The Dark side of helping: Escalation of commitment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Patel ◽  
Matthias Spitzmuller
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Escalation Of Commitment ◽  
The Real ◽  
External Resources ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Helping Behaviours ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Available Resources

In the real world, employees may be presented with difficult tasks that could be tackled in multiple ways and with available resources. On top of this, with deadlines, few external resources, and other tasks that employees typically face, thinking tends to be narrowed and so do the actions that follow. This could lead to a persistent course of action that leads to failure. We call this situation escalation of commitment. When our coworkers offer help and we are stuck and have invested time and effort into near-impossible tasks, is it worth accepting this offer of help? Or, would we rather risk more time and resources and instead persist in solving this near impossible problem? In the latter option, the individual may experience burnout and stress. For the organization, deadlines would not be met, and objectives could not be accomplished. My research looks at these helping behaviours and whether they lead others astray in an escalation of commitment. Specifically, I predict that individuals who have invested in a failing course of action are less likely to abandon this path when they receive help from others. This intersection of escalation and helping behaviours are important because when employees attempt to help a coworker who is invested in an extremely difficult task, they may be doing more harm than good.

Executing Plans

Conflict ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 101-119
Author(s):  
Neil D. Shortland ◽  
Laurence J. Alison ◽  
Joseph M. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Real World ◽  
The Real ◽  
Social Pressures ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Decision Errors

Once a decision has been made, it still needs to be implemented into the real world. Although a decision is a commitment to a course of action, it is important to consider the stages beyond mere commitment and the issues that are encountered during the execution of this commitment. Furthermore, although a decision may be an internal commitment or preference, in many cases decisions made by an individual are done so within an environment of multiple, competing individuals and agencies that may (or may not) share the individual’s priorities and values. As such, the commitment made by the individual may not reflect the decision that is executed. This chapter examines the wider social pressures that are present within the decision-making environment and also how these can interfere with an individual’s preference, resulting in changes in commitment and decision errors. This chapter also examines the barriers to executing decisions.

Tron and Tron Legacy, Flight Lines of Reality

2019 ◽  
pp. 91-107
Author(s):  
Filiz Erdoğan Tuğran ◽  
Aytaç Hakan Tuğran
Keyword(s):  
Computer Technology ◽  
Real World ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Temporal Context ◽  
Fictional World ◽  
Place And Space ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Individual

This chapter describes how technology, progressing rapidly, and especially computer technology has become an indispensable detail in daily life. The act of playing games starting to become virtual has emerged as a progress. In these early years, when the line between place and space has started to become thinner and people began to recognize the lines of flight between the real world and the virtual world, the movie “Tron” made an attempt to explain this possibility of transitivity. 28 years after the first movie, the sequel “Tron Legacy” emphasizes that this possibility still exists. The individual, in this sea of possibilities, comes and goes between place and space and becomes distant to their temporal context, digitalized and goes through deterritorialization. The narrative of the fictional world, the game world in this fictional world, the real world and the game field in the real world will be discussed in terms of transmedia, and some assumptions will be put forward through people and therefore, the deterritorialization of the media.

Allostasis and metastasis: The yin and yang of childhood self-regulation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Samuel V. Wass
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
The Real ◽  
Chain Reactions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Yin And Yang ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Regulation Of Emotion ◽  
Dynamical Principle

Abstract Most research has studied self-regulation by presenting experimenter-controlled test stimuli and measuring change between baseline and stimulus. In the real world, however, stressors do not flash on and off in a predetermined sequence, and there is no experimenter controlling things. Rather, the real world is continuous and stressful events can occur through self-sustaining interactive chain reactions. Self-regulation is an active process through which we adaptively select which aspects of the social environment we attend to from one moment to the next. Here, we describe this dynamic interactive process by contrasting two mechanisms that underpin it: the “yin” and “yang” of self-regulation. The first mechanism is allostasis, the dynamical principle underlying self-regulation, through which we compensate for change to maintain homeostasis. This involves upregulating in some situations and downregulating in others. The second mechanism is metastasis, the dynamical principle underling dysregulation. Through metastasis, small initial perturbations can become progressively amplified over time. We contrast these processes at the individual level (i.e., examining moment-to-moment change in one child, considered independently) and also at the inter-personal level (i.e., examining change across a dyad, such as a parent–child dyad). Finally, we discuss practical implications of this approach in improving the self-regulation of emotion and cognition, in typical development and psychopathology.

CORPORATIONS, PROFIT MAXIMIZATION AND THE PERSONAL SPHERE

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waheed Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Profit Maximization ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Real ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
The Social ◽  
Personal Interests

The efficiency argument for profit maximization says that corporations and their managers should maximize profits because this is the course of action that will lead to an ‘economically efficient’ or ‘welfare maximizing’ outcome (see e.g. Jensen 2001, 2002). In this paper, I argue that the fundamental problem with this argument is not that markets in the real world are less than perfect, but rather that the argument does not properly acknowledge the personal sphere. Morality allows each of us a sphere in which we are free to pursue our personal interests, even if these are not optimal from the social point of view. But the efficiency argument does not come to terms with this feature of social life.

The development of capability: the content of potential and the potential of content

2004 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reva Brown ◽  
Sean McCartney
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Real ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
As If

All too often discussion of Capability proceeds as if it is clear what ‘Capability’ is: and that all that is required is the ascertaining of means for developing it. This paper seeks to explore the meanings of Capability. It provides two broad meanings, and discusses the paradoxes inherent in the application of these to the real world of management and business. On the one hand, Capability is defined as Potential, what the individual could achieve. Potential is an endowment, which is realised by the acquisition of skills and knowledge, i.e. the acquisition of Content. On the other hand, Capability is defined as Content: what the individual can (or has learned to) do. This Content has been acquired by, or input into, the individual, who then has the Potential to develop further. So there are different routes to Capability, depending on the definition of Capability one chooses. All of this impinges on the development of Capability. This leads us on to a consideration of whether the ‘Development of Capability’ is a meaningful concept.

scholarly journals Ritual and the Socio-Religious in the Cultures of the Celts and Germans

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Kowalewska
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Real World ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Specific Group ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Individual

This article focuses on ritual as known to have been practiced among Celtic and Germanic people. It attempts to discern the role and significance of ritual within the religious and social context of these cultures, as well as find points of comparison within the two. Ritual plays a part on several levels, at times focusing on the individual or on a specific group, while at other times, ritual serves as a liaison between different units, as well as between the real world and the supernatural. In addition, ritual is a form of interaction across time, linking an individual or group with ancestors or descendants. It also plays a crucial role in cultural identity and cohesion.

scholarly journals VIRTUAL IDENTIFICATION OF MODERN PEOPLE

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-24
Author(s):  
Yan Chaplak ◽  
◽  
Halyna Chuyko ◽  
Ihor Zvarych ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Real World ◽  
Virtual Space ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The Real ◽  
Identity Creation ◽  
Virtual Identity ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

The article analyses theoretically the problem of human identification in the Internet and studies the phenomenon of an individual’s virtual identity. We have analysed the concept and features of self-presentation as the primary element of an individual’s identification in the virtual space in order to create a desired impression on the individual with an opportunity to be perceived there as he/she want to be perceived in the real world; which, to a certain extent, contradicts to the concept of “identity”. An individual’s presentation via the Internet is often only a manipulation with an impression on him/her and an imitation of sincere communication and frank disclosure of his/her own real identity, since a virtual identity rarely reflects the individual’s true self-image; whereas the question of identity concerns an individual’s real identity in the real world. An individual’s virtual identification is chanced in time from multiple existing identities to Internet users’ tendency to open more real information about them in the Internet space; the ways of virtual identity creation are examined. The phenomenon of an individual’s multiple identification in the Internet is investigated, which is connected both with the period of an anonymous existence of the Network and the desire to study oneself and one’s capabilities regarding the optimal self-representation in virtual space, on the one hand, and with insufficiently adequate self-understanding, one’s real identity as a modern virtualized person, on the other hand. People are inclined to play and experiment with their self-images and self-identification, by constantly changing it and improving it, in particular, by adding desired (idealized) features; and this virtual identity is imitated during communications with other Internet users. That is, playing and communication in virtual space are factors of virtual identity formation, which evidences transformations of identity of a modern individual as a representative of the information society. The conclusion is that people in the Web, partly due to its anonymity, are inclined to manipulate with impressions on them, focusing on their positive perception by other Internet users. As a result, not so much an individual’s virtual identification is created, but a set of mask images, simulacra (which in fact only hide a user, giving out desirable for valid), behind which there is no real identity.

Are you Curious? Predicting the Human Curiosity from Facebook

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (Suppl. 2) ◽  
pp. 79-95
Author(s):  
Alan Menk ◽  
Laura Sebastia
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Real World ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Human Personality ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Individual

Nowadays, social networks are daily used to share what people like, feel, where they travel to, etc. This huge amount of data can say a lot about their personality because it may reect their behaviour from the “real world” to the “virtual world”. Once obtained the access to this data, some authors have tried to infer the personality of the individual without the use of long questionnaires, only working with data in an implicit way, that is, transparently to the user. In this scenario, our work is focused on predicting one of the human personality traits, the Curiosity. In this paper, we analyse the information that can be extracted from the users’ profile on Facebook and the set of features that can be used to describe their degree of curiosity. Finally, we use these data to generate several prediction models. The best generated model is able to predict the degree of curiosity with an accuracy of 87%.

scholarly journals Monetary Growth Models: An Evaluation on Tobin Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1029-1035
Author(s):  
Onur Tutulmaz
Keyword(s):  
Growth Model ◽  
Real World ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Growth Theory ◽  
Important Place ◽  
The Real ◽  
Economy Growth ◽  
The Individual

Growth models have an important place in the economics. These models try to reflect the behavior of an economy so that we can understand and analyze the growth mechanism in the economy. Growth theory first focusing on the production function tried to explain the growth in the physical production. However, in the real world, if the saving part of that production is not channeled into physical capital, the scenario of the early growth models cannot reflect the real world. In this sense, Tobin model has made the first step including money option for the individual saving portfolio and turned the growth model into the monetary growth model. In this study, we revisited important discussions on Tobin model and by conducting a critical analysis on the critically important features we are hoping to attract attention to the uncompleted arguments. In this manner we evaluate that the stableness of the equilibrium can be translated differently so that point needs to be cleared in described classification. The critical first step of articulation of saving portfolio can put the model in a strategic reference point situation as we would like to underline.

scholarly journals Connection and Disconnection in Tom’s Midnight Garden

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary Studies ◽  
Mouhiba Jamoussi
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Fantastic ◽  
The Individual

This paper entitled ‘Connection and Disconnection in Tom’s Midnight Garden’ aims to challenge a particular reading of Philippa Pearce’s novel Tom’s Midnight Garden (1958) as nostalgic and concerned with aging and death. Tom’s Midnight Garden is regarded by some literary critics as a nostalgic work concerned with the past rather than the present. Its protagonist Tom is sometimes considered as disconnected from the real world and living in the fantastic. This paper will argue that, quite the contrary, Tom’s Midnight Garden stands against disconnection, between the child and the adult, the fantastic and the real, and the past and the present. Tom’s Midnight Garden celebrates connection through the interrelation between the self and the other, through a fantastic world constantly interwoven with the real, and a past tightly tied to the present. This paper relies on a thorough reading of the novel, on findings on the child-adult relationship, and on the effects of connection and disconnection on the individual.

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