, followed by M. persicae (48.0%), Aphis gossypii (11.8%), an unidentified Aphis sp. (11.8%), and A. spiraecola (11.0%). Alatae of nine species tested in arena tests transmitted the virus in rates varying from 0.7 to 53.6%; M. persicae was the most efficient species in virus spread. In mass-inoculation tests, the probability that apterae of 12 aphid species collected from field plants transmitted MWMV fluctuated from 0.3 to 5.3%. No transmission was obtained by Brevicoryne brassicae. The following species are reported as new vectors of MWMV: A. fabae, A. nerii, A. spiraephaga, A. umbrella, Capitophorus eleaegni, Dysaphis (Pomaphis) pyri, Macrosiphoniella sanborni, Macrosiphum rosae, Myzocallis castanicola, Myzus persicae nicotianae, M. cerasi, M. varians, Phorodon humuli, Ovatus crataegarius, Takecallis arundicolens (first report in Greece), Uroleucon sonchi, and U. (Uromelan) aeneum. These results contribute to a better understanding of MWMV epidemiology.

scholarly journals Integrative taxonomy of root aphid parasitoids from the genus Paralipsis (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) with description of new species

ZooKeys ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 831 ◽  
pp. 49-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milana Mitrović ◽  
Petr Starý ◽  
Miljana Jakovljević ◽  
Andjeljko Petrović ◽  
Vladimir Žikić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Records ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Integrative Taxonomy ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Ecological Diversity ◽  
Aphid Parasitoids ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Lineage Divergence ◽  
Aphid Host

Species from the genus Paralipsis are obligatory endoparasitoids of root aphids in the Palaearctic. It is known that these species are broadly distributed, parasitizing various aphid hosts and showing great biological and ecological diversity. On the other hand, this group of endoparasitoids is understudied and was thought to be represented by a single species in Europe, viz., Paralipsisenervis (Nees). However, recent description of two new species indicated the possibility of cryptic speciation and recognition of additional Paralipsis species in Europe. In this research, Paralipsis specimens collected during the last 60 years from eight European countries, as well as one sample from Morocco, were subjected to molecular and morphological characterization. Newly designed genus-specific degenerative primers successfully targeted short overlapping fragments of COI of the mitochondrial DNA. Molecular analyses showed clear separation of four independent lineages, two of which are the known species P.enervis and P.tibiator, while two new species are described here, viz., P.brachycaudi Tomanović & Starý, sp. n. and P.rugosa Tomanović & Starý, sp. n. No clear specialization of the taxa to a strict root aphid host has been determined. The recognized mitochondrial lineages were distinct one from another, but with a substantial within-lineage divergence rate, clearly indicating the complexity of this group of parasitoids, on which further research is required in order to clarify the factors triggering their genetic differentiation. We reviewed literature data and new records of Paralipsisenervis aphid host associations and distributions. A key for the identification of all known Paralipsis species is provided and illustrated.

scholarly journals Fungal grass endophytes, grass cultivars, nitrogen deposition and the association with colonising insects

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 53-57
Author(s):  
J. Krauss ◽  
S.A. Härri ◽  
L. Bush ◽  
S.A. Power ◽  
C.B. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Nitrogen Deposition ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Nitrogen Addition ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Cereal Aphid ◽  
Pasture Grasses ◽  
Aphid Parasitoids ◽  
Endophyte Infection

Fungal endophytes associated with pasture grasses can have community-wide effects on insect consumers. Here we asked the question to what degree endophyte infection, simulated nitrogen deposition and grass cultivar influence the abundance of colonising herbivores and their natural enemies. In a fully randomised field experiment, consisting of four Lolium perenne monocultures of known endophyte infection status and a nitrogen addition treatment, we determined the abundance of colonising aphids, their parasitoids and predators, and other grass herbivores. The three colonising cereal aphid species did not respond to endophyte infection, possibly because peramine concentrations were relatively low (3.9 μg/g). There was a significant interaction between nitrogen addition and plant cultivar on the abundance of Sitobion avenae, suggesting a cultivar-specific response to nitrogen addition. Aphid predators were affected by an interaction between endophyte and plant cultivar, but abundance of aphid parasitoids and other grass herbivores was not affected by any treatment. The fungus Claviceps purpurea naturally infected our experimental plants and infection rates differed among cultivars and were more likely to occur on endophyte-infected plants, in particular on wild-type Samson. We conclude that strong effects of endophytes on insect abundance may not occur in systems built upon L. perenne because overall peramine levels rarely reach threshold levels for insect toxicity. Keywords: fungal endosymbionts, multitrophic interactions, field experiment, insect food webs, alkaloids

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