Convergence of Spanish Regions, 1990-2003. A New Approach Using Stochastic Dominance Techniques

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmelo García ◽  
Ismael Ahamdanech ◽  
Mercedes Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Dominance ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Economic Convergence ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Spanish Regions ◽  
Income Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
New Statistics ◽  
Empirical Methodology

The traditional analysis of economic convergence between countries or regions is usually performed by comparing distribution means, such as per-capita income. This kind of analysis, which is intimately related to the economic welfare of a society, presents, however, only a partial approach to measuring economic convergence, given that the disparities within regions or countries are not considered. The empirical methodology used in this article complements the traditional convergence approach, introducing efficiency and inequality aspects of income distribution. Using first and second stochastic dominance, the convergence among Spanish regions from 1990 to 2003 is studied by means of two new statistics developed here. Per-capita income data taken from the Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares (EPF [the Spanish Household Budget Survey]) of 1990-1991 and the Spanish Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) of 2003 are employed to make the comparisons. We find that a divergence process is taking place in Spain between rich and poor regions

scholarly journals Faktor yang Memengaruhi Financial Satisfaction pada Masyarakat Kabupaten Pamekasan

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Dinda Arfiana Rusdini
Keyword(s):  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Financial Satisfaction ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Management Behaviour ◽  
Financial Anxiety ◽  
Income Data ◽  
Per Capita

The purpose of this research is to determine the influence of income, debt, and financial literacy on financial satisfaction through financial management behaviour as a mediating variable. This causality research using per capita income data from BPS shows that Pamekasan district has the lowest per capita income so that Pamekasan district as an object with a total sample of 193 respondents by offline questionnaire. Using SEM techniques and processed with AMOS tools, the conclusion is that only financial literacy influences financial management behaviour because of their high savings awareness. Income does not influence financial satisfaction because even their income is high enough, but they still have high debt. Debt does not affect financial satisfaction because having debt does not necessarily cause financial anxiety. Some respondents have debt and have financial satisfaction, but some do not. Financial literacy has no influence on financial satisfaction but influences financial management behaviour, and financial management behaviour has not been able to meditate because their saving behaviour is unable to increase their satisfaction

DOES FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION AFFECT ON THE CONVERGENCE OF PER CAPITA INCOME IN INDONESIA?

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-37
Author(s):  
Bonnie Permana Negara ◽  
Khoirunurrofik Khoirunurrofik
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
National Development ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Economic Convergence ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Decentralized System ◽  
Implementation Period ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Nearly two decades since 2001 Indonesia has implemented a decentralized system. The basis of decentralization implemented in Indonesia is at the regency/municipality level while fiscal decentralization is carried out fully in the area of expenditure. It is important to know whether the implementation of fiscal decentralization has an effect on national development. One indicator to determine the impact of fiscal decentralization on development is whether there is economic convergence between regions during the period of regional autonomy. Using panel data of 411 regencies and 94 municipalities in Indonesia during the implementation period of decentralization from 2001-2017, this study aims to examine indications of economic convergence between regions in Indonesia. This study uses indicators of fiscal decentralization in terms of expenditure assignment, namely regional spending on education, health, and infrastructure. Based on the test results of both static convergence and dynamic convergence testing, it was found that there was a convergence of per capita income between regency/municipality in Indonesia.

scholarly journals Relationship between Panic Buying and Per Capita Income during COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 9968
Author(s):  
Hugo T. Y. Yoshizaki ◽  
Irineu de Brito Junior ◽  
Celso Mitsuo Hino ◽  
Larrisa Limongi Aguiar ◽  
Maria Clara Rodrigues Pinheiro
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Toilet Paper ◽  
Income Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The City

Panic buying and hoarding express common human behavior in times of crisis. Early in COVID-19, as the pandemic crisis intensified, toilet paper was one of the emblematic cases of panic buying. Using a Geographic Information System (GIS) to cross official per capita income data and real toilet paper transactions obtained from groceries spread around the city of São Paulo (Brazil), this study compares sales levels during the period in which panic purchases took place to the sales levels off that period. As expected, that data disclose noticeable panic buying. Regression analysis reveals that there is a significant positive correlation between average income per capita and panic buying. The results also indicate that panic buying happens in every income class, including low-income ones and contribute to enhancing the understanding of demand behavior during periods of crisis.

The Problem of Agricultural Taxation in West Pakistan and an Alternative Solution: A Comment (Notes & Comments)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437
Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

In the Summer 1973 issue of the Pakistan Development Review, Mr. Mohammad Ghaffar Chaudhry [1] has dealt with two very important issues relating to the intersectoral tax equity and the intrasectoral tax equity within the agricultural sector in Pakistan. Using a simple criterion for vertical tax equity that implies that the tax rate rises with per capita income such that the ratio of revenue to income rises at the same percentage rate as per capita income, Mr. Chaudhry found that the agricultural sector is overtaxed in Pakistan. Mr. Chaudhry further found that the land tax is a regressive levy with respect to the farm size. Both findings, if valid, have important policy implications. In this note we argue that the validity of the findings on intersectoral tax equity depends on the treatment of water rate as tax rather than the price of a service provided by the Government and on the shifting assumptions regard¬ing the indirect taxes on imports and domestic production levied by the Central Government. The relevance of the findings on the intrasectoral tax burden would have been more obvious if the tax liability was related to income from land per capita.

A Successful Population Policy: Potentials and Constraints (Distinguishedl Lecture)

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4I) ◽  
pp. 411-431
Author(s):  
Hans-Rimbert Hemmer
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Per Capita

The current rapid population growth in many developing countries is the result of an historical process in the course of which mortality rates have fallen significantly but birthrates have remained constant or fallen only slightly. Whereas, in industrial countries, the drop in mortality rates, triggered by improvements in nutrition and progress in medicine and hygiene, was a reaction to economic development, which ensured that despite the concomitant growth in population no economic difficulties arose (the gross national product (GNP) grew faster than the population so that per capita income (PCI) continued to rise), the drop in mortality rates to be observed in developing countries over the last 60 years has been the result of exogenous influences: to a large degree the developing countries have imported the advances made in industrial countries in the fields of medicine and hygiene. Thus, the drop in mortality rates has not been the product of economic development; rather, it has occurred in isolation from it, thereby leading to a rise in population unaccompanied by economic growth. Growth in GNP has not kept pace with population growth: as a result, per capita income in many developing countries has stagnated or fallen. Mortality rates in developing countries are still higher than those in industrial countries, but the gap is closing appreciably. Ultimately, this gap is not due to differences in medical or hygienic know-how but to economic bottlenecks (e.g. malnutrition, access to health services)

Income-Based Poverty among Non-Farm Households in Rural Punjab

2020 ◽  
pp. 204-210
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Service Category ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Per Capita

This paper focuses upon the magnitude of income-based poverty among non-farm households in rural Punjab. Based on the primary survey, a sample of 440 rural non-farm households were taken from 44 sampled villages located in all 22 districts of Punjab.The poverty was estimated on the basis of income level. For measuring poverty, various methods/criteria (Expert Group Criteria, World Bank Method and State Per Capita Income Criterion) were used. On the basis of Expert Group Income criterion, overall, less than one-third of the persons of rural non-farm household categories are observed to be poor. On the basis, 40 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, around three-fourth of the persons of all rural non-farm household categories are falling underneath poverty line. Similarly, the occurrence of the poverty, on the basis of 50 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, showed that nearly four-fifths of the persons are considered to be poor. As per World Bank’s $ 1.90 per day, overall, less than one-fifth of rural non-farm household persons are poor. Slightly, less than one-fourth of the persons are belonging to self-employment category, while, slightly, less than one-tenth falling in-service category. On the basis of $ 3.10 per day criteria, overall, less than two-fifth persons of all rural non-farm household categories were living below the poverty line.

scholarly journals European Regional Inequalities: The Other Face of Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Celeste Perrucchini ◽  
Hiroshi Ito
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Per Capita

Empirical evidence suggests an overall convergence in terms of GDP and per capita income occurring among the European Union (EU) Member States. Nevertheless, economic inequalities have been increasing at the regional level within European Union countries. Through the review of relevant literature, this study analyzes the increasing inequalities from an economical point of view, focusing on Italy and the UK as examples. First, a general overlook of the empirical evidence of the GDP and per capita income at national and sub-national levels will be presented. Second, an explanation of the possible causes of the results will be proposed through the use of economical and sociological theories. The findings of this research might uncover the relative inefficacy of EU Cohesion policies and point towards the necessity for deeper and more thoughtful measures to continue the convergence of Member States while preserving internal equilibria. This paper ends with discussions for the future directions of the EU.

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