Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in Healthy Adults and in School Children

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Dinić ◽  
Slavica Vuković ◽  
Dobrila Stanković Đorđević ◽  
Milena Bogdanović
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
School Children ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Mueller Hinton Agar ◽  
Therapeutic Problem

Summary Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a microorganism that colonizes the skin and mucosal surfaces of healthy individuals, but it is also one of the most common causes of community-acquired and hospital infections. Nasal carriage of S. aureus represents a major risk factor for the development of infection with this bacterium. A special therapeutic problem are methicillin-resistant isolates of S. aureus (MRSA). The aim of this study was to assess the nasal carriage of S. aureus in healthy individuals in the local community, and the sensitivity of the microorganism to antibiotics. The study enrolled 56.868 healthy individuals aged 19 to 65 years, and 2.040 healthy school children aged 15 to 19 years. Specimens to be studied were obtained from anterior nares. We used the disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) on Mueller- Hinton agar to assess the sensitivity of isolated S. aureus. S. aureus was isolated in 1.381 (2.34%) respondents. Positive findings were obtained in 2.33% of adult examinees, and in 2.59% of studied school children. We found a low level of susceptibility only to penicillin (5.36%). The susceptibility of S. aureus isolates to all other tested antibiotics was present in a high percentage, with the lowest percentage of susceptibility to doxycycline (71.54%) and erythromycin (86.09%). The highest percentage of susceptibility of tested isolates was reported for fusidic acid (99.27%). In relation to the total number of S. aureus isolates from nasal swabs in adults, MRSA was present in 8.96% (119 isolates), while there were 4 MRSA isolates from nasal swabs in school children. In this study, we established a low percentage of nasal carriage of S. aureus in the population of healthy individuals, but a high percentage of MRSA.

A cross sectional study to assess nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in healthcare professionals in a tertiary care hospital

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Fibhaa Syed ◽  
Nasim Akhtar ◽  
Mohammad Ali Arif ◽  
Adil Ramzan ◽  
Rauf Niazi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Nasal Swabs

Abstract Objective: To determine the nasal carriage of staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers in a tertiary care setting. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan, from April to July 2018, and comprised healthcare workers at the institution. Nasal swabs were collected and cultured on Mannitol salt agar. Mannitol fermenting colonies which were gram-positive cocci, catalase-positive and coagulase-positive were identified as staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Methicillin resistance was detected using cefoxitin disc diffusion method. Data was analysed using SPSS 23. Results: Of the 210 nasal swabs, 52(24.76%) had a staphylococcus aureus growth, and, of them, 15(7.1%) were methicillin-resistant. No association could be established with either any single category of healthcare worker or an inter-department variation (p>0.05). Likewise, there was no association with age, gender, duration of service, smoking, co-morbidities, use of antibiotics in the preceding six months, treating a patient with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in the preceding six months and hospitalisation in the preceding year (p>0.05). Conclusion: The frequency of nasal carriage of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus amongst healthcare workers was regardless of the nature of their professional engagement. Key Words: Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus, Nasal carriage, Continuous...

scholarly journals Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus/methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among Kabul University students

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Haji Mohammad Naimi ◽  
Muzhda Haem Rahimi ◽  
Ahmad Zia Noori
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Susceptibility Profiles ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus/Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus/MRSA) poses a major risk for the transmission and infection of this pathogen especially in hospital setting. The main objective of this study was to investigate the colonization of S. aureus/MRSA among healthy individuals and determine their susceptibility patterns to common antibiotics in Kabul. A total of 150 healthy participants have been included and nasal swabs were collected from all. Samples were cultured on appropriate and selective media for proper identification of S. aureus. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined by the disc diffusion method and interpreted according to the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) protocols. The prevalence of S. aureus nasal colonization was 33.3% with 12.7% MRSA nasal carriage. The prevalence of S. aureus/MRSA colonization was not statistically significant according to gender (p=0.84) and age (0.18). All MRSA isolates were sensitive to rifampicin, linezolid and acid fusidic. Thirty-two percent of the S. aureus isolates were multi-drug resistant. Multi-drug resistance varied from resistance to at least three classes of antibiotics (14%) to maximum six classes of antibiotics (4%). This study revealed a high prevalence of S. aureus/MRSA nasal carriage among healthy individuals when compared to similar studies conducted elsewhere and is a reason of concern. Identifying and treating MRSA carriers, as well as responsible use of antibiotics is recommended.

scholarly journals Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among Healthy School Children in Kathmandu Valley

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 139-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dev Raj Joshi ◽  
Suraj Narayan Shrestha ◽  
Rajdeep Bomjan ◽  
Kamal Poudel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
School Children ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
P Value ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Microbiological Methods

Staphylococcus aureus remains one of the most frequently isolated pathogens in both community and hospital practices. Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) continues to be a major cause of serious infections in the community worldwide. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in school children in Kathmandu valley and, also to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates. Identification of the S. aureus was confirmed by standard microbiological methods and the antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institution (CLSI). Of the 324 school children who participated in the study, 38 (11.8%) had S. aureus isolated from nasal swabs. The potential risk factors for the S. aureus carriage showed the antibiotic usage within past 4 weeks to be associated with the rate of the nasal carriage (p value 0.000). Out of 38, two (5.2%) isolates were MRSA. One of the MRSA strains was also resistant to Cloxacillin. Erythromycin and Cloxacillin resistance was present in 3 (7.9%) isolates. Resistance to two or more antibiotics was noted in 2 (5.3%) isolates. However, no strains were resistant to Vancomycin. The results of this study indicated that the carriage of MRSA exists among young healthy school children who lack traditional risk factors for MRSA. Key words: community acquired MRSA; Staphylococcus aureus; nasal carriage; school children DOI: 10.3126/njst.v9i0.3177 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 9 (2008) 139-142

scholarly journals Prevalence of Nasal Carriage Rate and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated From Syrian Students in Kurdistan, Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Narin Abdulrahman Rasheed ◽  
Nawfal Rasheed Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent infectious agent that is responsible for various infections in hospitals and communities. Objectives: We aimed to study the nasal carriage rate and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of S. aureus among Syrian civilians in Duhok City, Iraq. Methods: A total of 335 participants were included from Syrian refugees in Duhok City, Iraq. Conventional lab tests such as Gram staining, mannitol fermentation, catalase, and coagulase were used for bacterial identification. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out by using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and agar dilution assay, according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results: Out of the 355 samples, 140 (39.4%) were confirmed as S. aureus. The highest resistance rate was against oxacillin (35%) followed by fusidic acid (27.86%). The resistance rates against tetracycline, gentamicin, vancomycin, and ciprofloxacin were 22.1%, 17.86%, 11.4%, and 8.57%; respectively. Teicoplanin showed no resistance. Conclusions: We recommend that the antibiotic profile of S. aureus among Syrian refugees needs to be monitored. We found resistance against most of the antibiotics used in the study, and the highest rate of resistance was against oxacillin.

scholarly journals Mupirocin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Nasal Swabs of ICU and OT Staff- A Study from A Tertiary Care Hospital

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sapna Chauhan ◽  
Surender ◽  
Tony J Rappai
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Mupirocin Resistance

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the common causes of Healthcare-associated infection. Staphylococcus colonizes the anterior nares of the nose and tends to disseminate and secondarily colonize several other body sites including the skin and the gut. Colonized hospital personnel may be an important factor in dissemination. Staphylococcus aureus to patients and vice-versa. Mupirocin is an excellent topical anti-staphylococcal antimicrobial agent used for eradicating nasal carriage. Resistance to Mupirocin is a threat for future use of this drug in eliminating nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the rate of Mupirocin resistance among Staphylococcus aureus isolated from nasal swabs of Health care workers (HCWs ) of Operation Theatres (OTs) and Intensive Care Units (ICUs). A single nasal swab was collected from both the anterior nares of participating health care workers of ICU and OT once at the end of their shift. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of Staphylococcus aureus to various antibiotics was done by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method using CLSI guidelines. High and low-level Mupirocin resistance was determined. Among 282 nasal swabs collected, Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 62 samples. Of Staphylococcus aureus 19 came out to be Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and the remaining 43 Methicillin sensitive (MSSA). Mupirocin resistance was seen in 3 MRSA strains and 1 MSSA strain. Thus, overall 4/62 (6.5%) strains were MupR strains. Mupirocin is the most effective antibiotic used against colonization of Staphylococcus aureus in anterior nares. Resistance to this antibiotic is thus an alarm as well as a matter of great concern. Necessary steps, policies and guidelines need to be framed to stop the spread of this resistance.

The Prevalence of ACME-arcA and PVL Genes Among Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in a Student Population from North-West of Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Dehnad ◽  
Rana Khosravi Rad ◽  
Leila Rahbarnia ◽  
Behrooz Naghili ◽  
Aysan Golipor
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Mobile Element ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Student Population ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
North West

Abstract Objectives: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is the most prevalent cause of skin infections, especially in colonized individuals. Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL) and Arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) are known as the most common virulence factors of S. aureus. This cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the prevalence of ACME-arcA and PVL genes among S.aureus isolates in the student population. Nasal swab samples were randomly collected from 400 healthy students from Tabriz, Iran. The antibiotic resistance pattern of S.aureus isolates was examined by the disk diffusion method. The presence of ACME-arcA, PVL, and mecA genes was detected by PCR reaction.Results: overall, 15% (60/400) students were nasal carriage of S. aureus and 2.75 % (11/400) were MRSA carriage. The frequency of mecA, ACME-arcA, and PVL genes was 54.54% (36/60), 46.66% (28/60), and 16.66% (10/60) respectively. The prevalence of ACME-arcA and PVL genes was independent of gender (P =0.142, P=0.337, respectively). A notable association was observed between the existence of ACME-arcA gene and the frequency of mecA gene (P <0.05), while the incidence of PVL was independent on mecA. These findings highlight the necessity of monitoring nasal carriers in a healthy community to prevent subsequent infections.

scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriers and the prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among medical students

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 3149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baag Shaza R. ◽  
Vishvesh P. Bansal ◽  
Manjushree Bhalchandra ◽  
Jyotsna Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Staphylococcal Infection ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a dynamic and adaptable bacterium that has an incredible talent to attain antibiotic resistance. Nasal colonisation of S.aureus increases with greater exposure of students to the hospital environment. The prevention of staphylococcal infection and reduction of spread and emergence of MRSA are essential. Medical students would be a key target group to introduce awareness of hospital-acquired infections. Therefore, the present study aims at understanding the prevalence of carrier rate of S.aureus and MRSA among Medical students during their clinical postings.Methods: Nasal swabs were taken from 150 medical students. Their Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage was determined by plating on sheep blood agar and MRSA carriage by to Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion method using Cefoxitin disc (30 µg).Results: The present study showed a 40% nasal carriage of S.aureus amongst medical students. Of the 60 S. aureus isolates 28%, 36% and 56% isolates were from 1st, 2nd and 3rd year respectively. The colonisation rate of MRSA in the present study was found to be 12.66% amongst the medical students of 6%, 10%, 22% belonged to 1st, 2nd, and 3rd respectivelyConclusions: The nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among medical students increases as their exposure to patient care increases. Medical students should be made aware of the risks of carrying S.aureus and MRSA and educated about the hand washing protocol and safety precautions to be followed while handling patients.

scholarly journals Predominance of PVL-negative community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 8 in newly diagnosed HIV-infected adults, Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Manyahi ◽  
Sabrina J. Moyo ◽  
Said Aboud ◽  
Nina Langeland ◽  
Bjørn Blomberg
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Inducible Clindamycin Resistance

AbstractDifficult-to-treat infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are of concern in people living with HIV infection as they are more vulnerable to infection. We aimed to identify molecular characteristics of MRSA colonizing newly diagnosed HIV-infected adults in Tanzania. Individuals newly diagnosed with HIV infection were recruited in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, from April 2017 to May 2018, as part of the randomized clinical trial CoTrimResist (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03087890). Nasal/nasopharyngeal isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were susceptibility tested by disk diffusion method, and cefoxitin-resistant isolates were characterized by short-reads whole genome sequencing. Four percent (22/537) of patients carried MRSA in the nose/nasopharynx. MRSA isolates were frequently resistant towards gentamicin (95%), ciprofloxacin (91%), and erythromycin (82%) but less often towards trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (9%). Seventy-three percent had inducible clindamycin resistance. Erythromycin-resistant isolates harbored ermC (15/18) and LmrS (3/18) resistance genes. Ciprofloxacin resistance was mediated by mutations of the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) sequence in the gyrA (S84L) and parC (S80Y) genes. All isolates belonged to the CC8 and ST8-SCCmecIV MRSA clone. Ninety-five percent of the MRSA isolates were spa-type t1476, and one exhibited spa-type t064. All isolates were negative for Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) and arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) type 1. All ST8-SCCmecIV-spa-t1476 MRSA clones from Tanzania were unrelated to the globally successful USA300 clone. Carriage of ST8 MRSA (non-USA300) was common among newly diagnosed HIV-infected adults in Tanzania. Frequent co-resistance to non-beta lactam antibiotics limits therapeutic options when infection occurs.

scholarly journals Streptococcal Throat Carriage among Primary School Children Living in Uyo, Southern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. e28-e34
Author(s):  
Kevin B. Edem ◽  
Enobong E. Ikpeme ◽  
Mkpouto U. Akpan
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
School Children ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional

AbstractSurveillance of the carrier state for β-hemolytic streptococcal (BHS) throat infections remains essential for disease control. Recent published works from Sub-Saharan Africa have suggested a changing epidemiology in the burden of BHS throat infections. The objective of the present study was therefore to determine the prevalence and pattern of BHS throat carriage in school-aged children in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. This was a prospective cross-sectional study of 276 primary school children in Uyo. Subjects were recruited by multistage random sampling. Obtained throat swabs were cultured on 5% sheep blood agar. Lancefield grouping on positive cultures was done by using the Oxoid Streptococcal Grouping Latex Agglutination Kit, United Kingdom. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done with the disk diffusion method. Associations were tested with Fischer's exact test. The prevalence of BHS carriage was 3.3%. Group C Streptococcus was identified in 89% of isolates and Group G Streptococcus in 11%. Younger age and larger household size were associated with asymptomatic streptococcal throat infections. Antimicrobial susceptibility was highest with cefuroxime and clindamycin (89% of isolates each), while 78% of isolates were susceptible to penicillin. None of the tested isolates was susceptible to co-trimoxazole. The prevalence of streptococcal throat carriage in the study area was low. There were no Group A Streptococcus isolates suggesting an evolving epidemiology of BHS disease in the study area.

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