Water Quality of Groundwater in Selected Wells in Zubair Area, Basra City

Zubair area is located at the extreme part of the south of Iraq and represents the southern part of the western desert, bounded by the north latitudes 30o05'-30o25' and east longitudes 47o30'- 47◦55'. Groundwater is a major natural resource in the study area because no perennial river exists. Groundwater from twenty wells in the study area were analyzed in order to determine some of chemical variables such as major cations (Ca+2, Mg+2 ,Na+ ,K+ ) and major anions (CL- ,SO4-2 ,HCO3- ,CO3-2 ,NO3-) along with several physical variables such as hydrogen ion concentration (pH) , total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC). Hydro-chemical analysis showed that the groundwater of the study area is excessively mineralized, depending on the relation between EC and mineralization. Depending on total hardness (TH), all samples were with very hard water. High chloride concentration in the groundwater of the study area may be an indicator of pollution by sewage and agriculture fertilizers. The increase in flow length of the groundwater in the study area would change the water quality from bicarbonate to sulfate and chloride. The predominant cations recorded are calcium and magnesium along with chloride from the anions, so that the water type is Ca-Mg-CL for most samples. The water wells studied are not suitable for drinking purposes of humans. Depending on TDS and EC values, the water samples are not suitable for irrigation according to FAO 1997 classification. However, the results also revealed an excellent water class depending on Na percentage (Na%) and EC according to Todd 1980 classification for irrigation water. Also, an excellent water class (S1) for agriculture was recorded depending on SAR classification of Subramain, 2005.

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MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES OF WATER QUALITY IN TIGRIS RIVER WITHIN BAGHDAD CITY

Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development ◽

10.31272/jeasd.25.3.9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 81-96

Author(s):

Noor Q. Ahmed ◽

Karim R. Gubashi

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Water Quality Index ◽

Quality Index ◽

Principal Component ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Total Hardness ◽

Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽

Tigris River ◽

Diyala River

This study was conducted to assess the water quality of Tigris River within Baghdad city by using Weighted Arithmetic model. The studay area included five sites: Thiraa-Tigris (S1), Al-Muthana bridge (S2), Al-Shuhadaa bridge (S3), Al-Doraa (S4) and confluence point of the Diyala river (S5). Ten water quality parameters were used in this study, Total Hardness (TH), Calcium (Ca), Hydrogen Ion concentration (pH), Chloride (Cl), Magnesium (Mg), Nitrate (NO3), Sodium (Na), Boron (B), Turbidity (TUR) and Sulfate (SO4). Statistical analysis such as correlation and regression coefficient using the statistical program SPSS was used to evaluate the results of the water quality index as well as to find a relationship between the water quality index and the variables. Several statistical methods, Factor Analysis (FA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Discriminant Analysis (DA), and Time Series Analysis assess parameters affecting water quality during the study period (August-December) 2019. The results showed Poor to Unsuitable quality index in Tigris River at Baghdad city except for Al-Muthna Bridge (S2) was grade good quality index during the time. From the analysis, that the worst water quality index was found at confluence place of Diyala River (S5) and grade unsuitable quality index.

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Hydro-geochemical properties with respect to landuse in the southernmost river of Kerala

Journal of Traditional and Folk Practices ◽

10.25173/jtfp.2018.6.1.94 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Badusha M. ◽

Santhosh S

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Drainage Basin ◽

Anthropogenic Activities ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Total Hardness ◽

Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽

Geochemical Properties ◽

Quality Of Water

The hydro geochemical features of Neyyar River for a period of one year from May 2015 to April 2016 were analyzed. Six sampling sites were fixed considering physiography and present landuse pattern of the river basin. The residents in the drainage basin are primarily responsible for framing a better landuse and thereby maintain a good water and sediment regime. Geospatial pattern of the present landuse of the study area indicated that the sustainability of this river ecosystem is in danger due to unscientific landuse practices, which is reflected in the river quality as well. The parameters such as hydrogen ion concentration, electrical conductivity, chloride, Biological Oxygen Demand, total hardness and sulphate of river water and Organic Carbon of river bed sediments were analyzed in this study. The overall analysis shows that the highland areas are characterized by better quality of water together with low organic carbon, which is mainly due to better landuse and minimal reclamation. The midland and lowland areas are characterized by poor quality of water with high organic carbon, which is due to high anthropogenic activities and maximum pollutants associated with the region together with the alteration in landuse from a traditional eco-friendly pattern to a severely polluted current pattern.

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WATER QUALITY INDEX OF TIGRIS RIVER WITHIN BAGHDAD CITY: A REVIEW

Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development ◽

10.31272/jeasd.25.3.4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 34-43

Author(s):

Tamarah A. Adnan ◽

◽

Eman A. Mohammed ◽

Abdul-Sahib T. Al-Madhhachi ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Fecal Coliform ◽

Suspended Solids ◽

Review Paper ◽

Total Suspended Solids ◽

Total Hardness ◽

Iron Ion ◽

The North ◽

Tigris River ◽

The City

Tigris River is the only potable source in Baghdad city therefor many water treatment plants were built on the banks such as Al-Karkh, Sharq Dijla, Al-Sadr, Al-Wathba, Al-Karama, AlQadisia, Al-Dora, Al-Wahda, and Al-Rashed project. Tigris River suffers from the pollution that comes from various sources such as Industry, domestic sanitation, and farming activities therefore several indices were used to calculate water quality within Baghdad to convert physicochemical parameters of water to a single value that represents the river status (good, bad, very bad, etc..).The aim of this review paper to show the results of previous studies about the water quality for the Baghdad region. Most results showed that water quality was good in the north of the city of Baghdad and bad in the south of Baghdad. The deterioration of water quality was due to many reasons such as the discharge of wastewater directly into the river without pretreatment, increase in (Electic conductivity, Turbidity, and total suspended solids, total hardness, Iron ion, the fecal coliform)concentrations, and Climate change, therefore, Tigris River needs intensive treatment before using by humans.

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A Detailed Assessment of Groundwater Quality in the Kabul Basin, Afghanistan, and Suitability for Future Development

Water ◽

10.3390/w12102890 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 2890 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hussain Ali Jawadi ◽

Jay Sagin ◽

Daniel D. Snow

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Future Development ◽

Poor Quality ◽

Physicochemical Analysis ◽

World Health ◽

Total Hardness ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Water Type ◽

Dissolved Solids ◽

Health Organization

Kabul is one of the most populated cities in Afghanistan and providing resources to support this population in an arid climate presents a serious environmental challenge. The current study evaluated the quality of local Kabul Basin groundwater to determine its suitability water for drinking and irrigation purposes now and into the future. This aim was aided through groundwater parameter assessment as well as determination of Water Quality Index (WQI) developed from 15 observation points near the city. The results of our physicochemical analysis illustrate that groundwater in the majority of areas of the Kabul Basin is not generally suitable for human consumption, and in some cases the concentrations of many contaminants are higher than accepted health standards or water quality benchmarks. The aquifer underlies an arid landscape, and because of this 85% of the samples tested are very hard while just over 13% are classified as hard. Groundwater in the Kabul Basin is typically high in calcium and magnesium and overall classified as a calcium bicarbonate water type. Overall, more than 60% of the analyzed samples had concentrations higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) standard of total dissolved solids (TDS), 10% in total hardness (TH), about 30% in turbidity and more than 90% in magnesium. The results show that based on WQI, without treatment, roughly 5% of groundwater in the studied area is unsuitable for human consumption, while 13.3% is very poor and 40% is poor quality water. Approximately 40% of the assessed groundwater has good quality and could be used as drinking water for future development. Groundwater in some areas shows evidence of pollution and high dissolved solids content, rendering these sources unsuitable for either drinking or irrigation purposes.

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Hydro-geochemical evaluation of groundwater for irrigation in the Ganges river basin areas of Bangladesh

10.21203/rs.3.rs-161359/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Md Shajedul Islam ◽

Md. Golam Mostafa

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

River Basin ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Anthropogenic Sources ◽

Total Hardness ◽

Water Type ◽

Irrigation Water Quality ◽

Ganges River ◽

The Ganges ◽

Ganges River Basin

Abstract Groundwater is a vital source of irrigation water, and it provides over 80% of the irrigated water supply in Bangladesh. The study aimed to assess the status of irrigation water of the Ganges river basin areas in the middle-west part of Bangladesh through the hydrogeochemical characterization and classification of groundwater. The study parameters were pH, EC, TDS, Ca2+, Mg2+, total hardness, Na+, K+, B, Cl−, HCO3 −, SO 42−, NO3 −, and PO43− along with irrigation water quality index (IWQindex), Na%, soluble sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium bicarbonate, magnesium adsorption ratio, permeability index, and Kelley’s ratio. The results showed that most of the water samples were acidic in the pre-monsoon and alkaline in the post-monsoon seasons, and the water type was Ca-HCO3. The significant geochemical process in the area determined was calcite and dolomite mineral dissolution, and there was no active cation exchange, and silicate weathering occurred. The statistical analyses showed that both the geogenic and anthropogenic sources were controlling the chemistry of the groundwater aquifers. Concerning irrigation water quality, the results revealed that all the quality parameters and IWQindex (32.04 to 45.39) were within the safety ranges, except for the EC and total hardness. The study results would be useful for future groundwater monitoring and management of the Ganges basin areas of Bangladesh part.

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Water hardness and its impact on arterial stiffness and carotid atherosclerotic burdens; insights from the 'Corinthia study'

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.3146 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

G Vogiatzi ◽

E Oikonomou ◽

G Lazaros ◽

M Kostakis ◽

Z Kypritidou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Carotid Artery ◽

Arterial Stiffness ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Tap Water ◽

Water Hardness ◽

Hard Water ◽

Intima Media Thickness ◽

Total Hardness ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Introduction It has been long investigated the potential role of water quality in cardiovascular health. Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the association between water hardness, arterial stiffness and atheromatic burden in carotid arteries. Design and methods Corinthia study is a cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted in subjects aged 40–99 years. Intima media thickness (IMT) was measured in the left and right common carotid artery, carotid bulb and internal carotid artery. The average of the measurements (mean IMT) and the maximum IMT were determined as the representative value of carotid atherosclerosis burden. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) was used to evaluate arterial stiffness. Tap-water samples were collected from the study area, and analyzed for major, minor and trace elements, as well as pH and total hardness. Results In this analysis we included data from 1.404 participants. In subjects consuming water with a hardness above 250mg/dL, especially in those above >65 years old maximum and mean IMT was significantly increased compared to those consuming water with a hardness above 250mg/dL (1.61mm vs. 1.34mm respectively, p<0.001 and 1.15mm vs. 1.05, p=0.005 for WH ≥250mg/dL and WH <250mg/dL, respectively). Similarly, the prevalence of atheromatic plaques was higher in subjects of the first category (15,2% vs. 7,6%, p=0.004). No differences emerged for the arterial stiffness in the individual subgroups. statistically significant correlation was revealed (p=0.004). Conclusions There seem to be a negative association between extra hard water and carotid atheromatic burden highlighting the possible impact of water quality in cardiovascular health. FUNDunding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None. Table 1

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Acidification in 50 Norwegian Lakes

Hydrology Research ◽

10.2166/nh.1980.0003 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 25-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jan Økland

Keyword(s):

Surface Water ◽

Neutral Point ◽

Hydrogen Ion ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Total Hardness ◽

Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽

South Eastern ◽

Total Material ◽

Significant Change ◽

Eastern Norway

In 50 lakes in south-eastern Norway hydrogen-ion concentration (pH) and total hardness (°dH) were measured in surface water in the 1950's and then once again 10 years later. Significant acidification was observed. In the total material average pH dropped from 7.0 to 6.8. The lakes were grouped into a low-total-hardness (0-l°dH) and a high-total-hardness group (>l°dH). [l°dH = 10 mg »CaO«/l]. In the low-total-hardness group average pH had dropped from 6.6 to 6.3 and the average H+ concentration increased with 4.33. 10−7 mol/1. In the high-total-hardness group significant acidification could hardly be traced. The data confirm previous observations that also lakes which in previous years had pH close to the neutral point have become acidified. Total hardness showed no significant change. Acidification seems to occur most frequently in lakes with total hardness ⩽l°dH. Such lakes are present all over Norway and are dominant in many areas.

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Toxicity of Cadmium to Goldfish, Carassius auratus, in Hard and Soft Water

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f78-005 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 35-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

L. S. McCarty ◽

J. A. C. Henry ◽

A. H. Houston

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Carassius Auratus ◽

Cadmium Toxicity ◽

Cadmium Concentration ◽

Hard Water ◽

Soft Water ◽

Total Alkalinity ◽

Total Hardness ◽

Cumulative Mortality ◽

Goldfish Carassius Auratus

Variations in cadmium form and concentration and in selected water quality parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, total hardness, total alkalinity, conductivity) were monitored during static bioassays conducted with relatively soft (~ 20 mg/L as CaCO3) and hard (~ 140 mg/L as CaCO3) waters. Cadmium concentrations were reasonably stable in soft water, and with the exception of total hardness, water quality was not greatly altered during assay. Cumulative mortality curves were of a simple sigmoidal type and readily analyzed by conventional procedures. LC50 values of 2.76, 2.13, and 1.78 mg Cd/L were estimated on the basis of 48-, 96-, and 240-h periods of observation. During hard-water trials there were transient increases in the amount of particulate cadmium present and sharp decreases in total cadmium levels. Several parameters (pH, total alkalinity, conductivity) exhibited transient and/or sustained variations of a cadmium concentration-dependent type. Mortality curves were typically biphasic. The extent of first-phase mortality was significantly correlated with the magnitude of the initial pH decline and the amount of cadmium present in centrifugable form. Conventional procedures did not result in rectification of 240-h cumulative mortality curves, and the 240-h LC50 value (40.2 mg Cd/L) is considered to be inherently less precise than those obtained on the basis of 48- and 96-h periods of observation (46.9, 46.8 mg Cd/L). Key words: goldfish, Carassius auratus, cadmium toxicity, hard water, soft water, mortality

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Object Based Modelling for the Irrigation Suitability using Hydrogeochemical Parameters and Land use Dynamics in the Lower Ganga

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1054978/v1 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Mohd Sayeed Ul Hasan ◽

Abhishek Kumar Rai

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Land ◽

Chloride Concentration ◽

Total Hardness ◽

Climate Data ◽

Entropy Weight ◽

Ganga Basin ◽

Irrigation Suitability ◽

The North ◽

Sodium Percent ◽

Kelly’S Ratio

Abstract The north Indian Ganga basin is one of the densely populated basins of the world. Most agricultural and industrial contaminants drained throughout the river length are likely to be accumulated in the lower part of the Ganga basin. We used ten derived irrigation suitability parameters, which are obtained from 495 sampling points locations, besides using long term climate data (GLDAS_NOAH025_M) using “Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution” (TOPSIS) model to get the irrigation suitability map. Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) using TOPSIS helps make the best choices from the available finite number of alternatives based on their ranking. The obtained entropy weight for irrigation suitability parameters such as Electrical Conductivity (Ec), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Magnesium Hardness (MH), Sodium Percent (Na%), Total Hardness (TH), Kelly’s ratio (KR), Permeability Index (PI), Chloride concentration (Cl−), Groundwater Level Fluctuation (GWLF), and lang factor (Df) are found to be 0.08, 0.14, 0.02, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.01, 0.32, 0.29 and 0.01 respectively. We find that SAR, Cl−, and GWLF controls the water quality for irrigation in the Lower Ganga basin since these parameters have relatively higher entropy weights (more than 0.10). The results obtained from the computed performance index or the closeness coefficient show that the area percent having very good, good, and very poor groundwater quality in the Lower Ganga basin is 34.67%,42.36%, and 22.97%, respectively. The LULC change pattern indicates that the percentage change of water and agricultural land was -11.96 and -0.86%, whereas an increase in the settlement area of 131.42% for the period between 2000 and 2015.

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Integrated Framework for Identification of Polluted Zones in Coastal Areas of Thiruvallur District of Tamil Nadu (India)

Indonesian Journal of Geography ◽

10.22146/ijg.28922 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 78

Author(s):

Kishan Singh Rawat

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Tamil Nadu ◽

Research Work ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

World Health ◽

Weighted Interpolation ◽

Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽

Groundwater Samples ◽

Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation ◽

Health Organization

In this research work, hydro-geochemical characteristics were determined from twenty groundwater samples and classified into water quality zones on the basis of the World Health Organization (WHO 2006) using inverse distance weighted interpolation technique. Groundwater samples were analyzed with respect to calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), HCO3, total nitrate (NO2+NO3ˉ), chloride (Cl−), sulphate (SO42−), total dissolved solids (TDS), hydrogen ion concentration (pH) and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured form groundwater samples. The water quality indices (WQI1 and NPI = WQI2) were used to categorize the water. Water Quality Index (WQI) value suggest that the 65% groundwater samples (excellent + good) are safe for drinking uses and 35% groundwater samples (very poor + poor) needs treatment before consumptive uses from WQI1. Further, NPI (WQI2), shows 40% and 60% of groundwater falls under good and poor condition respectively. The findings highlight that the groundwater of few areas requires some degree of treatment before consumptive uses.

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