On Prevention of Diarrheal Disease: Assessing the Factors of Effective Handwashing Facilities in Bangladesh

People in Bangladesh usually do not utilize handwashing facilities properly, which makes it challenging to implement hygiene practices of handwashing to reduce diarrhea and other health risks. Against this backdrop, this research attempts to assess the factors associated with Effective Handwashing Facilities (EHFs) in Bangladesh utilizing the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2019. This study utilizes descriptive statistics techniques and also bivariate and multivariable logistic regression methods by representing odd ratios to identify the relationship between associated factors and EHF in Bangladesh. The descriptive statistics show that about 74.22% of the households in Bangladesh have EHFs. Gender, education, ethnicity, male-head households, household wealth status, source of water, sanitation status, sharing toilet facility are identified as the potential determinants of EHF. As a result, we recommend that all levels of society in Bangladesh have continuous access to handwashing equipment and facilities to reduce hygiene-related illnesses especially diarrheal disease.

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ASSOCIATION OF SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS WITH DIARRHEA IN CHILDREN LESS THAN FIVE YEARS: A SECONDARY ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE INDICATOR CLUSTER SURVEY SINDH 2014

Pakistan Journal of Public Health ◽

10.32413/pjph.v7i2.39 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 85-89

Author(s):

Muhammad Irfan ◽

Syed Mustansir Hussain Zaidi ◽

Hira Fatima Waseem

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Demographic Factors ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Cluster Survey ◽

Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Multiple Indicator ◽

Mother Education ◽

Socio Demographic Factors

Background: Diarrhea founds to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality in children less than five years. Various factors are associated with diarrhea but socio-demographic factors are the main key elements, which associated with diarrhea. Methods: This study was examined association of socio-demographic factors with diarrhea in children less than five years of age of Sindh, Pakistan, using data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) conducted from January 2014 to August 2014. Data were collected for 18,108 children in whom 16,449 children had complete data of demographic variables being included in the analysis. Bivariate analysis was done using Pearson's Chi square test and multivariate analysis being done using binary logistic regression. Results: We found increased risk of diarrhea among children lives in rural areas while household wealth index quintile was also associated with diarrhea. Children in the poor, middle and fourth wealth index quintiles being at increased risk of diarrhea compared to children in the richest wealth index quintile. The highest risk of diarrhea was found for the child having mother with no education as well as children aged 12-23 months. Conclusion: Age of child, mother education and wealth index found significant with diarrhea while Male children, child aged 12-23 months, child with no mother education, child from rural areas and child from poor households found with high risk of diarrhea.

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PATTERN OF SCHOOL ABSENTEEISM IN SOME SELECTED COUNTRIES

Khulna University Studies ◽

10.53808/kus.2021.18.02.2104-ss ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Keyword(s):

Conditional Cash Transfer ◽

Rural Students ◽

Cash Transfer ◽

School Absenteeism ◽

Wealth Status ◽

Middle Income ◽

Primary Level ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ◽

Multiple Indicator

School absenteeism is treated as a barrier towards quality education. It is related to school dropout, depression, anxiety and academic performance. This study uses Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey dataset to analyze the pattern of school absenteeism in five lower middle-income countries: Bangladesh, Djibouti, Nigeria, Ukraine and Vietnam. Primary and secondary level students are considered in this study. Authors accomplish descriptive analyses to trace out the pattern of school absenteeism. This study finds that nearly one-third students in Bangladesh, about half of the students in Djibouti and more than half students in Vietnam missed at least one instructional day in a week. Additionally, more than 80 percent students in Nigeria and Ukraine missed one instructional day in a week. This study reveals that age and wealth status are negatively related to school absenteeism. Furthermore, it is evident that tendency of school absenteeism is higher among rural and primary level students. Thus, this study suggests for providing conditional cash transfer among primary level students and specific incentive for rural students to address the problem of absenteeism.

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What has poverty got to do with it? Analysis of household access to improved sanitation in Ghana

Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development ◽

10.2166/washdev.2017.101 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 129-139

Author(s):

Simon Mariwah ◽

Joshua Amo-Adjei ◽

Prisca Anima

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Qualitative Data ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ◽

Household Assets ◽

Improved Sanitation ◽

Multiple Indicator ◽

Group Interviews

This paper investigates antecedents to demand for household sanitation in Ghana. We employed a sequential, mixed-method approach, relying on the 2011 Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) and primary qualitative data generated from individual and group interviews. The aim was to ascertain the role of household assets (measured by household wealth) in access to improved sanitation in Ghana. The study found that although wealth positively influenced household ownership of improved sanitation, the effect is strongly noticed only at the pinnacle of wealth quintiles (the richest households). From the qualitative data, we find that, beyond poverty, a mix of cultural, social, political and economic nuances influenced and somehow perpetuate low access to improved sanitation in Ghanaian households. We therefore surmise that means targeting of the poor and application of social marketing of sanitation in both rural and urban areas can help trigger awareness and demand for improved sanitation in Ghana.

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A multilevel analysis of the determinants of handwashing behavior among households in Eswatini: a secondary analysis of the 2014 multiple indicator cluster survey

African Health Sciences ◽

10.4314/ahs.v20i4.58 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 1996-2006

Author(s):

Maswati S Simelane

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Mass Media ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Multilevel Logistic Regression ◽

Cluster Survey ◽

Toilet Facility ◽

Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ◽

Multiple Indicator ◽

Pit Latrine ◽

Handwashing With Soap

Introduction: Handwashing with soap has received considerable attention due to its importance in the prevention and inter- ruption of the transmission of diseases. Regardless of the positive effects of handwashing with soap, developing countries still have a low rate of handwashing. Objective: The study aimed to determine the individual, household and community-level factors associated with handwash- ing behavior among households in Eswatini. Methods: Using the Eswatini Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey conducted in 2014, a secondary analysis was done of the households surveyed. A total of 1,520 households nested in communities with complete data on handwashing practices were included in the analysis. Univariate, bivariate analysis and multivariate multilevel logistic regression were used to estab- lish the factors that were associated with handwashing behavior. Results: The prevalence of handwashing among households was 56% in 2014. Households whose heads were aged 35-54 and 55 years and older were more likely to practice handwashing (AOR=1.88, 95% CI:1.39, 2.54); and (AOR=1.77, 95% CI: 1.205, 2.62) compared to those aged 15-34 years. Households with a pit latrine or no toilet facility at all, were less likely to practice handwashing (AOR=0.24, 95% CI: 0.17, 0.35); (AOR=0.28, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.71) respectively compared to those with a flush toilet. Region of residence was a community-level variable associated with lower odds of handwashing, with those from the Hhohho (AOR=0.22, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.35) and Manzini region (AOR=0.42, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.67) compared to Lubombo region. Households from communities where access to mass media was high were more likely to practice handwashing (AOR =1.47, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.03) compared to those from communities where access to mass media was low. Conclusion: Households headed by young adults, with pit latrine or no toilet facility at all and lived in the Hhohho and Manzini regions and with low access to mass media, should be targeted for interventions aimed at improving handwashing practices. Keywords: Handwashing; factors; Eswatini; households; multilevel logistic regression.

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ENVIRONMENTAL, DEMOGRAPHIC, AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CORRELATES OF ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM PAPUA AND WEST PAPUA PROVINCES

Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia ◽

10.14203/jki.v10i1.52 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 11

Author(s):

Sri Irianti ◽

Puguh Prasetyoputra

Keyword(s):

Household Head ◽

Water Source ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Probit Regression ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ◽

Household Water ◽

West Papua ◽

Improved Sanitation ◽

Multiple Indicator

Papua and West Papua provinces are two of many lagging provinces in Indonesia in terms of access to adequate sanitation. Hence, this paper aims to reveal determinants of access to improved sanitation by investigating the environmental, demographic, and socio-economic correlation in both provinces. Data from the 2011 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) were used to determine the demographic and socio-economic correlates of households access to improved sanitation facilities. Probit regression models were fitted to the data. The results suggest that district, place or residence, type and location of household water source, household size, age of household head, education of household head, and household wealth have significant correlation with access to improved sanitation. These corroborate previous findings and more importantly, it can be used to inform policy makers in Indonesia especially in Papua and West Papua Provinces.

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Impact of Orphanhood on Underweight Prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa

Food and Nutrition Bulletin ◽

10.1177/156482650802900104 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 32-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Jonathan Rivers ◽

John Mason ◽

Eva Silvestre ◽

Stuart Gillespie ◽

Mary Mahy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Household Wealth ◽

Household Structure ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Demographic And Health Surveys ◽

Wealth Status ◽

Orphan Status ◽

Confounding Variables ◽

Multiple Indicator ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Child Nutritional Status

Background In Africa, approximately 25 million people live with HIV/AIDS and 12 million children are orphaned. Although evidence indicates that orphans risk losing opportunities for adequate education, health care, and future employment, the immediate effects of orphanhood on child nutritional status remain poorly understood. Objective This paper assesses the nutritional impact of orphanhood, with particular emphasis on taking account of various factors potentially confounding or masking these impacts. Methods Child anthropometry and orphan status were examined in 23 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and Demographic and Health Surveys throughout sub-Saharan Africa, which were subsequently merged into larger, region-specific datasets (East, West, and Southern Africa). To compare orphans and nonorphans, linear regression and probit models were developed, taking account of orphan status and type, presence of a surviving parent in the household, household structure, child age and sex, urban versus rural residence, and current wealth status. Results Few differences emerged between orphans and nonorphans in controlled and uncontrolled comparisons, regardless of orphan type, presence of surviving parent, or household structure. Age differentials did confound nutritional comparisons, although in the counterintuitive direction, with orphans (who were 8 months older on average) becoming less malnourished when age differences were taken into account. Wealth did appear to be associated with orphanhood status, although it did not significantly confound nutritional comparisons. Conclusions Orphans were not consistently more malnourished than nonorphans, even when potential confounding variables were examined. Since household wealth status is likely to change after becoming affected by HIV, ruling out wealth as a potential confounder would require more detailed, prospective studies.

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Prevalence and determinants of antenatal tetanus vaccination in Sudan: a cross-sectional analysis of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey

Tropical Medicine and Health ◽

10.1186/s41182-022-00398-4 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sagad Omer Obeid Mohamed ◽

Esraa Mohammed Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Population Sample ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Household Wealth ◽

World Health ◽

Women Of Childbearing Age ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Cluster Survey ◽

Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ◽

Multiple Indicator ◽

Tetanus Vaccination

Abstract Background Tetanus vaccination is an indispensable component of the antenatal care (ANC) and is considered one of the most effective and protective measures against tetanus deaths. However, data on antenatal tetanus vaccination in Sudan are scarce. We aimed to explore the level of antenatal tetanus vaccination and to identify the influencing factors in a nationally representative population sample. Methods We used the latest available data (2014) of the Sudan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), developed by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). We assessed the level of antenatal tetanus vaccination among women of childbearing age who gave at least one birth preceding the survey and defined adequate antenatal tetanus vaccination according to the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results The total number of women of childbearing age involved in this analysis was 5433. Most of the participants (28.6%) were 25–29 years old, and vast majority of them (73.7%) live in rural areas. The prevalence of mothers who had adequate tetanus vaccination was 60.0%. Antenatal tetanus vaccination was significantly associated with higher level of mothers’ education (AOR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.25–2.32), higher household wealth index (AOR = 1.89, 95% CI 1.41–2.54), having four or more ANC visits (AOR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.30–1.71), and living in areas with low intensity of armed conflicts (AOR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.14–1.57). Conclusions Socioeconomic status had a significant impact on adequate antenatal tetanus vaccination. The results indicate the existence of variable rates and unequal access to tetanus vaccination among women of childbearing age in Sudan.

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Fertility Determinan in Sudan: Analysis of Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, 2014

Populasi ◽

10.22146/jp.44146 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Mustafa Elnagi Elsamani Hassan ◽

Sukamdi Sukamdi ◽

Agus Joko Pitoyo

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Post Partum ◽

Great Influence ◽

High Fertility ◽

Wealth Status ◽

Targeted Interventions ◽

Cluster Survey ◽

Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ◽

Multiple Indicator ◽

Nationally Representative

Sudan has continuously reported high fertility rates. While the influence of both underlying and proximate determinants is well documented in various studies worldwide, there’s a lack of recent information on their influence on fertility in Sudan. Therefore, the objective of this study to examine the levels, patterns and determinants of fertility in Sudan. The analyses were based on 2014 Sudan Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey (SMICS) data. The SMICS data is nationally representative data. The survey sampled 18,302 women across the country, collecting information on females aged 15-49 years. The analysis was based on the Bongaarts Model. Results show that post-partum infecundability has the largest effect in reducing fertility in Sudan (30.7 per cent or 4.7 birth) followed by marriage (27.5 per cent or 4.3 birth) and contraceptive (7.8 per cent or 1.2 birth). The findings of study shown also that significant differences between education, wealth, and place of residence. This means that the increase in education, especially higher education, improve the wealth status and living in urban areas seem to have a great influence toward fertility education in Sudan. Also, it agreed that there is a regional fertility differential associated with social and economic development in the different region and states. Therefore, in order to manage fertility in Sudan, policies and programmes should consider the effects of marriage, postpartum infecundity, contraception, education, and wealth on fertility. Lack of such targeted interventions, population growth will remain a challenge in Sudan.

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Predictors of health insurance enrolment and wealth-related inequality in Nepal: evidence from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2019

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050922 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. e050922

Author(s):

Umesh Prasad Bhusal ◽

Vishnu Prasad Sapkota

Keyword(s):

Health Insurance ◽

Mass Media ◽

Household Head ◽

Health Coverage ◽

Wealth Status ◽

Cluster Survey ◽

Related Inequality ◽

Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ◽

Inequality In Health ◽

Multiple Indicator

ObjectivesWe analysed predictors of health insurance enrolment in Nepal, measured wealth-related inequality and decomposed inequality into its contributing factors.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingWe used nationally representative data based on Nepal Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2019. Out of 10 958 households included in this study, 6.95% households were enroled in at least one health insurance scheme.Primary outcomemeasures health insurance (of any type) enrolment.ResultsHouseholds were more likely to have health insurance membership when household head have higher secondary education or above compared with households without formal education (adjusted OR 1.87; 95% CI: 1.32 to 2.64)). Households with mass media exposure were nearly three times more likely to get enroled into the schemes compared with their counterparts (adjusted OR 2.96; 95% CI 2.03 to 4.31). Hindus had greater odds of being enroled (adjusted OR 1.82; 95% CI 1.20 to 2.77) compared with non-Hindus. Dalits were less likely to get enroled compared with Brahmin, Chhetri and Madhesi (adjusted OR 0.66; 95% CI 0.47 to 0.94). Households from province 2, Bagmati and Sudurpaschim were less likely to have membership compared with households from province 1. Households from Richer and Richest wealth quintiles were more than two times more likely to have health insurance membership compared with households from the poorest wealth quintile. A positive concentration index 0.25 (95% CI 0.21 to 0.30; p<0.001) indicated disproportionately higher health insurance enrolment among wealthy households.ConclusionsEducation of household head, exposure to mass media, religious and ethnic background, geographical location (province) and wealth status were key predictors of health insurance enrolment in Nepal. There was a significant wealth-related inequality in health insurance affiliation. The study recommends regular monitoring of inequality in health insurance enrolment across demographic and socioeconomic groups to ensure progress towards Universal Health Coverage.

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