scholarly journals The Romanian Version of Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire 12 for Chronic Otitis Media. The Socio-Economic Status Impact Significance

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 2455-2463
Author(s):  
ALMA AURELIA MANIU ◽  
◽  
CRISTIAN FLETAN ◽  
VLAD ANDREI BUDU ◽  
VIOLETA NECULA
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Chronic Otitis Media ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
P Value ◽  
Life Questionnaire ◽  
Cross Sectional

Objective: Our primary objective was to translate and validate Chronic Otitis Media (COM) Questionnaire-12 (COMQ-12) in Romanian. The secondary objective was to investigate the effect of the socioeconomic status on the preoperative COMQ-12 scores in individuals with a similar stage of disease. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Patients diagnosed with different stages of (COM) with cholesteatoma, scheduled for the first surgery, filled in the Romanian translated version of the COMQ-12. The patients were divided according to the stage of the disease and the environment of origin: rural versus urban areas. Results: The internal consistency of the Romanian COMQ-12 proved excellent, with a Cronbach’s alpha equal to 0.959. The correlation of the 24 randomly split-half reliability analysis varied from 0.904 to 0.917, with a mean of 0.908. Significantly higher COMQ-12 scores are obtained by patients from urban (mean = 42.14, SD =9.04) as compared to those from rural (mean = 30.44, SD = 5.88) only for those with stage III disease (P-value=0.0292). Conclusions: Romanian version of COMQ-12 proved to be a valid instrument that can be use in clinical practice to provide suitable information in COM patients, which contributes to the development of an international common otology dataset. Patients from rural areas tend to disregard their symptoms, being more predisposed to potential complications related to COM rather than urban patients at the same stage of the disease.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Soil Transmitted Helminthes (STH) Infection among Children Aged 2-17 Years in Urban and Rural Areas of Dhaka District in Bangladesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sultana Shahana Banu ◽  
Be-Nazir Ahmed ◽  
Shamim Jubayer ◽  
Sultana Gulshana Banu ◽  
Khorsed Ara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Double Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Study

A multi-staged cross sectional study was conducted among children aged 2 -17 years to assess the level of soil transmitted helminthes (ST H) infections and its relation to socio-demographic characteristics among them. Two thousand children were randomly selected from two rural and four different communities of urban areas of Dhaka district since November 2009 to June 2010. Four different communities classified as higher, medium, poorer and slum/ low socio-economic groups from urban areas were selected on the basis of their place of residence with different socio-economic status. Urban study subjects were again sub grouped into upper (higher and medium socio-economic) and lower (poorer and slum/low socio-economic) classes. Stool specimens of the respondents were collected and tested at the Parasitology department of I E DCR , using the Kato-katz faecal technique for identification of helminthes eggs following their morphology (A. lumbricoides, Ttrichiura, and A. duodenale), and larval stage (S. stercoralis). About 32.15% study population harbored at least one of the four helminthes species. Baseline prevalence of infections and mean parasite loads for Ascaris lumbricoides were 40.61% and 600.80 e/g, for Trichuris trichiura 30.42% and 206.11e/g, and for A. duodenale 6.80% and 78.75 e/g. Three children (0.49%) were positive for Strongyloides stercoralis. Single infection of 78.32 % and double infection of 21.68 % were recorded. Single infection of A. lumbricoides (40.61%) and T trichiura (30.42%) and double infection of A. lumbricoides - T trichiura (18.61%) were more prevalent. T he prevalence of ST H infection was 25.47 % and 38.68 % for rural and urban areas respectively (P<.001). Among urban study subjects, the distribution of ST H infection was 0.0 % in the higher (living in higher socioeconomic areas) (only 3 samples could be collected), 26.75 % in medium (living in medium socio-economic areas), 45.95 % in poorer and 50.54 % in slum/low socio-economic groups. Significantly higher number of ST H infection was observed among lower than that in upper socio-economic classes (P <.001). These results suggest that ST H infections remain a serious health problem among children in Bangladesh and need appropriate prevention and control measures.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v5i2.16933 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2011; 05 (02): 16-22

scholarly journals Decomposing inequality in catastrophic health expenditure for self-reported hypertension household in Urban Shaanxi, China from 2008 to 2013: two waves’ cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. e023033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yafei Si ◽  
Zhongliang Zhou ◽  
Min Su ◽  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Xin Lan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional

ObjectiveDespite the latest wave of China’s healthcare reform initiated in 2009 has achieved unprecedented progress in rural areas, little is known for specific vulnerable groups’ catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) in urban China. This study aims to estimate the trend of incidence, intensity and inequality of CHE in hypertension households (households with one or more than one hypertension patient) in urban Shaanxi, China from 2008 to 2013.MethodsBased on the fourth and the fifth National Health Service Surveys of Shaanxi, we identified 460 and 1289 households with hypertension in 2008 and 2013, respectively for our analysis. We classified hypertension households into two groups: simplex households (with hypertension only) and mixed households (with hypertension plus other non-communicable diseases). CHE would be identified if out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure was equal to or higher than 40% of a household’s capacity to pay. Concentration index and its decomposition based on Probit regressions were employed to measure the income-related inequality of CHE.ResultsWe find that CHE occurred in 11.2% of the simplex households and 22.1% of the mixed households in 2008, and the 21.5% of the simplex households and the 46.9% of mixed households incurred CHE in 2013. Furthermore, there were strong pro-poor inequalities in CHE in the simplex households (−0.279 and −0.283) and mixed households (−0.362 and −0.262) both in 2008 and 2013. The majority of observed inequalities in CHE could be associated with household economic status, household head’s health status and having elderly members.ConclusionWe find a sharp increase of CHE occurrence and the sustained strong pro-poor inequalities for simplex and mixed households in urban Shaanxi Province of China from 2008 to 2013. Our study suggests that more concerns are needed for the vulnerable groups such as hypertension households in urban areas of China.

scholarly journals Association between Smoking and Academic Performance among Under-Graduate Students of Pakistan, A Cross-Sectional Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sana Ullah ◽  
Siham Sikander ◽  
Mudassar Mushtaq Jawad Abbasi ◽  
Syed Aftab Rahim ◽  
Babar Hayat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Self Report ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Prevalence of smoking is on the rise and its harmful effects on every organ of body are well known. Smoking is a growing concern due to adverse effects on health, its association with academic performance is not well studied. Objectives This study aims to assess the prevalence of smoking among undergraduate students of age 18-24 years in a public sector university of Islamabad, association between smoking and academic performance and also to assess the reasons of smoking initiation among undergraduate students. Methods The study included 500 undergraduate students. A self-report structured questionnaire was used to assess smoking, dietary habits, physical activity, parent’s smoking, friend’s smoking, time spent on mobile and TV and academic performance for collection of data. Logistic regression was used for association between smoking and academic performance. Results Results of study show that 112/500 (22.4%) students were smokers among them 93/112 (34.6%) were males and 19/112 (8.2%) were females. The mean age of study participants was 21.50 years (SD: 1.72. Prevalence of smoking was higher in students belonging to rural areas 23.5% to that of urban areas 21.9%. Three major reasons of smoking initiation; 25% students stated peers and friends, 21% stated easy availability while 14% said it was fun and enjoyment they started smoking. High academic performance was found to be inversely proportional to student’s smoking; at p-value 0.000 smokers had 2.5 (1.77, 3.74) odds of lower academic performance, boys having 2.17 (1.56, 3.03) odds of lower academic performance in last semester exams. Conclusion Findings highlighted extensive cigarette smoking among undergraduate students of Islamabad. Smoking is significantly and negatively associated with academic performance.

scholarly journals Assessment of glycaemic control among self-reported cases of diabetes: an observation of a PPP model project

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 611
Author(s):  
Jagruti Prajapati ◽  
Jaydip Oza ◽  
B. B. Patel ◽  
Sunil R. Avashia
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Partnership Model ◽  
Sociodemographic Determinants ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Diabetes Outcome

Background: Sociodemographic determinants of diabetes such as age, sex and socioeconomic status play a major role in diabetes outcome. It was necessary to design a research project to address this. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of diabetes and its sociodemographic factors such as age, gender, residential area, economic status and a level of education in the project districts. Methods: The cross sectional study was carried out in the project districts named Ahmedabad, Dahod and Valsad. Urban, rural and tribal population are above 30 years of age from different districts were covered to collect data on socio economic back ground and status of diabetes. Random blood sugar was measured by glucometer and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) by the HbA1c analyzer. Results: Proportion of male and female participants were near to equal. Percentage of self reported cases of diabetes (including controlled and uncontrolled) was 14.07% in urban areas while it was 5.24% in rural areas. Pre diabetes detection rate was more in rural area. During screening 11.83% of pre diabetes cases were identified. Difference between controlled and uncontrolled diabetes among illiterate and literate groups was statistically not significant. Conclusions: This preliminary observational study included more than 51000 participants visiting primary and community health centres from three districts of Gujarat. The public private partnership model helped in systematic approach towards screening and data collection. The study reported prediabetes cases higher than global prevalence. More controlled studies are required to define the mandatory screening protocol in resource constrained settings. 

scholarly journals Prevalence Of Refractive Errors In School Going Children In Rural And Urban Areas -A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
Dr. Chimata Triveni ◽  
◽  
Dr. Tirumuru Divya ◽  
Dr. Ponna Rama Devi ◽  
Dr. N. Lakshmi Chowdary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Error ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Introduction: Visual impairment affects students’ routine schoolwork and day-to-day activities.Hence, the aim is to study the prevalence of various refractive errors and their comparison amongschool children of 5-15 years in rural and urban areas. Methods: This cross-sectional studyexamined 998 students from both rural and urban schools. After obtaining ethical clearance andinformed consent, students were examined for refractive errors. The students with the refractiveerror were given a socio-demographic questionnaire and questionnaire regarding their usage oftelevision, computer, and family history of refractive errors. A Chi-square test was used to test thestatistical significance of proportions. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant, anddata were analyzed by using coGuide software, V.1.03 Results: The prevalence of refractive errorwas found to be 6.41 %, with a prevalence of 7.61% in urban and 5.21% in rural areas. Thedifference in the type of refractive error between the study groups was found to be insignificant,with P= 0.897. Conclusion: Prevalence of refractive errors was more in urban school children thanrural. Refractive error was more prevalent in 13-15 years age group in both rural and urban schoolchildren. The most common refractive error was myopia, followed by astigmatism andhypermetropia.

scholarly journals Prevalence, patterns and socio-demographic correlates of tobacco use in Davangere taluka, Karnataka: a community-based, cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 4799
Author(s):  
Basanagouda K. Patil ◽  
Vijay S. Patil ◽  
A. Nagrajachari ◽  
D. Kiran ◽  
Sunita B. Patil
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Demographic Correlates

Background: Tobacco use is the single, largest preventable cause of death and disability worldwide. Area-specific community-based epidemiological studies on tobacco use are required to quantify the problem, identify the determinants and their distribution. The objectives were to find out the prevalence, patterns and socio-demographic correlates of tobacco use in Davangere taluka, Karnataka, India.Methods: This was a community-based, cross-sectional study of 2008 subjects (>10 years of age) in urban and rural areas of Davangere taluka, Karnataka. Interviews were conducted by using a structured, pre-tested questionnaire by house-house visits.  Results are presented using percentages, chi-square test, odds ratio and multiple logistic regression analysis.Results: The prevalence of tobacco use was 30.7%. Among urban males it was 39.5%, rural males 39.6%, rural females 26% and urban females 18.5%. Tobacco use was significantly associated with sex, locality, religion, caste, marital status, family type, occupation, and tobacco use in family or friends. There was direct relationship of tobacco use with age and inverse relationship with education and socio-economic status. Mixed tobacco use was higher in rural areas compared to urban areas. About 73.9% of 10-29 years persons had started before the age of 18 years. Among older participants there was higher frequency of consumption and duration of use.Conclusions: Tobacco use is common and it is influenced by various local socio-demographic factors. Addressing these factors and providing tobacco cessation services should be included as key strategies in tobacco control.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES IN SMOKERS AND NON-SMOKERS OF 5 YEARS DURATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. S. P. Srinivas ◽  
Dr. Kamble Ganesh
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
South India ◽  
Pulmonary Function Tests ◽  
Bronchial Carcinoma ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lung Volumes

Background:  Smoking is a common habit prevalent in both urban and rural areas of India. Cigarette smoking has extensive effects on respiratory function and is clearly implicated in the etiology of a number of respiratory diseases, particularly chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and bronchial carcinoma. An attempt has been made to study the pulmonary function tests among the smoking and non-smoking population in the urban area of Secunderabad, Telangana, South India. Objective: The primary objective of this research was to study the influence of smoking on pulmonary functions. Design: This was a cross-sectional study. Duration: One year i.e. from November 2014 to October 2015. Setting: Gandhi Hospital, Secunderabad, Telangana, South India. Participants: 80 patients attending the Medicine Out Patient Department, Gandhi Hospital. Methods: The study subjects were classified as smokers or non-smokers based on WHO suggested classification criteria. After recording detailed history, smoking index was calculated for smokers to evaluate dose-duration response relationship. Spirometry was performed to assess the pulmonary function of the subjects. The results are given as Mean ± Standard deviation and Standard error values. Comparison performed using student’s t-test for 2 groups. The P value of 0.05 or less was considered significant. Results: 57.5% of smokers were light smokers, 27.5% were moderate and 15% heavy smokers. FVC was significantly lower in smokers compared with non-smokers(p<0.05), Also this decrease was significantly higher as the no. of cigarettes smoked per day increased(p<0.05). FEF25-75% was also found to be significantly reduced in smokers compared with non-smokers. PEFR was significantly reduced in smokers and even this parameter showed a comparable fall(p<0.05) with intensity and duration of smoking. FEV1 also showed a significant decrease in smokers especially those with greater duration and amount of smoking (p<0.05). FEV1/FVC ratio showed a significant fall in smokers compared with non-smokers(p<0.05), but this fall was not so significant as the no. of cigarettes smoked per day increased(p>0.05), however like other indices FEV1/FVC showed a significant decrease(p<0.05) as the duration of smoking increased.  Conclusion: It may be concluded that smoking causes definite pulmonary function impairments, especially the obstructive type. Keywords: Lung Volumes, Lung Capacities, Comparision, Smokers, Non-Smokers.

scholarly journals Willingness and Perception of Dental Interns towards Working in Rural Areas in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia- A Cross-sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Balappa Khanagar ◽  
Khaled Mubarak Alfaran ◽  
Yaser Basher Alenazi ◽  
Abdulrahman Majed Aloqayli ◽  
Abdulmalik Hesham Alsahhaf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Population Ratio

Introduction: The shortage of dental workforces in rural areas is a major concern in Saudi Arabia, which affects the delivery of oral health care services. Although there is an improvement in the dentist to population ratio, there still a wide disparity in dentist to population ratio in rural and urban areas. Aim: To assess the perception of dental interns to work in rural areas in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and to know their willingness to serve rural population and factors associated with their decision. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 dental interns from 6 dental colleges located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia over a period of October to December 2019. Data was collected using a self-administered structured close ended questionnaire. Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis were applied to measure the association of age, gender and marital status on their responses. A p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Out of 400 participants, 58% were willing to work in rural areas. Close proximity to hometown, in need for a job, rural placement program, fees and loan forgiveness and having rural background were the most favouring factors for working in rural area, whereas unfavourable working condition, lack of transportation facilities, poor accommodation, less scope for professional development and lack of necessary infrastructure were the main factors for reluctance. The male participants, Saudi nationals, rural residents, and the one whose fathers are less educated, were more likely to work in rural areas. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study a comprehensive human resource strategy be designed by health or medical educators in order to encourage dental students to take up jobs in rural areas.

scholarly journals Acute food insecurity and short-term coping strategies of urban and rural households of Bangladesh during the lockdown period of COVID-19 pandemic of 2020: report of a cross-sectional survey

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e043365
Author(s):  
Subhasish Das ◽  
Md. Golam Rasul ◽  
Md Shabab Hossain ◽  
Ar-Rafi Khan ◽  
Md Ashraful Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Food Insecure Households

IntroductionWe conducted a cross-sectional survey to assess the extent and to identify the determinants of food insecurity and coping strategies in urban and rural households of Bangladesh during the month-long, COVID-19 lockdown period.SettingSelected urban and rural areas of Bangladesh.Participants106 urban and 106 rural households.Outcome variables and methodHousehold food insecurity status and the types of coping strategies were the outcome variables for the analyses. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were done to identify the determinants.ResultsWe found that around 90% of the households were suffering from different grades of food insecurity. Severe food insecurity was higher in urban (42%) than rural (15%) households. The rural households with mild/moderate food insecurity adopted either financial (27%) or both financial and food compromised (32%) coping strategies, but 61% of urban mild/moderate food insecure households applied both forms of coping strategies. Similarly, nearly 90% of severely food insecure households implemented both types of coping strategies. Living in poorest households was significantly associated (p value <0.05) with mild/moderate (regression coefficient, β: 15.13, 95% CI 14.43 to 15.82), and severe food insecurity (β: 16.28, 95% CI 15.58 to 16.97). The statistically significant (p <0.05) determinants of both food compromised and financial coping strategies were living in urban areas (β: 1.8, 95% CI 0.44 to 3.09), living in poorest (β: 2.7, 95% CI 1 to 4.45), poorer (β: 2.6, 95% CI 0.75 to 4.4) and even in the richer (β: 1.6, 95% CI 0.2 to 2.9) households and age of the respondent (β: 0.1, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.21).ConclusionBoth urban and rural households suffered from moderate to severe food insecurity during the month-long lockdown period in Bangladesh. But, poorest, poorer and even the richer households adopted different coping strategies that might result in long-term economic and nutritional consequences.

scholarly journals Examining the Dietary Diversity of Children in Niger

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2961
Author(s):  
Nafissatou Cisse Egbuonye ◽  
Ariun Ishdorj ◽  
E.L.J. McKyer ◽  
Rahma Mkuu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Child Factors

Malnutrition is a major public health concern in Niger. The stunting rate in children in Niger is over 50%, one of the highest in the world. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine children’s dietary diversity (CDD) and the maternal factors that impact CDD. A total of 1265 mother–child pairs were analyzed. Descriptive analysis was conducted to present maternal and child characteristics. To compare the mean scores of CDD in relation to the region, an independent sample t-test was conducted. A one-way ANOVA test was conducted to evaluate the CDD score by different age groups. A linear regression model was estimated to identify household, maternal and child factors that affect the CDD score. Our results indicate that most of the participants of our survey resided in rural areas and the majority (80.7%) of the mothers had no education. Factors such as region, children’s age, woman’s empowerment, vitamin A intake and wealth index were significant predictors of CDD (p < 0.05). The children residing in rural areas were more likely to have lower CDD scores (p < 0.05) than the children in urban areas, therefore becoming more susceptible to malnutrition.

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