scholarly journals The application of organic and mineral fertilizers to increase the productivity of essential-oil crops

Author(s):  
A.I. Morozov ◽  
◽  
R.R. Tkhaganov ◽  
N.S. Tropina ◽  
V.R. Tkhaganov ◽  
...  

Essential oils obtained from aromatic plants are of great value to many industries. In traditional and alternative medicine, the peppermint essential oil of Mentha piperita and Dracocephalum moldavica is used for the production of medicinal preparations, which have immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, sedative and antispasmodic effects. The aim of the research was to study the effect of organic and mineral fertilizers Аbsolute, EcoFus, microfertilizer Siliplant and their complex on the yield and content of essential oil in Mentha piperita and Dracocephalum moldavica. We carried out the treatment in the phase of regrowth of Mentha and branching of Dracocephalum, we carried out the harvesting in the phase of budding - the beginning of flowering. We noted an intensification of growth processes: the height of Mentha piperita in the variant with EcoFus increased by 20 %, with Silipant – by 26 %, and the double treatment of Dracocephalum moldavica with a binary mixture of Absolute and Silipant increased their height by 16 % in comparison with the control. The activation of growth processed contributed to an increase in the yield of raw materials. The increase of in the grass yield of Mentha piperita in the variant with EcoFus was 21 % (0.46 t per ha) compared to the control, with Siliplant – 26 % (0.57 t per ha). The content of essential oil in Mentha piperita increased by 6-8 %, the yield of essential oil per unit area increased by 28 % and 36 %. The combined use of Аbsolute and Siliplant on the Dracocephalum moldavica provided an increase in productivity and yield of essential oil per hectare not only in comparison with the control (36 % and 45 %), but also with variants of treatment with individual preparations - 15-16 % and 18-25 %, respectively.

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-28
Author(s):  
Н.Т. Чеботарев ◽  
Н.Н. Шергина

Пахотные угодья Республики Коми в основном представлены дерново-подзолистыми почвами с низким естественным плодородием, которые без применения удобрений быстро подвергаются деградационным процессам, что резко снижает их продуктивность. Цель исследований: оценка эффективности долговременного применения органических и минеральных удобрений при выращивании картофеля в кормовом севообороте в условиях Республики Коми. Методической основой выполнения работ были комплексные исследования дерново-подзолистых почв, клубней картофеля на участках многолетнего полевого эксперимента, заложенного на землях Института агробиотехнологий ФИЦ Коми НЦ УрО РАН в соответствии с «Методическими указаниями географической сети опытов с удобрениями». Длительный период исследований (более 40 лет) характеризовался различными климатическими условиями, которые отразились на количестве урожая и качестве клубней картофеля. Было проведено 7 ротаций (14 лет) с выращиванием картофеля. Вносили органические удобрения – торфонавозный компост (ТНК) в дозах 40 и 80 т/га (1 и 2 фон, соответственно) под картофель и минеральные удобрения – NPК в дозах 1/3; 1/2 и 1 для восполнения выноса растениями элементов питания. Установлено положительное влияние комплексного применения органических и минеральных удобрений на урожайность и качество картофеля, а также на плодородие дерново-подзолистой легкосуглинистой среднеокультуренной почвы в кормовом севообороте в почвенно-климатических условиях Республики Коми. В результате применения шестипольного севооборота и комплексного внесения удобрений с 1978 года к 2019 году в почвах снизилась обменная и гидролитическая кислотность; повысилось содержание гумуса на 0,5% (в контроле); на 0,2–0,5% (с тремя дозами минеральных удобрений); на 0,3–1,1% (с ТНК); на 0,2–1,6% (при совместном применении органических и минеральных удобрений). Наибольшие урожаи картофеля получены при совместном применении органических (80 т/га) и минеральных удобрений (1 NPК) и составили 37,1 т/га клубней (8,5 тыс/га кормовых единиц). При таком соотношении удобрений показано высокое качество клубней картофеля: содержание крахмала 15,5%, витамина С – 19,4 мг%, сырого протеина – 14,1%. Количество нитратного азота не превышало ПДК (ПДК 250 мг.с.м.). Экономические расчеты показали, что при внесении ТНК 40 т/га + 1 NPК в дерново-подзолистые почвы с.-х. использования в среднетаежной зоне Республики Коми при выращивании картофеля, условный чистый доход составит 68,4 тыс. р. с 1 га, себестоимость 1 т картофеля – 2,8 тыс. р., рентабельность 188,7%. The arable land of the Republic of Komi is mainly represented by dern-sub-ground soils with low natural fertility, which without the use of fertilizers are quickly subjected to degradation processes, which dramatically reduces their productivity. The aim of the research is to evaluate the efficiency of long-term use of organic and mineral fertilizers in the growing of potatoes in feed crop rotation in the conditions of the Komi Republic. The methodological basis for carrying out the works was comprehensive studies of dern-subhead soils, potato tubers on the sites of a multi-year field experiment laid on the lands of the Institute of Agrobiotechnology of the FRC Komi SC UB RAS in accordance with the «Methodological Instructions of the Geographical Network of Experiments with Fertilizers». A long period of research (more than 40 years) was characterized by different climatic conditions, which affected the number of crops and the quality of potato tubers. There were 7 rotations (14 years) with potato cultivation. Organic fertilizers – peat-avous compost (TNK) in doses of 40 and 80 t/ha (1 and 2 background, respectively) for potatoes and mineral fertilizers – NPK in doses of 1/3; 1/2 and 1 to replenish the carry-out of food elements by plants. The positive effect of the integrated use of organic and mineral fertilizers on the yield and quality of potatoes, as well as on the fertility of soddy-podzolic light loamy medium cultivated soil in fodder crop rotation in the soil and climatic conditions of the Komi Republic, has been established. As a result of the use of six-bed crop rotation and the integrated application of fertilizers, metabolic and hydrolytic acidity decreased in soils from 1978 to 2019; humus content increased by 0.5% (in control); 0.2–0.5% (with three doses of mineral fertilizers); 0.3–1.1% (with TNCs); 0.2–1.6% (with combined use of organic and mineral fertilizers). The largest potato yields were obtained from the combined use of organic (80 t/ha) and mineral fertilizers (1 NPK) and amounted to 37.1 t/ha tubers (8.5 thousand/ha feed units). The largest potato harvests were obtained with the combined use of organic (80 t/ha) and mineral fertilizers (1 NPK) and amounted to 37.1 t/ha of tubers (8.5 thousand/ha of feed units). With this ratio of fertilizers, the high quality of potato tubers was also determined: the starch content was 15.5%, vitamin C – 19.4 mg%, crude protein – 14.1%. The amount of nitrate nitrogen did not exceed the MPC (MPC 250 mg.s.m.). Economic calculations showed that if TNK is added 40 t/ha 1 NPK to the dern-sub-ground soils of agricultural use in the medium-sized zone of the Komi Republic when growing potatoes, the conditional net income will be 68.4 thousand rubles from 1 ha, the cost of 1 t of potatoes – 2.8 thousand rubles, profitability 188.7%.


HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1165b-1165
Author(s):  
Ben H. Alkire ◽  
James E. Simon

A 500 liter (130 gallon) stainless steel steam distillation unit has been built to extract volatile essential oils from aromatic plants. A 1.5 m × 0.75 m dia. steam vessel (hydrostatically tested @ 125 psi) serves as the distillation tank. Low pressure or high pressure steam is supplied by a diesel fuel fired boiler of 10 horsepower. The steam vessel can hold peppermint from plots of 25 m2 and extract approximately 100 ml of essential oil per distillation. The size of the tub was designed to provide oil in sufficient quantity for industrial evacuation or for pesticide residue analysis. Following the distillation, the vessel can be disconnected from the cold-water condenser and rotated on swivels to a horizontal position, permitting easy removal and re-filling of plant material. The entire extraction unit (vessel, condenser, boiler and oil collector) is suitable for mounting upon a trader, making it transportable to commercial farms or research stations. The extraction of peppermint and spearmint oils using this new system will be presented.


Author(s):  
Meryem Yeşil ◽  
Mehmet Muharrem ÖZCAN

This study aimed at investigating the effect of ontogenetic and diurnal variability on yield and quality criteria of Mentha piperita. The research was conducted in the Ordu province of Turkey for two years. The trial was established in a randomised complete block design with 3 replications according to factorial regulations. Four different harvesting periods (budding, first flowering, 50% flowering, 100% flowering) and three harvesting hours (9:00 a.m., 1:00 p.m., 5:00 p.m.) were evaluated. A significant difference was determined between the trial years in all characters examined: plant height 55.9–69.0 cm, fresh herb yield 3 236–16 438 kg/ha, drug-herb yield 1 748–2 862 kg/ha, fresh leaf yield 3 477–4 506 kg/ha, drug leaf yield 968–1 253 kg/ha, essential oil ratio 2.0–2.5% and essential oil yield that varied between 19–28 L/ha. The highest yields were obtained at the beginning of flowering in drug leaf yield and 100% flowering period for all other characteristics. Diurnal variability was statistically significant only in the rate of essential oil, and the highest rate occurred in the 9:00 a.m. harvest.  


Author(s):  
N.T. Chebotarev ◽  
P.I. Konkin ◽  
A.A. Yudin ◽  
E.N. Mikusheva

Определено положительное влияние совместного применения органических и минеральных удобрений на продуктивность и качество картофеля, а также на плодородие дерново-подзолистой среднеокультуренной почвы в кормовом севообороте в условиях Республики Коми. Условный чистый доход составил 72,6 тыс. р/га, себестоимость 1 т картофеля – 2,9 тыс. р., рентабельность – 246,9%.The positive effect of the combined use of organic and mineral fertilizers on the productivity and quality of potatoes, as well as on the fertility of sod-podzolic medium-cultivated soil in the Komi Republic was determined. It is established that the optimal method of potato fertilizer in the fodder crop rotation is a complex application of organic and mineral fertilizers. At the same time, a significant yield of tubers with high quality was obtained.


2014 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 74-80
Author(s):  
O. P. Tymoshenko ◽  
O. P. Lepekha

The study of different fertilizing systems and microbial preparation Microhumin on the phytosanitary condition of spring barley crops of Hosya variety was performed in the stationary field experiment with short crop rotation (potato – barley – pea – winter wheat) on the leached black soil. Dispersion and development of root rots and rhynchosporium infection, as well as powdery mildew and dark brown blotch was investigated. The decrease in expansion of root rots and rhynchosporium infection on leaves of spring barley was observed in variants with organic fertilizers. The reduction of incidence was observed in variants with mineral fertilizers, especially at medium doses of fertilizers (N60P60K60). Microbial preparation Microhumin had contributed to the improvement of phytosanitary condition of spring barley crops at the combined use with organic and mineral fertilizers.


Author(s):  
Nilgün Göktürk Baydar ◽  
Özkan Çoban

Peppermint is one of the valuable medicinal and aromatic plants with its powerful flavour and fragrance. Its leaf and essential oil are used in cosmeceuticals, foods, pharmaceutical and personal care products. It is well known that yield and secondary metabolite biosynthesis in the medicinal and aromatic plants are strongly influenced by abiotic stresses. Salinity is also one of the most important stress factors affecting plants. This study was carried out to determine the effect of salt stress on growth, essential oil content and oil constituents in peppermint plants. For this aim, three different concentrations of sodium chloride NaCl (0, 100 and 150 mM) were applied to peppermint plants. As a result of the study it was determined that all of the investigated parameters were significantly affected by NaCl applications. Shoot length, fresh and dry weights of plants and essential oil content decreased in line with the elevating level of NaCl. Besides, NaCl also caused differences in essential oil composition. Menthol and menthone, the main components of the peppermint oil, reduced significantly when NaCl concentration rose to 150 mM. Based on the results, it may be concluded that NaCl especially at high concentrations considerably and negatively affected plant growth, essential oil content and quality of the essential oil.


Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1286
Author(s):  
Marija Sarić-Krsmanović ◽  
Ana Dragumilo ◽  
Jelena Gajić Umiljendić ◽  
Ljiljana Radivojević ◽  
Ljiljana Šantrić ◽  
...  

Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) and chamomile (Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rausch.) are aromatic plants with considerable economic value. These plants and their essential oils are used in medicine, cosmetics, and the food industry. One of the main limiting factors in peppermint and chamomile commercial cultivation is weed competition since weeds are able to decrease both oil amount and biomass yield. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of parasitism by field dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunck.) on peppermint and chamomile dry weight and their essential oil yield and composition. Essential oils from both noninfested and infested peppermint and chamomile plants were obtained by hydrodistillation and characterized chemically by gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). The amount of dry matter accumulated by peppermint and chamomile plants infested by field dodder was lower (25% and 63%, respectively) compared to noninfested plants. Essential oil yield increased for peppermint (3.87% (v/w) and 3.63% (v/w)), but decreased for chamomile (0.2% (v/w) and 0.5% (v/w)) both from infested and noninfested plants, respectively. The oil composition profile significantly differed in terms of content. In peppermint plants, field dodder infestation increased menthone content by 23%, and decreased the content of both menthol by 11% and pulegone by 67%. Furthermore, δ-cadinene was detected only in oil extracted from infested peppermint plants. Compared to peppermint, chamomile plants were significantly more affected by field dodder in terms of essential oil yield, as well as oil composition and plant dry weight. In chamomile plants, (E)-dendrolasin was detected in the oil of noninfested plants, and 1,4-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethyl)-azulen-2-ol was detected only in the oil of infested plants.


Author(s):  
N. Pryvedeniuk ◽  
T. Kutsyk ◽  
L. Hlushchenko

The impact of nutrition area on Thymus vulgaris L. accumulation of essential oils in dry raw materials (Thymiherba) was studied and described in the article. Four schemes of cultivation were chosen to be studied: 45×40 cm — 56 thousand plants/ha, 45×30 cm — 74 thousand plants/ha, 45×20 cm — 111 thousand plants/ ha, 45×10 cm — 222 thousand plants/ha. It was shown that the increase of nutrition area helped to increase the content of essential oils in dry raw materials. Dry thyme grass with the highest content of essential oil 21.3 ml/kg was obtained when variants with the largest plant nutrition area were applied (the schemes of cultivation 45×40 cm — 56 thousand plants/ha). Reduction of the nutrition area decreased the essential oil content. According to the scheme of cultivation 45×30 cm (74 thousand plants/ha) content decreased to 20.8 ml/kg, and for the minimal nutrition area 45×10 cm (222 thousand plants/ha) the content of essential oil was 18.5 ml/kg. It was confirmed that main part of the essential oil in the raw thyme is contained in leaves, flowers and small sprouts. At the same time the woody stems contain essential oil only in trace amounts. According to the cultivation scheme 45x10 cm (222 thousand plants/ha) the leaves contained 34.2 ml/kg of essential oil, when the stems only 2.1 ml/kg. When the area of plant nutrition was increased the quality of raw materials slightly improved — for the scheme of cultivation 45x30 cm (74 thousand plants/ha) leaves contained 35.9 ml/kg, stems — 2.1 ml/kg of essential oil. The content of essential oil in the leaves was the highest — 36.2 ml/kg while using the scheme with maximum researched plant nutrition area 45×40 cm (56 thousand plants / ha). The efficiency of four norms of basic mineral fertilizers application was investigated: N0P0K0, N60P60K60, N120P120K120 and N180P180K180. It was found that increasing the rate of fertilizer application increased the yield of dry raw thyme and the content of essential oil. The most effective rate of fertilizer application is N180P180K180, which provided a dry leaves yield of 2.48 t/ha with an essential oil content of 38.2 ml/ha.The results showed that with the increase of the number of plants per unit area, the share of leaves in the total mass of raw materials decreased from 52.3% to 45.1%, but due to a significant increase in plantation productivity, dry leaf yields increased. The highest productivity was recorded for the variant of cultivation schemes 45×10 cm with a planting density of 222 thousand plants/ha, where the yield of dried thyme leaves was 1.52 t/ha.


2019 ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
N. I. Kovalev ◽  
E. L. Malankina

Relevance. Meeting the needs of the pharmaceutical industry with essential oil raw materials and natural essential oils is relevant.Methods. The aim of the study is to determine the effectiveness the complex application by organomineral fertilizer EcoFys and the growth regulator Zircon on sage (Salvia officinalis L.) in conditions of Non-chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. The experimental part of the work was performed in Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in 2014-2015 by field experiments.Results. It has been established, that integrated application EcoFys and Zircon can increase yield of culture. In addition, it is shown that contain of essential oil in medicinal raw don’t increase and raising collection of essential oil provides only due to higher yield of herb. 


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