scholarly journals Comparison of Field Crops with Tap and Fibrous Root System at Early and Late Growth Stages

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 1181-1187
Author(s):  
Hayati Akman
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Shoot Mass ◽  
Fibrous Roots ◽  
Late Growth

Knowledge of root architecture is significant since it influences on pathways from, photosynthesis products, water and nutrient movement. This study purposed to elucidate root mass, root length, root/shoot ratio, root/total mass ratio and above-ground characteristics in Vicia pannonica Crantz., Carthamus tinctorius L. and Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L. with taproot and Triticum aestivum L., Hordeum vulgare L. conv. distichon, X Triticosecale Wittmack, Avena sativa L. and Secale cereale L. with fibrous roots at 200 cm long tubes under field-grown condition. Crop harvesting is based on early and late growth stages of cereal crops. The results indicated that winter field crops had a wide range of differences with regard to root and above-ground traits at both growth stages. The root traits of field crop species varied considerably from 0.3 to 5.9 g and 2.4 to 11.9 g for root mass and 84.7 to 127.7 cm and 84.5 to 166 cm for root length at early and late growth stages respectively, while shoot mass was between 0.3–5.7 g and 5.5–29.8 g. Furthermore, the percentage distribution of root mass accumulated in 0-20 cm root length at early and late growth stages, ranged between 52.3 to 81.4 % and 27.7 to 75.2 %, respectively. The findings showed that crops with taproot had less root and shoot mass and shorter root length than cereals with fibrous roots at both growth stages. This study also significantly advances our understanding of root-shoot competition by comparing the agronomical traits of winter field crops with tap and fibrous roots at different growth stages.

scholarly journals Root and Shoot Traits of Spring Wheat Cultivars with Wild-Type and Semi-Dwarf Rht Alleles at Early and Late Growth Stages

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-791
Author(s):  
Hayati Akman ◽  
Philip Bruckner
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Shoot Mass ◽  
Late Growth ◽  
Root And Shoot Traits

Roots play an important role in improving crop yield by affecting the amount of water uptake and nutrient acquisition. The objective of this study was to characterize variability in root and above-ground characteristics among three diverse semi-dwarf spring wheat cultivars, ‘Vida’, ‘Oneal’ and ‘Duclair’ and a wild-type cultivar, ‘Scholar’ at early and late growth stages in a greenhouse. Plants were grown in 45-cm long tree pots in a greenhouse under optimal growth conditions. As soil-less media, a mixture of peat (70%) and perlite (30%) was used. Plants were harvested at tillering (GS25-26) with 5-6 tillers, booting (GS43-45), and maturity (GS92). Root and shoot traits indicated significant variability among wild-type and semi-dwarf spring wheat cultivars at those growth stages. The study results showed that root mass per plant at tillering, booting, and maturity ranged from 0.10 to 0.14 g, 0.47 to 0.9 g, and 0.55 to 0.85 g, respectively, while shoot mass per plant varied from 1.7 to 2.5 g, 6.5 to 10.7 g, and 21.2 to 24.5 g, respectively. From booting to maturity, root mass was relatively constant, however, shoot mass increased considerably. Moreover, the average root mass of semi-dwarf spring wheat cultivars was 37% lower at booting and 30% lower at maturity compared to the wild-type cultivar, even though there was no significant variation among the cultivars at the early growth stage. Based on the results of the variability identified in this research, wild-type cultivar, Scholar can be evaluated for the improvement of genotypes with superior root system in breeding programs.

Above- and below-ground net primary production of four barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars in western Canada

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 1131-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Xu ◽  
N. G. Juma
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Ripening Stages ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Shoot Mass

Information on above- and below-ground primary production for a wide range of agro-ecosystems is needed. The objective of this study was to quantify the shoot and root mass, shoot mass/root mass ratios, and root lengths of four barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars (Abee, Bonanza, Harrington and Samson) grown in a Black Chernozem in north-central Alberta. The cultivars were grown using a randomized complete block design with three replicates and were sampled at the tillering, stem-extension, heading, and ripening stages. Root mass and root lengths from soil cores were measured. The results showed that (1) shoot mass and root mass of Harrington and Bonanza were not different from those of Abee and Samson, but those of Abee were significantly greater than those of Samson, indicating that the below-ground input of organic matter could be a function of specific cultivar; (2) root mass increased rapidly until the heading stage, and shoot mass increased at a higher rate than roots between the heading and ripening stages, producing a widening of shoot/root ratios with time; and (3) decomposition of very small roots may have contributed to a more rapid decrease in root length than in root mass after the heading stage.Key words: Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars, Typic Cryoboroll, root mass, root lengths, shoot/root ratio, soil organic matter

scholarly journals Variability of root traits in common bean genotypes at different levels of phosphorus supply and ontogenetic stages

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1170-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto dos Santos Trindade ◽  
Adelson Paulo Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Ontogenetic Stages ◽  
Growth Habits ◽  
Selection Of

Selection of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars with enhanced root growth would be a strategy for increasing P uptake and grain yield in tropical soils, but the strong plasticity of root traits may compromise their inclusion in breeding programs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the magnitude of the genotypic variability of root traits in common bean plants at two ontogenetic stages and two soil P levels. Twenty-four common bean genotypes, comprising the four growth habits that exist in the species and two wild genotypes, were grown in 4 kg pots at two levels of applied P (20 and 80 mg kg-1) and harvested at the stages of pod setting and early pod filling. Root area and root length were measured by digital image analysis. Significant genotype × P level and genotype × harvest interactions in analysis of variance indicate that the genotypic variation of root traits depended on soil nutrient availability and the stage at which evaluation was made. Genotypes differed for taproot mass, basal and lateral root mass, root area and root length at both P levels and growth stages; differences in specific root area and length were small. Genotypes with growth habits II (upright indeterminate) and III (prostrate indeterminate) showed better adaptation to limited P supply than genotypes of groups I (determinate) and IV (indeterminate climbing). Between the two harvests, genotypes of groups II and III increased the mass of basal and lateral roots by 40 and 50 %, respectively, whereas genotypes of groups I and IV by only 7 and 19 %. Values of the genotypic coefficient of determination, which estimates the proportion of phenotypic variance resulting from genetic effects, were higher at early pod filling than at pod setting. Correlations between shoot mass and root mass, which could indicate indirect selection of root systems via aboveground biomass, were higher at early pod filling than at pod setting. The results indicate that selection for root traits in common bean genotypes should preferentially be performed at the early pod-filling stage.

scholarly journals Characterization of Root System Architecture Traits in Diverse Soybean Genotypes Using a Semi-Hydroponic System

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2781
Author(s):  
Shuo Liu ◽  
Naheeda Begum ◽  
Tingting An ◽  
Tuanjie Zhao ◽  
Bingcheng Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Soybean Genotypes

Phenotypic variation and correlations among root traits form the basis for selecting and breeding soybean varieties with efficient access to water and nutrients and better adaptation to abiotic stresses. Therefore, it is important to develop a simple and consistent system to study root traits in soybean. In this study, we adopted the semi-hydroponic system to investigate the variability in root morphological traits of 171 soybean genotypes popularized in the Yangtze and Huaihe River regions, eastern China. Highly diverse phenotypes were observed: shoot height (18.7–86.7 cm per plant with a median of 52.3 cm); total root length (208–1663 cm per plant with a median of 885 cm); and root mass (dry weight) (19.4–251 mg per plant with a median of 124 mg). Both total root length and root mass exhibited significant positive correlation with shoot mass (p ≤ 0.05), indicating their relationship with plant growth and adaptation strategies. The nine selected traits contributed to one of the two principal components (eigenvalues > 1), accounting for 78.9% of the total genotypic variation. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis separated the 171 genotypes into five major groups based on these root traits. Three selected genotypes with contrasting root systems were validated in soil-filled rhizoboxes (1.5 m deep) until maturity. Consistent ranking of the genotypes in some important root traits at various growth stages between the two experiments indicates the reliability of the semi-hydroponic system in phenotyping root trait variability at the early growth stage in soybean germplasms.

Distribution and density of the root system of macadamia on krasnozem soil and some effects of legume groundcovers on fibrous root density

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Firth ◽  
R. D. B. Whalley ◽  
G. G. Johns
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Proteoid Roots ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Proteoid Root ◽  
Fibrous Roots

Whole-tree excavations, root-core and minirhizotron studies indicate that the grafted macadamia tree root system is relatively shallow and spreading, with a short taproot and most of the fibrous root system near the soil surface, while ungrafted trees have a longer taproot. The length of fibrous roots diminished with depth and distance from the trunk. This pattern is consistent with other fruit trees, in that the highest density is generally within 1 m of the trunk. Values obtained in core samples in this study were 4.97 (± 0.43) cm/cm3 and 1.67 (± 0.45) cm/cm3 for 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm at 0.5 m from the trunk, and 2.34 and 1.08 cm/cm3, respectively, at 1 m from the trunk at Clunes. These values were similar to those obtained in separate studies in 1991–93, involving assessments at 5�cm depth increments down to 15 cm, where mean root length densities were 2.0–3.5 cm/cm3 and 1.3–1.9 cm/cm3 at 0–5 cm and 5–15 cm depth, respectively, 1.4 m from the trunk. Root length under old trees in bare soil at Dorroughby and Clunes, using minirhizotrons (0.25–0.40 cm/cm2) and soil cores (1.14 and 3.50 cm/cm3, respectively), was similar to that found at other sites in the study area (minirhizotrons 0.28–0.33 cm/cm2; soil cores 1.25–2.80 cm/cm3). There is an apparent lower rate of decrease in root length density with increasing distance from the trunk at 10–20 cm compared with 0–10 cm. New root growth occurred predominantly in autumn, but some new fibrous roots were produced in early winter and spring. Proteoid roots were found in abundance in soil cores and adjacent to minirhizotron tubes and there were more of them in the root systems of younger trees at Clunes than with older trees at Dorroughby. Proteoid roots were found at a greater depth than previously recorded for other Proteaceae species, and appeared to retain their function in relatively dry conditions for more than a year. Non-proteoid fibrous roots at the minirhizotron surface appeared to be functional for about 1.5 years in relatively dry conditions, before decay after the onset of wet soil conditions.The effects of 2 newly established perennial legume groundcovers on the root systems of younger and older macadamia trees were studied over 2.5 years. In general, the presence of groundcover either had no effect on the growth of the macadamia roots or increased the root length density at some sampling dates and some depths. At Clunes, where the proteoid root length density was higher than at Dorroughby, the presence of groundcover was associated with higher proteoid root length density than that with bare ground. Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo generally had a lower root length density than Lotus pedunculatus.

scholarly journals Relationships between grain yield and accumulation of biomass, nitrogen and phosphorus in common bean cultivars

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 1977-1986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adelson Paulo Araújo ◽  
Marcelo Grandi Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Path Coefficient ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Shoot Mass

Shoot biomass is considered a relevant component for crop yield, but relationships between biological productivity and grain yield in legume crops are usually difficult to establish. Two field experiments were carried out to investigate the relationships between grain yield, biomass production and N and P accumulation at reproductive stages of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars. Nine and 18 cultivars were grown on 16 m² plots in 1998 and 1999, respectively, with four replications. Crop biomass was sampled at four growth stages (flowering R6, pod setting R7, beginning of pod filling R8, and mid-pod filling R8.5), grain yield was measured at maturity, and N and P concentrations were determined in plant tissues. In both years, bean cultivars differed in grain yield, in root mass at R6 and R7 stages, and in shoot mass at R6 and R8.5, whereas at R7 and R8 differences in shoot mass were significant in 1998 only. In both years, grain yield did not correlate with shoot mass at R6 and R7 and with root mass at R6. Grain yield correlated with shoot mass at R8 in 1999 but not in 1998, with shoot mass at R8.5 and with root mass at R7 in both years. Path coefficient analysis indicated that shoot mass at R8.5 had a direct effect on grain yield in both years, that root mass at R7 had a direct effect on grain yield in 1998, and that in 1999 the amounts of N and P in shoots at R8.5 had indirect effects on grain yield via shoot mass at R8.5. A combined analysis of both experiments revealed that biomass accumulation, N and P in shoots at R6 and R7 as well as root mass at R6 were similar in both years. In 1998 however bean accumulated more root mass at R7 and more biomass and N and P in shoots at R8 and R8.5, resulting in a 57 % higher grain yield in 1998. This indicates that grain yield of different common bean cultivars is not intrinsically associated with vegetative vigor at flowering and that mechanisms during pod filling can strongly influence the final crop yield. The establishment of a profuse root system during pod setting, associated with the continuous N and P acquisition during early pod filling, seems to be relevant for higher grain yields of common bean.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SWEETPOTATO FIBROUS ROOT GROWTH AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE IN FRITTED CLAY MEDIA.

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 494a-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Rhoden ◽  
P. J. Ndolo ◽  
G. W. Carver
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Ca Uptake ◽  
Efficient Uptake ◽  
Fibrous Roots

A greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the ability of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas), cv. `Centennial', `Rojo Blanco', `Georgia Jet' and `TI-82-155', fibrous roots to accumulate N, P, K, Ca and Mg. Sweetpotato plants were grown in a fritted clay medium and harvested 42 and 82 days after planting. Fibrous roots comprised 22 to 28.1% and 3.9 to 11.1% of the plant dry weight at 42 and 82 days after planting, respectively. There was no difference in the average root length/cm depth of soil among the four sweetpotato cultivars at day 42. While there was no difference in average root length among `Centennial', `Rojo Blanco' and `TI-82-155', these cultivars were significantly different from `Georgia Jet' at day 82. For the four cultivars, there were no significant differences in N, P, K, Mg and Ca Uptake at day 42, but each cultivar absorbed significantly more of each element 82 days after planting. `Georgia Jet' absorbed significantly more of the nutrients measured than the other cultivars, resulting in the highest dry matter yield. The data show that the efficient uptake and utilization of nutrients by sweetpotato are related to the amount of fibrous roots present.

scholarly journals Seeds of Carthamus Tinctorius Submitted to Hydration: Morphological Aspects and Emergence

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Claudia Borgmann ◽  
Luciene Kazue Tokura ◽  
Bruna de Villa ◽  
Deonir Secco ◽  
Jair Antonio Cruz Siqueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
The Other ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
Shoot Mass

The present study aimed to evaluate the initial development of safflower genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius) after different periods of seed hydration. For the study two experiments were evaluated. At first, an experiment was performed with 0, 24, 48, 72, 168 and 360 hours of seed hydration, and in the second moment, another with 0, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 hours of hydration. The experimental design for the two experiments was completely randomized, with four replicates and six treatments. After 30 days of conduction of the experiments were analyzed the percentage of emergency, index of emergency speed, average time of emergency and average speed of emergency. The evaluated morphological characteristics were plant height, stem diameter, root length, fresh shoot and root mass and dry shoot mass. Hydration of seeds in considerable proportions positively influences the emergence and development of safflower plants. The highest performance in the emergence of plants, size, accumulation of fresh and dry shoot mass and fresh root mass was obtained by the IAPAR genotype, which stood out in relation to the other. The greatest emergencies were obtained with seeds with 36 hours of hydration, and the lowest emergence was found after 72 hours under hydration.

scholarly journals SWEET POTATO GROWTH AND ROOT DEVELOPMENT IN FRITTED CLAY MEDIA

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 855F-855
Author(s):  
P. J. Ndolo ◽  
E. G. Rhoden
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Storage Root ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Storage Roots ◽  
Potato Growth ◽  
Fibrous Roots

Root growth of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L) Lam.] cvs `TI-82-155', `Centennial' and `Rojo Blanco' in coarse fritted clay soil, was investigated under greenhouse conditions. The sweet potato cultivars were harvested at 41 and 82 days after planting. Dry weight of fibrous roots of all cultivars were similar at day 41. Fibrous root weight of `Rojo Blanco' increased by 5% while those of the other cultivars increased by 168%. Mean fibrous root length per centimeter depth was not significantly different among cultivars. Although fresh weight of storage roots of `Rojo Blanco' was significantly lower than those of the other cultivars, their dry weights were similar. `TI-82-155' and `Rojo Blanco' had fewer storage roots compared to the other cultivars, however, storage root length of `TI-82-155' or `Rojo Blanco' was greater than that of `Georgia Jet' or `Centennial'. Length to diameter ratio of the storage root of `Rojo Blanco' was significantly greater than that of `TI-82-155' and `Georgia Jet'.

scholarly journals A Genotyping-by-sequencing Single Nucleotide Polymorphism–based Map and Genetic Analysis of Root Traits in an Interspecific Tomato Population

2019 ◽  
Vol 144 (6) ◽  
pp. 394-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Limeng Xie ◽  
Patricia Klein ◽  
Kevin Crosby ◽  
John Jifon
Keyword(s):  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Genotyping By Sequencing ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Shoot Mass ◽  
Root And Shoot Traits

Roots impact plants’ capacity to absorb water and nutrients and thus play a vital role in tolerance to drought, salinity, and nutrient stress. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) breeding programs, wild tomato species have been commonly used to increase disease resistance and fruit quality and yield. However, tomato has seldom been bred for water/nutrient use efficiency or resilience to abiotic stress. Meanwhile, little knowledge of the genetic control of root traits in tomato is available. In this study, a mapping population consisting of 181 F2 progenies derived from a cross between an advanced breeding line RvT1 (S. lycopersicum) and a wild species Lche4 (Solanum cheesmaniae) was evaluated for root and shoot traits in the greenhouse. Root phenotypes were studied for the early seedling stage. Heritability estimates show that root traits are moderately or highly heritable. Root mass was highly correlated with root size (length, surface area, and volume). Shoot mass and chlorophyll content (SPAD) were moderately correlated with root mass and size. Genotyping-by-sequencing was applied to discover single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Seven hundred and forty-two SNPs were successfully mapped, and a medium-dense linkage map was created that covered 1319.47 centimorgans (cM) with an average distance of 1.78 cM between adjacent markers. Using composite interval mapping, multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and nonparametric mapping, 29 QTLs were identified for 12 root and shoot traits on eight chromosomes. Those QTLs of major and minor effect were involved in the differences among the F2 population. Two QTL hotspot regions associated with root mass, size, shoot mass and SPAD were identified on chromosomes 1 and 4, which was consistent with the correlation among traits. Five QTLs for shoot length and eight QTLs for SPAD were accounting for 40.01% and 55.53% of the phenotypic variation. Two QTLs were associated with 18.26% of the total variation for specific root length. The wild parent Lche4 has been characterized as a potential genetic donor of higher specific root length and might be a good parent to modify the root system of cultivated tomato.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document