scholarly journals Cyber Warfare: National Security In Dealing With Changing Method of War

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-490
Author(s):  
Maskun Maskun ◽  
Azhar Risaldy Rum
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
National Security ◽  
International Law ◽  
Cyber Warfare ◽  
Cyber Defense ◽  
New Model ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Common Understanding

The purpose of this research is to identify cyber warfare as a model of War, its position in the perspective of international law, and the steps taken by the state in minimizing losses arising from cyber warfare. This research is normative research using conceptual and statute approaches to answer the problems in this research. The analysis used is content analysis. The study results indicate a need for a common understanding of cyber warfare as a new model of war agreed upon by countries in practice. Normative cyber warfare in international law has to be applied universally. The periodic simulations of cyber defense and artificial intelligence are needed in minimizing the losses caused by cyber warfare. The recommendation is to formulate a definition of cyber warfare universally agreed upon and the state's agreement on the meaning of cyber warfare in international law perspectives.

Invocation of National Security Exceptions under GATT Article XXI: Jurisdiction to Review and Standard of Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 695-712
Author(s):  
Chao Wang
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
International Law ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
The Self ◽  
Detailed Interpretation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
In Transit ◽  
Gatt 1994

Abstract The invocation of national security exceptions under Article XXI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994 has long been viewed as “self-judging”. In the landmark case of Russia—Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit, the panel of the WTO’s dispute settlement body (DSB) addressed two important but previously considered ambiguous issues. First, the Panel confirmed its jurisdiction to review its members’ invocation of Article XXI of GATT 1994. Second, offering a detailed interpretation of Article XXI, especially paragraph (b) and its subparagraph (iii), the panel distinguished the objective requirements from the self-judging features, and held that it has the jurisdiction to determine whether the objective requirements of Article XXI have been satisfied when a member invokes the national security exception, and the member’s discretion is also expected to be limited by its good faith obligation, which, as an established principle of international law, shall apply to both the member’s definition of the essential security interests and its connection to the measures being taken.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Gasbarri
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Main Claim ◽  
Legal Scholarship ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Common Understanding

The introductory chapter presents the relevance of the topic in the framework of the practice of international organizations and existing legal scholarship. In particular, it describes how scholars and practitioners do not share a common understanding of what an international organization is and the consequences of this absence of agreement. The main claim is that in order to conceptualize international organizations we have to look at the characteristics of the legal systems they develop and the legal nature of their rules. Four main theses are presented: functionalism (international nature), constitutionalism (internal nature), exceptionalism (only some organizations develop internal rules), and informalism (only some rules have an internal nature). Finally, it sets up the aim of the book: to analyse different conceptualizations, to assess the existence of a general regulatory framework, and to provide a definition of the concept of an international organization in international law.

scholarly journals Discrimination in the age of artificial intelligence

AI & Society ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bert Heinrichs
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Moral Deliberation ◽  
Philosophical Debate ◽  
Epistemic Opacity ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Automated Decision Making ◽  
Common Understanding

AbstractIn this paper, I examine whether the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and automated decision-making (ADM) aggravates issues of discrimination as has been argued by several authors. For this purpose, I first take up the lively philosophical debate on discrimination and present my own definition of the concept. Equipped with this account, I subsequently review some of the recent literature on the use AI/ADM and discrimination. I explain how my account of discrimination helps to understand that the general claim in view of the aggravation of discrimination is unwarranted. Finally, I argue that the use of AI/ADM can, in fact, increase issues of discrimination, but in a different way than most critics assume: it is due to its epistemic opacity that AI/ADM threatens to undermine our moral deliberation which is essential for reaching a common understanding of what should count as discrimination. As a consequence, it turns out that algorithms may actually help to detect hidden forms of discrimination.

Insight in nonpsychotic disorders: A new model of insight and a systematic review of measures

2021 ◽  
pp. 000486742110257
Author(s):  
Asala Halaj ◽  
Jonathan D Huppert
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Systematic Search ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Multidimensional Model ◽  
New Model ◽  
Extant Literature ◽  
Definition Of

Objective: There is substantial research examining insight in psychotic disorders and in some nonpsychotic disorders. However, there has been little attention given to many nonpsychotic disorders. Research on insight in psychosis distinguishes between cognitive and clinical insight. In most studies examining insight in nonpsychotic disorders, definitions and assessments of insight vary significantly. The purpose of this review is to suggest a definition of insight in nonpsychotic disorders such that it can be used across different disorders. Method: We systematically review the extant literature of insight in nonpsychotic disorders and analyze the assessments used in order to determine how well they capture these two types of insight. Then, we discuss how these two constructs can provide better understanding of the phenomenology of insight in nonpsychotic disorders. Results: The systematic search resulted in 99 articles. These articles used 17 different methods of measuring insight, containing 127 questions. Results of the content analysis of items suggested that measures of insight used in nonpsychotic disorders do not distinguish between cognitive and clinical insight, but that most questions (90%) can indeed be reliably differentiated. Conclusion: We provide a multidimensional model of cognitive and clinical insight in nonpsychotic disorders, emphasizing the complexity of assessment and the importance of accurately defining insight. Such definitions have important theoretical and clinical implications, offering a better understanding of the concept of insight in nonpsychotic disorders.

scholarly journals Tasking the Leviathan: Right to Protest, Good Governance, and Implications for National Security and International Law

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olalekan Moyosore Lalude
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
National Security ◽  
International Law ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Democratic Process ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Data Source ◽  
The Right

The right to good governance is a right inalienable to the democratic process. Content analysis was used as the data source for this paper. This study would attempt to resolve the questions on the intricate connection between the right to protest and the right to good governance in Nigeria and what this means for national security and international law. In this essay, it was argued that the international law space is shrinking for holding the democratic process accountable in sovereign states. The significance of the essay is to suggest a new direction for the engagement of international law mechanisms on human rights and for the provision of policy recommendations for good governance and law enforcement.

Part I International Law and Global Security, Ch.1 The Concept of Security in International Law

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
White Nigel D ◽  
Davies-Bright Auden
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
International Law ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Collective Security ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Political Literature ◽  
State Security ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Function

This chapter traces the development of ‘security’ in international legal discourse from State security, to collective security, to human security, in order to understand whether there has been a change of emphasis or, in fact, a deepening of security. National security focuses on the safety of the nation-State, which necessitates placing national interests over collective interests. Collective security marks a transition in that the more national interests become diluted, the more centralized a response becomes, and the concept of threats to peace and security is broadened to include events within States that have international repercussions. The chapter considers the debates about ‘security’ at a conceptual level, drawing on legal and political literature, and then sets them against developments in practice to see if a conclusion can be drawn on the precise nature and function of ‘security’ in international law. It addresses the question of whether ‘peace’ and ‘security’ are, or should be seen as, norms of international law. The lack of formal legal definition of security signifies that subjective views, particularly intersubjective understandings of security, have facilitated the breakdown of the State–human security divide. The chapter looks at the implications for this as security moves from being the primary purpose of international law and institutions to becoming a primary norm.

scholarly journals Inclusion of Artificial Intelligence Concepts and Applications in Computer and Information Technology Curricula in the Saudi General Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 171-214
Author(s):  
Abdulaziz A. Alfayez ◽  
◽  
Abdulrahman Ali Hamad Al-Othman ◽  
Khalid Mutlaq Almalhy ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
General Education ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Intermediate School ◽  
9Th Grade ◽  
Study Results ◽  
8Th Grade ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
School Books

The study aimed to identify the inclusion of Artificial Intelligence (IA) concepts and applications in the content of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) textbooks in Saudi general education. The study adopted the descriptive approach using the method of content analysis. To achieve the purpose of the study, a content analysis tool was developed, and the ICT textbooks were analyzed. The study results indicated that the concepts and applications of AI were available in the content of the intermediate school books in varying overall proportions: (3.46%) in 7th grade, (6.7%) in 8th grade, and (10%) in 9th grade. Additionally, the AI concepts and applications were available in secondary ICT textbooks content: (15%) in 11th grade and (18%) in both 10th-12th grades. The study recommended reconsidering the inclusion of IA concepts and its applications in the ICT textbooks content for the intermediate and secondary educational levels and increasing the inclusion of the AI concepts and applications with transforming from teaching ICT alone in the curricula to focusing more on computing beside the ICT.

scholarly journals The content of the concept “quality of education” and the definition of methods to measure it

2021 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 01013
Author(s):  
Alexey Ryzhov ◽  
Konstantin Ziskin ◽  
Polina Razumovskaya ◽  
Valery Umyarov ◽  
Dmitry Peshcherov
Keyword(s):  
Educational Practice ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Education Quality ◽  
Quality Of Education ◽  
Applied Aspect ◽  
Quantitative Parameters ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Common Understanding

The concept “quality of education” is widely used in modern educational practice; however, in teaching, there is no common understanding of the pedagogical phenomenon that underlies this concept. In this regard, it is necessary to present reflections on the content of such terms as “education” and “quality” in relation to the cultural and historical prerequisites for the formation of the category “quality of education” and various approaches to its content. Besides, the article touches upon different approaches to the procedures for measuring the quality of education and distinguishes their strengths and weaknesses. The authors encourage the reader to think about the problems of defining the quality of education as a pedagogical phenomenon in modern conditions through cultural and historical traditions. The study results in the consideration of various aspects of the evolution of such terms as “quality” and “education” in Russian pedagogy, which have influenced the modern interpretations of the concept “quality of education” and the approaches to its measurements. The article reveals the advantages of a practical understanding of the quality of education, as well as the risks associated with the transformation of education into a service and the absolutization of its quantitative parameters in measuring the quality of education. The authors raise the questions that remain open and require their solution despite the continued interest in the problems of education quality in pedagogical theory and practice. The novelty of the research is provided by taking into consideration Russian cultural and historical traditions of the formation of such terms as “education” and “quality” and the justification of the possible ways of their use in modern approaches to the measurements of quality of education, as well as the justification of the importance of using the applied aspect of the quality of education in Russian educational practice.

Can Multinational Corporations be responsible for human rights violation of its outsourcee company? Response of national or international law?

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-179
Author(s):  
Alessandro Suppa ◽  
Pavel Bureš
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International Law ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Corporate Law ◽  
International Economy ◽  
Due Diligence ◽  
Business And Human Rights ◽  
Original Question ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Human Rights Violation

SummaryNowadays, an important role in the world is played by Multinational Corporations (MNCs). They hire, produce, and influence the international economy, but also, they exploit, pollute. Their business activities might have a worldwide effect on human lives. The question of the responsibility of MNCs has drawn the attention of many scholars, mainly from the study field labelled “Business and Human Rights”. The present paper does not examine the topic under the same approach. The authors aim at presenting the issue in a broader perspective, exploring the concept of due diligence both in international and corporate law. In this paper, authors strategically use the uniformity of national legislations as a possible and alternative solution to the issue. They are aware of three fundamental factors: 1) the definition of MNCs needs to be as clear as possible, so to avoid any degree of uncertainty; 2) the outsourcing phenomenon interacts with that definition; 3) in case of no possibility to include outsourcing in the definition of MNC, the original question arises in a significant way.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document