scholarly journals Source of Inequality in Consumption Expenditure in India: A Regression Based Inequality Decomposition Analysis

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Sabyasachi Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Dwelling Unit ◽  
Inequality Decomposition ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Total Inequality

The present paper estimates the Regression based inequality decomposition for the years 2004-05 and 2011-12.The decomposition based regression analysis finds that household size, level of education, share of workers engaged in less productive jobs (such as, casual labour and agricultural worker), regular salary earning member of a household, higher level of land possessed by the households, and households having hired dwelling unit are responsible for the maximum share of inequality in the total inequality of the average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) and predicted MPCE in the both urban and rural areas.

Household consumption expenditure and inequality: evidence from Nigerian data

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel O. Nwosu ◽  
Obed Ojonta ◽  
Anthony Orji
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Theil Index ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Inequality Decomposition ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Purpose Enhancing household consumption and reducing inequality are among the fundamental goals of many developing countries. The purpose of this study therefore is to disaggregate household consumption expenditure into food and non-food and, thus, decompose inequality into within- and between-groups. Design/methodology/approach The study adopts generalised entropy (GE) measures. Second, the study uses regression-based inequality decomposition to ascertain the determinants of inequality in food and non-food expenditure using household demographic and socioeconomic characteristics as covariates. Findings The results show that non-food expenditure is the major source of inequality in household consumption expenditure in both urban and rural areas with inequality coefficients of above 0.6 compared to about 0.4 for food expenditure. The decompositions also show that within-group inequalities for non-food and food expenditure are, respectively, 0.97 and 0.365 using the Theil index, while between-group inequalities for non-food and food are, respectively, 0.016 and 0.035. Furthermore, the regression-based inequality decompositions show that variables such as living in rural areas, household size, household dwelling and household dwelling characteristics account for the significant proportion of inequality in food and non-food expenditure. Originality/value The policy implication of the findings, among others, is that policies should focus on addressing inequality within rural and urban areas, especially with respect to non-food expenditure than in inequality existing between urban and rural areas. These non-food expenditures include expenditure in education, health, energy, accommodation, water and sanitation.

scholarly journals Food Diversification in Java

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-389
Author(s):  
Roeskani Sinaga ◽  
Manuntun Parulian Hutagaol ◽  
Sri Hartoyo ◽  
Nunung Nuryartono
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Differences in economic structure, differences in income levels, food price levels cause differences in household consumption patterns. This paper analyzes food diversification in Java. Households are grouped by income group to assess the level of food diversification of each group. Households whose income groups Q3 and Q4 have lower food diversification compared to households in groups Q1 and Q2. The study results show that the value of BI is greater than the value of MBI in both urban and rural areas. This indicates that the source of calories does not come from only one type of commodity. The increase in per capita expenditure does not increase food diversification (the dependent variable is BI) for households in groups Q1 and Q2, while it is positive for households in groups Q3 and Q4. Food prices generally affect diversification. An increase in the number of household members will reduce the level of diversification for Q1 households. In contrast, increasing the number of household members will increase food diversification for Q2, Q3 and Q4 households. The level of household diversification in urban areas is higher than in rural areas.

scholarly journals Patterns of Alcohol Consumption in the PURE Poland Cohort Study and Their Relationship with Health Problems

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4185
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Zatońska ◽  
Piotr Psikus ◽  
Alicja Basiak-Rasała ◽  
Zuzanna Stępnicka ◽  
Maria Wołyniec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Frequent Consumption ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
High Level

(1) Background: Alcohol is a leading risk factor of premature morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to investigate the patterns of alcohol consumption in the PURE Poland cohort study baseline. (2) Methods: A Polish cohort was enrolled in the baseline study in 2007–2010. The study group consisted of 2021 adult participants of urban and rural areas from the Lower Silesia voivodeship in Poland (747 men and 1274 women). (3) Results: In the overall study population, 67.3% were current drinkers, 10.3% were former drinkers, and 22.4% were abstainers. Current use of alcohol products was more prevalent in men (77.2%), people living in urban areas (73.0%), and people with a higher level of education (78.0%). The percentage of current drinkers decreased with increasing age (from 73.4% in 30- to 44-year-olds to 48.8% in participants aged 64 and more). The majority of participants (89.2%) declared a low level of alcohol intake. The chance of high level of intake of alcohol was four times higher in men than in women (OR 4.17; CI 1.64–10.6). The majority of participants (54.6%) declared most frequent consumption of low-alcohol drinks (beer, wine) and 21% declared most frequent consumption of spirits. Current drinkers had almost 1.5-fold higher odds of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) than never drinkers (OR 1.49, CI 1.03–2.17; OR 1.66, CI 1.27–2.18, respectively). Former drinkers had higher odds for hypertension and CVD than never drinkers (1.73, CI 1.05–2.85; OR 1.76, CI 1.22–2.53, respectively). (4) Conclusions: In our cohort study, we observed several socio-demographic factors differentiating the patterns of alcohol consumption. The preventive programs should focus predominantly on men, people aged <45 years, and those with a higher level of education.

scholarly journals Decomposing Urban-rural Differences in Multimorbidity Among Older Adults in India: A Study Based on Lasi Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shekhar Chauhan ◽  
Shobhit Srivast ◽  
Pradeep Kumar ◽  
Ratna Patel
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Ageing Study ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background: Multimorbidity is defined as the co-occurrence of two or more than two diseases in the same person. With rising longevity, multimorbidity has become a prominent concern among the older population. Evidence from both developed and developing countries shows that older people are at much higher risk of multimorbidity, however, urban-rural differential remained scarce. Therefore, this study examines urban-rural differential in multimorbidity among older adults by decomposing the risk factors of multimorbidity and identifying the covariates that contributed to the change in multimorbidity.Methods: The study utilized information from 31,464 older adults (rural-20,725 and urban-10,739) aged 60 years and above from the recent release of the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) wave 1 data. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate decomposition analysis techniques were used.Results: Overall, significant urban-rural differences were found in the prevalence of multimorbidity among older adults (difference: 16.3; p<0.001). Moreover, obese/overweight and high-risk waist circumference were found to narrow the difference in the prevalence of multimorbidity among older adults between urban and rural areas by 8% and 9.1%, respectively.Conclusion: There is a need to substantially increase the public sector investment in healthcare to address the multimorbidity among older adults, more so in urban areas, without compromising the needs of older adults in rural areas.

scholarly journals Changing Food Consumption and Nutrition Intake in Kazakhstan

Nutrients ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 326
Author(s):  
Mengmeng Jia ◽  
Lin Zhen ◽  
Yu Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Temporal Perspective ◽  
Nutrition Intake ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Food resource is an important bond that connects human beings and nature. In this study, we investigated the changes in food consumption and nutrition intake in Kazakhstan from a spatial and temporal perspective, from 2001 to 2018. The data were obtained from the Bureau of Statistics, international organizations and our social interview work. After the start of the 21st century, it was found that per capita food consumption significantly increased; however, the consumption of crop, vegetables and milk decreased. Per capita meat consumption was similar in both urban and rural areas. However, some food consumption showed differences between urban and rural areas. Changes of food consumption quantity and structure also had some effects on nutrient intake and the proportion of nutrients. Per capita energy intake in the national, urban and rural areas all increased remarkably. The energy intake changes in eastern states increased much more than that in western states. Protein intake in rural and urban areas was similar; however, the gap between carbohydrates and fat intake in urban and rural areas increased. The intake of protein, carbohydrates and fat in different states showed the same trend. Food consumption and nutrition intake are affected by economic, social and ecological factors.

scholarly journals Right to Education Act: Universalisation or Entrenched Exclusion?

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhay Kumar ◽  
Sudheer Kumar Shukla ◽  
Mary Panmei ◽  
Vir Narayan
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Education ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Right To Education ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Education Act ◽  
The Government

Right to Education (RTE) Act is intended to provide free and compulsory elementary education to all children aged 6–14 years. This article examines key constituents of elementary education in view of the RTE Act such as current attendance rate, types of institutions, medium of instruction, neighbourhood schools, Monthly per capita expenditure on elementary education (MPCEE)and incentives during pre- and post-RTE period using National Sample Survey Organisation’s 64th (2007–2008) and 71st (2014) round of unit level data. The result shows that far from the universalisation, exclusion is getting entrenched across gender, sector, and socio-religious and economic groups. Female children, children from deprived socio-religious groups, rural areas and from the bottom MPCE quintile have not only fared lower in most of the studied parameters during the pre-RTE period, but the gap from their counterpart has widened immensely during the post-RTE period. Free education has declined and monthly per capita expenditure on elementary education has increased sharply. Children are moving out of the government to private schools. The findings raise serious questions on the intention of the government to fulfil its mandate under RTE.

scholarly journals Dynamic Analysis and Prediction of Food Nitrogen Footprint of Urban and Rural Residents in Shanghai

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1760
Author(s):  
Yuling Xia ◽  
Chengsong Liao ◽  
Dianming Wu ◽  
Yanzhuo Liu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Urban And Rural Residents ◽  
Total Food ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
N Management

The food nitrogen (N) footprint reflects the amount of reactive N emission and its impact on the environment as a result of food production and consumption to satisfy the basic food demands of an urban population. The N-Calculator model was used to estimate the food N footprint and its dynamic changes in Shanghai from 2000 to 2017, and the auto regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time series model was used to predict the food N footprint in Shanghai from 2018 to 2027. The results show that the food N footprint was higher in urban areas (15.3–18.8 kg N/capita/yr) than rural areas (12.6–17.4 kg N/capita/yr) of Shanghai from 2000 to 2017. The change in the food N footprint was consistent with changes in food consumption in urban and rural areas, and the total food N footprint of urban and rural residents was positively correlated with the per capita disposable income and population whereas it was negatively correlated with the Engel’s Coefficient and price index. It was predicted that the per capita food N footprint will gradually decrease in 2018–2027 in urban areas of Shanghai, but it will generally increase in the rural areas. This study will help to initiate policy interventions for sustainable N management and contribute to the achievement of key sustainable development goals (SDGs).

scholarly journals The Dynamics of the Housing Construction in the Republics of the USSR in the 1920s-1980s

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-595
Author(s):  
Igor Pilipenko
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Housing Tenure ◽  
Housing Construction ◽  
Individual Housing ◽  
The People ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Despite 30 years of market reforms, the main difference between the housing sector in Russia and other post-socialist countries and that of the advanced Western nations lies in housing tenure distribution. In the former states, outright homeowners with property mainly built in the planned economy dominate the market. At the same time, in the latter countries, the majority of households pay rent or take out a mortgage (these types of households account for three-quarters of households in the USA and on average almost two-thirds of households in Western and Northern European nations). This article examines the evolution of main indicators of housing construction in the USSR as well as in the 15 Union republics from 1918 to 1990. The research rests upon a database composed by the author from more than 120 official statistical sources at the national and Republics' level. This work covers not only state housing construction but also individual housing construction as well as housing construction cooperatives in the USSR republics, which the post-Soviet and foreign scholarly literature have often neglected. We identify the main stages of housing construction in the USSR and analyze the data on housing completions in urban and rural areas, the evolution of the housing stock, flats and houses built, and the statistics on the people in the Union Republics who improved their living conditions. The time series collected and per capita indicators across the 15 republics of the USSR calculated by the author, reveal quite synchronized development of their housing sectors. Nevertheless, the three Baltic republics were leaders in many per capita indicators, whereas the RSFSR, the Kazakh, Byelorussian and Armenian SSR stood out in terms of housing completions and share of people who improved their living conditions. At the same time, the Georgian, Ukrainian and Moldavian SSR excelled in floor area per person.

scholarly journals Influences of Proximate Determinates on Fertility Among Urban and Rural Women in Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
Muhammad Mahmudul Hasan ◽  
Mirajul Islam ◽  
Md Saifullah Sakib ◽  
Md Iqramul Haq
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Period Increase ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Interaction Factor ◽  
Proximate Determinants ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Bangladesh has met a lot of challenges in recent decades. The remarkable decline in fertility is one of the major challenges faced by this country. The rate of fertility in rural areas is still higher than urban areas. The proximate determinants of fertility which influence fertility directly are analyzed in this study for urban and rural areas separately as well as the study quantify the decomposition of the differences in total fertility rate (TFR) in residence during 1993-94 to 2014. The effectiveness of contraceptive use is found to be the most important factor for declining fertility. The result revealed that the index of contraception shows a declining trend, indicating an increasingly inhibiting effect on fertility in both urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. The inhibition effect of postpartum infecundability decreases with increase in urbanization. The decomposition analysis shows that fertility decline has been occurred due to delay marriage, increase of contraception practice, shortening of postpartum infecundability period, increase proportion in induced abortion and the interaction factor. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 66(1): 49-54, 2018 (January)

scholarly journals Dampak Modal Sosial terhadap Kesejahteraan Rumah Tangga Perdesaan di Indonesia

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Ahmadriswan Nasution ◽  
Ernan Rustiadi ◽  
Bambang Juanda ◽  
Setia Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Sport Activity ◽  
Household Expenditure ◽  
Social Organizations ◽  
Community Activities ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

This paper investigates the impact of instrumented aggregate social capital on welfare (proxy with per capita household expenditure) among rural households in Indonesia. The research has found three instrumental variable, including participation of household in religious activity, participation of household in  sport activity,  and the number of social organizations in rural areas to solve the endogeneity problem. Using a model two stage least squares (2SLS), the study focus on the issue whether ownership of the aggregate social capital help household to increase per capita expenditure. The result indicates that aggregate social capital affects the welfare status positively and significantly. Further, the results show that the estimate of the instrumented aggregate social capital from the 2SLS model is higher than OLS model. To enhance social capital and increase welfare, we suggest government agencies should facilitate the participation of households in community activities and increase the number and activities of social organizations in rural areas.  

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