scholarly journals Towards Reliable and Responsible Atrocities-Policing

Refuge ◽  
1999 ◽  
pp. 15-18
Author(s):  
Peter Penz
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Reform ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Historical Contingency ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
The Past ◽  
Responsible Manner

As Rwanda and Yugoslavia indicate, atrocities policing ("humanitarian intervention") is, in our currentglobal polity, unreliable and carried out crudely. This becomes apparent when it is compared with domestic policing. It is the result of the system of sovereign states, into which atrocities policing does not readily fit. Even innovation to accommodate it leads to the haphazard interventions we have seen in this decade. But the sovereign state system, which developed in Europe in the context of a particular historical contingency and was then endowed to the rest of the world through decolonization, is not the only possible way of organizing the global polity. Thus, the author offers as an alternative the concept of a democratic global federation in which atrocities policing - including preventative policing - can be conducted in a much more reliable and responsible manner. While such a global political organization may seem utopian, in the long term it is not, given how radical change has been in the past century and can he expected to he in the next one. Moreover, it provides direction to current institutional reform and adds to current decisions about atrocities policing the issue of the longer-term consequences for global practices and institutions.

Political Science in the International Field

1923 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pitman B. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Inductive Method ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
State Organization ◽  
Speculative Thought

Political science, like all other branches of social science, has, in the past century, become increasingly inductive in method. Attempts to deduce conclusions regarding the details of political organization and practice by speculative thought concerning the nature of man, of liberty, of authority, of society, and so on, have now largely ceased. In their place we have efforts to collect as much data as possible concerning actual forms of state organization and governmental methods, and efforts to analyze that data and discover therein the main lines of causation and the fundamental principles of politics.This is all a matter of common knowledge. It is, moreover, a change which most of us regard with approval. The reason for calling attention to it here, therefore, is principally to point out its effect upon the study of the international field by political scientists.There are several consequences which flow from the placing of political science upon the basis of inductive method. The consequence of which we think most frequently is that of rendering our conclusions more certain and secure, and of reducing as much as possible the element of subjective personal judgment therein.

A third theory: inventive negotiation

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-710
Author(s):  
John L. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Past Century ◽  
American Business ◽  
Law Schools ◽  
Integrative Bargaining ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Creative Processes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Group Diversity ◽  
Commercial Relationships

Purpose This paper aims to offer a new theory of “inventive negotiation” as a useful alternative to the outdated thinking of the past century. Design/methodology/approach The literature is reviewed, and a series of stories is used to bolster a new understanding. Findings The paper is a critique of the theory of integrative bargaining, arguing that it often limits the creative processes that produce long-term relationships with customers. This paper introduces a third theory of negotiation, something the author calls inventive negotiation. Originality/value The primary lesson of negotiation courses in American business and law schools suggests a narrow focus on reaching agreements while paying little attention to implementation and the paramount importance of maintaining ongoing commercial relationships. This paper introduces a third theory of negotiation, something the authors call inventive negotiation. It places emphasis on long-term, trusting commercial relationships as the key outcome of negotiation. The theory also posits negotiation as a creative process wherein innovations processes can play a central role. For example, both group diversity and facilitators can aid in producing creative agreements along the way toward mutually profitable business relationships.

A Century of Economic Development in Taiwan

1998 ◽  
Vol 01 (03) ◽  
pp. 369-381
Author(s):  
Jong-Shong Lin ◽  
Stewart K. C. Leung ◽  
David M. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Foreign Reserves ◽  
Technological Infrastructure ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dark Ages ◽  
Domestic Savings

This paper provides a brief summary of Taiwan's economic development in the past century in three broad stages: colonial foundations (1895-1940), dark ages (1941-1960), and reforms to miracle (1961-1994) .The historic perspective adopted here clearly indicates the strength and weakness of an export-led economy built on low-tech manufacturing. Though domestic savings and foreign reserves are high, Taiwan is short of an updated technological infrastructure and an effective financial system. Corporate strength is also rare. With a well-defined government policy allowing appropriate funds to be channeled to long-term finance to reinforce industrial banking, it is conceivable that the economy can be revitalized. Because success in industrial banking depends on initiative, efficiency and fair distribution of capital, it is imperative that a strategy of such significance be implemented by the private sector.

Social Democracy Then and Now

2002 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Page
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Democracy ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Social Democratic ◽  
The Past ◽  
Constant Feature

C.A.R. Crosland (1956) The Future of Socialism, Jonathan Cape, London.Donald Sassoon (1997), One Hundred Years of Socialism, HarperCollins London. (First published by I.B.Tauris in 1996).John Callaghan (2000), The Retreat of Social Democracy, Manchester University Press, Manchester.Between them these three books provide an excellent overview of the theory and practice of social democracy as it has twisted and turned over the past century. As Sassoon reminds us in his magisterial review of the West European left, revisionism of one kind or another has been a constant feature of socialist discourse. The key question has always been whether such revisions have helped to bring about the transformation of capitalism (or, perhaps more realistically, its humanisation) or, in contrast, helped to secure its long-term survival. The first, and arguably the most controversial, revisionism of social democratic thought occurred in Germany at the end of the nineteenth century.

Politics, Institutions, and Diversified Business Groups

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Ross Schneider ◽  
Asli M. Colpan ◽  
Weihuang Wong
Keyword(s):  
Private Equity ◽  
National Level ◽  
Business Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Resource Theory ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Concentrated Ownership ◽  
The Past ◽  
Power Resource Theory

This chapter examines the effects of national level politics and institutions on the long-term evolution of diversified business groups. A central goal of this chapter is to connect the analysis of business groups to broader debates on the political economy of advanced capitalism, especially varieties of capitalism, power resource theory, legal families, and entrenchment. States (through regulations) and firms (via their corporate practices, especially concentrated ownership and cross-ownership) across much of continental Europe and Japan protected business groups by forestalling takeovers, while capital markets in liberal economies encouraged the formation of new kinds of business groups (especially private equity) by facilitating takeovers. Brief summaries of the evolution of business groups over the past century in Sweden and the United States illustrate these different dynamics in coordinated and liberal economies.

Forestry and Conservation

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Max Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
Joint Strategy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Professional Foresters ◽  
John Evelyn

Forestry and Conservation, although inherently kindred interests, have recently diverged to the point of antagonism. Why is this, and how can they be brought together again?John Evelyn, a founder of forestry, as a matter of public policy, presented it as of much wider significance than the production of timber alone. During the past century, however, a narrower and more materialist approach has prevailed, ignoring the relationship between land, men, and science, and creating conflicts between foresters and conservationists. It is probably common ground that until very recently much of the training of professional foresters has been inadequate to equip them for appreciating the broader role of forestry and for communicating with fellow interests in land-use.Conservationists equally suffer from deformations arising from their early struggles. They tend to line up in two groups—the ‘polarizers’ who are heirs of the pioneer missionary and compaigning stage, and the ‘integrators’ who are more concerned to find operators in the area of natural resources who are ready to cooperate in acceptable compromises.Many current practices in forestry unfortunately tend to repel the ‘integrators’ and to drive conservationists into adopting ‘polarizer’ attitudes. Forest managers are at last becoming aware of this problem, and to the importance of decision-making on the basis of underlying scientific principles and facts, which can enable a joint strategy to be developed between foresters and conservationists for the wise and balanced long-term use of the vast forest resource.

scholarly journals Changes of Subtropical North Pacific Radiocarbon and Correlation with Climate Variability

Radiocarbon ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen R M Druffel ◽  
S Griffin ◽  
T P Guilderson ◽  
M Kashgarian ◽  
J Southon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Physical Mechanism ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
North Pacific Gyre ◽  
The North Pacific

We show that high-precision radiocarbon (Δ14C) measurements from annual bands of a Hawaiian surface coral decreased by 7‰ from AD 1893 to 1952. This decrease is coincident with the Suess Effect, which is mostly due to the dilution of natural levels of 14C by 14C-free fossil fuel CO2. This decrease is equal to that expected in surface waters of the subtropical gyres, and indicates that the surface waters of the North Pacific were in steady state with respect to long term mixing of CO2 during the past century. Correlation between Δ14C and North Pacific gyre sea surface temperatures indicates that vertical mixing local to Hawaii and the North Pacific gyre as a whole is the likely physical mechanism to result in variable Δ14C. Prior to 1920, this correlation starts to break down; this may be related to the non-correlation between biennial Δ14C values in corals from the southwest Pacific and El Niño events observed during this period as well.

scholarly journals Walking spaces: Changing pedestrian practices in Britain since c. 1850

2020 ◽  
pp. 002252662094055
Author(s):  
Colin Pooley
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Motorised Transport ◽  
Sheer Number ◽  
Over Time

Walking is one of the most sustainable and healthy forms of everyday travel over short distances, but pedestrianism has declined substantially in almost all countries over the past century. This paper uses a combination of personal testimonies and government reports to examine how the spaces through which people travel have changed over time, to chart the impacts that such changes have had on pedestrian mobility and to consider the shifts that are necessary to revitalise walking as a common form of everyday travel. In the nineteenth century, most urban spaces were not especially conducive to walking, but many people did walk as they had little alternative and the sheer number of pedestrians meant that they could dominate urban space. In the twentieth century, successive planning decisions have reshaped cities making walking appear both harder and riskier. Motorised transport has been normalised and pedestrianism marginalised. Only radical change will reverse this.

Potential long-term consequences of school closures: Lessons from the 2013-2016 Ebola pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Dropout Rate ◽  
Past Century ◽  
School Closures ◽  
The Past ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sustainable Planning ◽  
Multiple Indicator ◽  
To Come

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has seen an unprecedented shutdown of society. Nearly 1.725 billion children across the globe have been affected as over 95% of countries closed schools as the virus spread in April 2020. Much attention has been given to school closures as non-pharmaceutical mitigation tools to stem the spread of the disease through ensuring social distancing. Within education, focus has been given to keep students connected through remote learning and the immediate needs of schools upon reopening. This study takes a longer-term view. Using Demographic Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys from before and after the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak in Guinea and Sierra Leone, this study examines changes in enrolment and dropout patterns, with targeted consideration given to traditionally marginalized groups. With schools closed for seven and nine months in the two countries, the length and intensity of the Ebola pandemic is the only health crises in the past century to come close to the school closures being experienced in 2020. Findings suggest that youth in the poorest households see the largest increase in dropout rates post-Ebola and that this impact can persist for years. Two years after being declared Ebola-free an additional 22,000 of the poorest secondary age youth remained out of school than would have been expected based on the pre-outbreak dropout rate. To halt the likely expansion in inequality post-pandemic, these results point to the need for longer term, sustainable planning that includes comprehensive financial support packages to groups most likely to be impacted.

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