scholarly journals Japan's New Competitive Advantage: Enterprises' Innovative Initiatives and Government's Reforms

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-80
Author(s):  
Jolanta Młodawska
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Structural Reforms ◽  
Dual Economy ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Loan Corporation ◽  
Year 2000

This article is a continuation of the report "Japan's new competitive advantage. Arguments and proposals for structural reorientation" published in the "Comparative Economic Research for Central & Eastern Europe", vol. 13, no 1/2/2010, which mainly dealt with the role of the private sector's cooperation with governmental agencies. The discussion presented below is divided into four sections. Section one outlines the history of new ITC firms (mobile communications, computers) after the year 2000 and addresses innovation factors. Section two characterizes Japan's "dual economy" with respect to economic competitiveness and innovation. Section three discusses the major structural reforms (Japan Post, the Housing Loan Corporation and the Japan Highway Corporation) that were undertaken in Japan in the 21st c. Section four of the article provides final conclusions.

scholarly journals Gatekeeping Access: Shea Land Formalization and the Distribution of Market-Based Conservation Benefits in Ghana’s CREMA

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 359
Author(s):  
Mengina Gilli ◽  
Muriel Côte ◽  
Gretchen Walters
Keyword(s):  
Organic World ◽  
World Markets ◽  
Land Relations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Community Resource Management ◽  
Certified Organic ◽  
Traditional Authorities ◽  
Development Objectives ◽  
Year 2000

Community Resource Management Areas (CREMAs) in Ghana combine conservation and development objectives and were introduced in the year 2000. In some cases, they have connected collectors of shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) nuts with certified organic world markets, which can be understood as a ‘market-based’ approach to conservation. This paper examines how the benefits of this approach are distributed and argues that shea land formalization is crucial to this process. It makes this argument by drawing on interviews within two communities bordering Mole National Park. One community accepted to engage with, and benefitted from this approach, while the other did not. The paper analyzes narratives from different actors involved regarding why and how the market-based approach was accepted or rejected. It shows that, contrary to the neoliberal principles that underlie market-based conservation, a utility maximization rationale did not predominantly influence the (non-)engagement with this conservation approach. Instead, it was the history of land relations between communities and the state that influenced the decisions of the communities. We highlight the role of traditional authorities and NGOs brokering this process and unpack who in the communities profited and who was left out from benefits from this market-based conservation initiative.

scholarly journals Le rôle de l’État dans l’encadrement de la profession enseignante au Québec et en Ontario de 1960 à 2000

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Morales-Perlaza
Keyword(s):  
State Control ◽  
Historical Trends ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Professional Teacher ◽  
History Of ◽  
Analyse Comparative ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Political Governance ◽  
Year 2000

RésuméCet article présente une analyse comparative historique et sociologique du rôle de l’État dans la mise en place des formations professionnelles à l’enseignement au Québec et en Ontario pendant les années 1960 à 2000. Nous sommes d’accord avec Peter Grimmett en ce que nous trouvons une gouvernance « politique » au Québec, mais nous argumentons que la gouvernance en Ontario ne peut pas être considérée comme « professionnelle », mais plutôt comme « corporative » selon la thèse de Terrence James Johnson. Au-delà des différences entre ces deux provinces, nous établissons des tendances historiques de la professionnalisation de l’enseignement dans ces deux cas qui sont semblables avec celles de l’Europe et qui démontrent l’importance du contrôle étatique sur l’évolution de la professionnalisation de l’enseignement, ce qui diffère de l’histoire de la plupart des professions établies analysées par les sociologues. AbstractThis paper presents a historical and sociological comparative analysis of the role of the state in the implementation of professional teacher education in Quebec and Ontario during the 1960s to the year 2000. We agree with Peter Grimmett that we find “political” governance in Quebec, but we argue that governance in Ontario cannot be considered “professional”, but rather “corporate” according to Terrence James Johnson's theoretical approach. Beyond the differences between these two provinces, we establish historical trends in the professionalization of teaching in these two cases, which are similar to those in Europe, and which demonstrate the importance of state control over the evolution of professionalization of teaching, which differs from the history of most established professions that have been analyzed by sociologists.

Managing People

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Charlwood ◽  
Kim Hoque
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Performance Management ◽  
Organizational Success ◽  
Performance Effects ◽  
History Of ◽  
Recruitment And Selection ◽  
Normative Models ◽  
Hr Function ◽  
The Impact

HRM comprises of a set of activities (recruitment and selection, training, reward, performance management, etc.) related to the management of people. It is often posited that because people are a key source of competitive advantage, such activities should be seen as central to organizational success. However, the HR function in most organizations is typically administrative in character, and seen as a cost to be minimized. Normative models of HRM that stress HR’s strategic dimension are rarely adopted in practice. This chapter seeks to explain why this is. It argues that five powerful forces constrain the role of HR: continued scepticism over their performance effects when put into practice; the history of the HR function and the expectations, skills and competencies of HR professionals that follow from that history; the impact of competing narratives; the impact of globalization and financialization logics; and societal rules and norms.

Contemporary echoes of segregationist policy: Spatial marking and the persistence of inequality

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 004209802094734
Author(s):  
Jacob Faber
Keyword(s):  
Racial Stratification ◽  
Geographical Patterns ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Spatial Inequalities ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Loan Corporation ◽  
To Receive

The Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC), established in the US during the Great Depression to provide relief to a failing housing market, had a lasting effect through institutionalising the segregationist practice of denying mortgages to communities of colour. Over subsequent decades, ‘redlining’ funnelled billions of US dollars away from minority neighbourhoods and shaped segregation patterns – constituting perhaps the most influential example of institutional intervention in the hierarchy of places. This history of racialised exclusion via the process of ‘spatial marking’ is reflected in contemporary housing inequality, which remains one of the most severe sites of racial stratification. This article combines newly-digitised archival data with data describing recent mortgage outcomes to investigate the role of institutional classification of place in the persistence of housing finance inequality. I show that borrowers in the 21st century were at a severe disadvantage when pursuing mortgages in neighbourhoods redlined by HOLC appraisers in the early 20th century. Such applicants were more likely to be denied loans and to receive subprime loans net of measures of selection and ecological disadvantage. This article shows that the geographical patterns of exclusion and exploitation are remarkably stable, and highlights the role of persistent institutional marginalisation in replicating racial and spatial inequalities.

scholarly journals With the Bible toward the year 2000: scriptural engagement as barometer, beacon and bellwether

1990 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Theological Reflection ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Human Conduct ◽  
Biblical Study ◽  
History Of ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
The Church

Through the centuries, engagement with the Bible has served as a barometer (recording and reflec­ting the history of shifting circumstances), as a beacon (constituting a source of light illuminating theological reflection and guiding human conduct) and as a bellwether (leading the way in setting new agendas for the Church, her theology and her encounter with the world.) Against this back­ ground, the history of biblical engagement through the centuries is briefly traced. The main focus of the article is, however, to reflect on the role of the Bible in the next millenium. The author foresees an even stronger ecumenical engagement, an enhanced focus on a critical faith and a self-critical rationality, a stronger rejection of absolutist claims, renewed respect for the diversity of voices in the biblical canon, the emergence of biblical study to an attentive dialogue partner within other fields of human knowledge and a renewed search for wisdom in the Bible in future in order to face the problems which will confront humankind. Against the background of these developments the study of the Bible will, in the third millenium, become even more an interconfessional, international, interdisciplinary and intersocial enterprise, sustained by the conviction that the Bible is a holy and privileged word, both about human existence and humanity’s relation to God, society, history, and the cosmos.

The Role of History in a Mathematics Class

2000 ◽  
Vol 93 (8) ◽  
pp. 704-706
Author(s):  
Gerald L. Marshall ◽  
Beverly S. Rich
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Mathematics Teaching ◽  
National Science Foundation ◽  
History Of Mathematics ◽  
Teaching Mathematics ◽  
National Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mathematics Class ◽  
Year 2000

Over the last five years, interest in the role of history in teaching mathematics has grown markedly. A National Science Foundation–supported Mathematical Association of America Institute on the History of Mathematics and Its Use in Teaching was founded in summer 1995 to explore how the history of mathematics can be used in the classroom. It has produced modules for use in high school and college mathematics teaching. A study on this topic has been authorized by the International Commission on Mathematics Instruction and was the centerpiece of the most recent International Congress in Mathematics Education (ICME), which was held in Japan in the year 2000.

scholarly journals The Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Past and Present Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
V. L. Bersenev ◽  
◽  
V. St. Bochko ◽  
M. Vl. Vlasov ◽  
V. V. Sukhikh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The article describes the contribution made by the Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) (Ekaterinburg, Russia) to the development of economic theory. It is shown how the Institute’s history of research fits into the long-standing tradition of economic thought, which studied the role of people both as agents of economic activity and as its objects. The article traces back the development of economic thought from Antiquity, through the modern period and the heyday of political economy in the nineteenth century, to the contemporary stage. Throughout its history, economic research dealt with such problems as human behaviour within the system of economic relationships, social policies as a form of public support of the manufacturing sector, labour as a way of realizing people’s full potential, and so on. The history of the Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the RAS started in the 1970s. The research was conducted in a number of areas, in particular the development of social infrastructure, methods of evaluation of living and materialized labour, the evolution of ownership during economic reforms, institutional support of economic transformations and the role of human agents in economy in twenty-first century Russia. Moreover, as the study makes clear, on researchers’ own initiative, a number of other projects were realized, covering a wide range of topics, from political economy of socialism to cliometrics.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

The role of a family history of adenocarcinomas in patients with Barrett oesophagus

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A442-A442
Author(s):  
P TSIBOURIS ◽  
M HENDRICKSE ◽  
P ISAACS
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Barrett Oesophagus

Protective Factors and Suicidality in Members of Arab Kindred

Crisis ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami Hamdan ◽  
Nadine Melhem ◽  
Israel Orbach ◽  
Ilana Farbstein ◽  
Mohammad El-Haib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Suicidal Risk ◽  
Arab Population ◽  
Psychiatric Interview ◽  
History Of

Background: Relatively little is known about the role of protective factors in an Arab population in the presence of suicidal risk factors. Aims: To examine the role of protective factors in a subsample of in large Arab Kindred participants in the presence of suicidal risk factors. Methods: We assessed protective and risk factors in a sample of 64 participants (16 suicidal and 48 nonsuicidal) between 15 and 55 years of age, using a comprehensive structured psychiatric interview, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), self-reported depression, anxiety, hopelessness, impulsivity, hostility, and suicidal behavior in first-degree and second-relatives. We also used the Religiosity Questionnaire and suicide attitude (SUIATT) and multidimensional perceived support scale. Results: Suicidal as opposed to nonsuicidal participants were more likely to have a lifetime history of major depressive disorder (MDD) (68.8% vs. 22.9% χ2 = 11.17, p = .001), an anxiety disorder (87.5% vs. 22.9, χ2 = 21.02, p < .001), or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (25% vs. 0.0%, Fisher’s, p = .003). Individuals who are otherwise at high risk for suicidality have a much lower risk when they experience higher perceived social support (3.31 ± 1.36 vs. 4.96 ± 1.40, t = 4.10, df = 62, p < .001), and they have the view that suicide is somehow unacceptable (1.83 ± .10 vs. 1.89 ± .07, t = 2.76, df = 60, p = .008). Conclusions: Taken together with other studies, these data suggest that the augmentation of protective factors could play a very important role in the prevention of incidental and recurrent suicidal behavior in Arab populations, where suicidal behavior in increasing rapidly.

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