RELASI WONG CILIK DAN PRIYAYI DALAM PASAR, PENGAKUAN PARIYEM, DAN GADIS PANTAI (RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE GRASSROOTS (WONG CILIK) AND THE NOBLEMAN (PRIYAYI) IN PASAR, PENGAKUAN PARIYEM, AND GADIS PANTAI)

Widyaparwa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratun Untoro
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Surface Structure ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Happy Life ◽  
Grass Roots ◽  
Human Thinking ◽  
The Relationship

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkap konsep hidup bahagia orang Jawa melalui relasi antara wong cilik dan priayi dalam tiga novel Pasar, Pengakuan Pariyem, dan Gadis Pantai. Relasi-relasi ter-sebut diperoleh dengan mencari ceritheme dan mitheme berupa tindakan dan cara pandang tokoh-tokoh menggunakan model teori strukturalisme Levi-Strauss. Ceritheme dan mitheme tersebut di-gunakan untuk mencari struktur dasar (surface structure) berupa pasangan-pasangan oposisi. Hal itu untuk mengantarkan pada temuan struktur nirsadar (deep structure) berupa cara pandang atau cara berpikir manusia. Oleh karena ketiga novel tersebut merupakan novel etnografi dengan latar belakang budaya Jawa, penelitian ini menemukan model cara berpikir manusia Jawa, khususnya mengenai hubungan antara wong cilik dan priayi. Ditemukan pula bahwa derajat wong cilik dan priayi tidak memengaruhi tingkat kebahagiaan manusia Jawa.The research is aimed to reveal Javanese happy life concept through relationship between the grass-roots and the nobleman in three novels, namely Pasar, Pengakuan Pariyem and Gadis Pantai. The relations are obtained by searching ceritheme and mitheme in form of action and character point of view using the theoretical model of Levi-Strauss structuralism. Mitheme and ceritheme are used to find surface structure in form of opposition pairs. The ceritheme and mitheme even-tually lead to discovery of deep structure in the form of point of view or way of human thinking. Therefore, the three novels are a ethnographical novels with Javanese cultural background. This re-search suggests the Javanese mans model of thinking, particularly the relationship between the grassroots and the nobleman. It is also found out that the grassroot status and the nobleman status do not affect the level of Javanese mans happiness.

Do financial constraints moderate the relationship between innovation subsidies and firms' R&D investment?

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Acebo ◽  
José-Ángel Miguel-Dávila ◽  
Mariano Nieto
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Financial Constraints ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Marginal Effects ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
D Investment ◽  
Innovation Policies

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse whether the effect of innovation subsidies on firms' R&D investment varies depending on whether the firm is suffering from financial constraints.Design/methodology/approachTo address this analysis, the authors provide a theoretical model and test their hypothesis using an econometric analysis of an unbalanced panel of 3,865 innovative Spanish firms during 2010–2017. They employ the SABI database to obtain firms' financial and economic data and incorporate firms' MORE financial rating. Specifically, the authors use the GMM-SYS technique to regress and measure the marginal effects of innovation subsidies size on firms' R&D investment and the influence of firms' financial constraints.FindingsThe results of this work indicate that financial constraints negatively moderate the effect of subsidies on R&D investment; that is, those firms that receive a subsidy and suffer financial constraints invest less in R&D projects than those which also receive the subsidy and do not suffer financial constraints. Besides, this work found that innovation subsidies alone do not significantly increase firms' R&D investment.Originality/valueFrom a neoclassical point of view, the existence of financial constraints is the justification of public innovation policies. However, due to the difficulty of measuring financial constraints, innovation literature has abandoned the analysis of this crucial variable. This work reintroduces this vital variable and analyses how it interacts with innovation subsidies on firms' R&D investment.

scholarly journals THE MYTHOLOGY OF KAMPUNG NAGA COMMUNITY

Al-Albab ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wahyu Iryana
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Basic Assumption ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Objective Analysis ◽  
Binary Opposition ◽  
Linguistic Model ◽  
Model Study ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

In order to gain understanding of the meaning of symbolic variants of the myth in Kampung Naga, an objective analysis is required. Therefore, this paper applied the linguistic model study offered by Levi-Strauss as a new step for the objectivity of myth interpretation. The basic assumption of Levi-Strauss’ linguistic model is that myth often display a diverse surface structure, but in fact the diversity is the description of the human deep structure. The selection of this myth was solely based on the life of the Kampung Naga community as part of Sundanese Society. The results indicated that the myth in the religious life of the Kampung Naga community contains a various stories which include the revelation, the reincarnation, and the descent of revelation. These episodes can be constructed into the structure of a Levi-Strauss linguistic model, a binary opposition, namely the mandate giver (active) the mandate recipient (passive). The relationship between the giver and the receiver is vertical (structural) called “structure of three” (regular). From the “structure of three”, the “culinary triangle” can be constructed. From the “combined triangle”, the Batara Guru will also appear to become a central event that other figures have to go through. Finally, it can be stated that the deep structure construction that still refers to the aspect of Javanese cosmology in General.

scholarly journals Levels of Representation and Semantic Interpretation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-15
Author(s):  
Howard Lasnik
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Generative Grammar ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Standard Theory ◽  
Important Concern ◽  
Sentence Form ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Syntactic Derivation ◽  
Anaphoric Relations

The nature of the relationship between sentence form and meaning has been an important concern in generative grammar from the inception of the program. Chomsky (1955) raised the question of whether transformations preserve meaning. The suggested answer was negative at that time, and the locus of interpretation was the T-marker, the entire derivational history. In the standard theory of Chomsky (1965), it was proposed, based on work of Katz, Fodor, and Postal, that Deep Structure, a level newly proposed in that work, is the locus of semantic interpretation, though it was acknowledged that quantifiers raise certain difficulties. Those difficulties, along with similar ones involving anaphoric relations, led to the Extended Standard Theory, where Deep and Surface Structure jointly input interpretation, and soon, with the advent of traces, Surface Structure alone. In subsequent models within the GB framework, the derived syntactic level of LF becomes the sole locus of interpretation. Finally, in more recent Minimalist Chomskyan work, there is argued to be no one level of LF; rather, semantic interpretation is interspersed among cyclic steps of the syntactic derivation, reminiscent of the LSLT proposal, though more restricted, and very similar to proposals of Jackendoff and Lasnik in the 1970's. I will try to sort through the motivations for these changes, focusing especially on the problem of quantifier interpretation.

Meaning and Structure

1972 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
Richard Rystrom
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Reading Acquisition ◽  
Beginning Readers ◽  
Reading Teachers ◽  
Teaching Reading ◽  
Reading Behaviors ◽  
Acquisition Process ◽  
The Relationship

Reading teachers and researchers have frequently assumed there is Some relationship between the syntactic structure of language and the reading acquisition process. Indeed, most methods for teaching reading are implicitly built upon assumptions about the interactions between language and reading behaviors. Often the findings of linguists can be used to suggest the nature of the relationship described above. Illustrated in this paper are different sentences which can be transformed in such a way that each has the same surface structure (typographic appearance) as the others, but which do not have the same meanings (deep structure). The paper illustrates why sentences which have various different meanings implicit in their syntactic structure would be difficult for beginning readers to understand.

scholarly journals Efektifitas Papan Petunjuk Berbahasa Arab

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Zaqiatul Mardiah ◽  
Ulfa Ana Maria
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Word Choice ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
The Difference ◽  
A Minor

<p><em>Abstrak</em><strong> – Saat ini,  <em>signage</em>-<em>signage</em> di Indonesia, terutama di bandara ditulis dalam empat bahasa, yaitu bahasa Indonesia, bahasa Inggris, bahasa Mandarin, dan bahasa Arab.  Fenomena penambahan bahasa Arab pada <em>signage</em> adalah sesuatu yang menarik untuk diamati lebih jauh, mengingat ada cukup banyak wisatawan yang berasal dari negeri Arab yang datang ke Indonesia. Penelitian ini diupayakan untuk dapat menjawab seputar penggunaan bahasa Arab pada papan petunjuk itu, antara lain; mengkaji keberterimaan penggunaan bahasa Arab tersebut oleh para wisatawan baik dari segi diksi, maupun kaidah gramatikalnya, dan mendeskripsikan aspek sintak-semantis bahasa Arab pada papan petunjuk itu. Melalui pendekatan kualitatif dan metode analisis yang deskrptif, diperoleh hasil yang menyatakan bahwa <em>signage</em> yang berupa kata atau frasa, pada tataran struktur lahir (<em>surface structure</em>) adalah sebuah kalimat minor yang unsur subjeknya dilesapkan guna efisiensi dan efektifitas, serta readibilitas sebuah <em>signage</em>. Kalimat yang lengkap, yang ada unsur subjek dan predikatnya justru muncul pada struktur batin (<em>deep structure</em>)nya. Unsur subjek yang dilesapkan tersebut adalah pronomina demonstrativa. Pada <em>signage</em> yang berupa kalimat, jika ditinjau dari struktur lahir dan struktur batin, tidak mengalami perbedaan seperti pada <em>signage</em> kata atau frasa. Dari sudut pandang semantis, makna yang muncul pada setiap <em>signage</em> adalah makna denotatif,  Adapun dari  analisis kesalahan penulisan dan ketepatan pemilihan kata, diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa sebagian <em>signage</em> sudah benar penulisannya dan sudah tepat pilihan katanya. Namun, ada sebuah kesalahan gramatika dan pemilihan diksi, yang ditemukan pada <em>signage</em> 2; dan ada pula penyampaian sebuah bentuk larangan yang menurut responden kurang tepat secara kultural.</strong></p><p><em>Abstract</em><strong> – </strong><strong>Nowadays, <em>signage</em>-<em>signage</em> in Indonesia, especially in airports is written in four languages, namely Indonesian, English, Chinese, and Arabic. The phenomenon of the addition of Arabic on the <em>signage</em> is something that is interesting to observe further, considering there are quite a lot of tourists from Arab countries who came to Indonesia. This study attempted to answer about the use of Arabic on the user board,</strong><strong> include</strong><strong>; assess the acceptability of the use of the Arabic language by the tourists both in terms of diction, as well as grammatical rules, and describes the syntax-semantic aspects of Arabic on the user board. Through qualitative approach and descriptive analysis method, obtained results stating that the <em>signage</em> in the form of words or phrases, at the level of the surface structure</strong><strong> </strong><strong>is a minor sentence elements omitted subject to the efficiency and effectiveness, as well as a <em>signage</em> readibilitas. Complete sentences, that there are elements of the subject and the predicate it appears on the inner structure (deep structure) it. Element omitted subject is a pronoun demonstrativa. On <em>signage</em> in the form of the sentence, if the terms of the surface structure</strong><strong> </strong><strong>and inner structure, do not experience the difference as the <em>signage</em> word or phrase. From the point of view of semantic, meaning that appear in any <em>signage</em> is denotative, As of the writing error analysis and accuracy of the choice of words, the conclusion that most of the <em>signage</em> is correct writing and word choice are correct. However, there is a grammatical error and selection of diction, which is found on the <em>signage</em> 2; and there is also a ban on the delivery of a form according to respondents less culturally appropriate.</strong><strong></strong></p>

scholarly journals TUTURAN ORANG KASO: TINJAUAN ETNOGRAFI KOMUNIKASI

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
R. Hery Budhiono
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ethnography Of Communication ◽  
What Is Said

Utterance is a combination between form (surface structure), meaning (deep structure) and other factors, including culture. Utterance, therefore, has semantic and pragmatic content. It is not only about what is said, but also what it implies. This research is aimed to describe a unique language situation in a certain community-The Kaso. The Kaso people have their own paradigm about language, utterance, and the meaning conveyed. They believe that an utterance is all about the sound which is heard without considering any other things behind it. The point of view of this research is ethnography of communication. What should be mastered to face this kind of community will also be the focus of this research. 

Remarks on directionality

1972 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold M. Zwicky
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Transformational Grammar ◽  
Structure Surface ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

In several recent articles the issue of directionality in transformational grammar has been treated, rather unsatisfactorily to my mind. The question is this: are the relationships among the various levels of grammatical description (semantic structure, deep structure, surface structure, phonetic structure) such that certain levels are descriptively prior to others? That is, is there an inherent ‘direction’ to the relationship between two levels of description (say deep structure and surface structure)? Recent treatments suggest that the question is pointless, or that the answer is no. I maintain that this impression results entirely from the way previous discussions have been worded, and that the issues have yet to be approached properly.

Profile Imaging of Silicon Surface Reconstructions

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 262-263
Author(s):  
O.L. Krivanek ◽  
G.J. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Surface Structure ◽  
Structure Determination ◽  
Silicon Surface ◽  
Good Resolution ◽  
Surface Reconstructions ◽  
Bulk Structure ◽  
Point To Point ◽  
The Relationship

Electron microscopy at 0.2nm point-to-point resolution, 10-10 torr specimei region vacuum and facilities for in-situ specimen cleaning presents intere; ing possibilities for surface structure determination. Three methods for examining the surfaces are available: reflection (REM), transmission (TEM) and profile imaging. Profile imaging is particularly useful because it giv good resolution perpendicular as well as parallel to the surface, and can therefore be used to determine the relationship between the surface and the bulk structure.

Hubungan Kemendagri dan Kemendes dalam Tata Desa dan Administrasi Desa

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-97
Author(s):  
Sarip Sarip ◽  
Nur Rahman ◽  
Rohadi Rohadi
Keyword(s):  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Relationship

This article aims to explore the relationship between the Ministry of Home Affairs (Kemendagri) and the Ministry of Villages (Kemendes) from theconstitutional law and state administrative law point of view.The second concerns of this research is the disharmony and problem between the two ministries.From the constitutional law point of view, it turns out that what the Ministry of Home Affairs is doing, is closer to the object of its discussion. The method used in this research is normative legal research bycomparingthe constitutional law and state administrative law to obtain clarity regarding the Ministry of Home Affairs and Ministry of Village. The result shows that the Ministry of Village approached the science of state administrative law, namely to revive or give spirits to the village. Disharmonization began to exist since the inception of the Ministry of Village. The root of disharmony itself was the improper application of constitutional foundations in the formation of the Village Law. It would be better if the government reassess the constitutional foundation for the village.

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