Effects of harvest stage and diurnal variability on yield and essential oil content in Mentha × piperita L.

This study aimed at investigating the effect of ontogenetic and diurnal variability on yield and quality criteria of Mentha piperita. The research was conducted in the Ordu province of Turkey for two years. The trial was established in a randomised complete block design with 3 replications according to factorial regulations. Four different harvesting periods (budding, first flowering, 50% flowering, 100% flowering) and three harvesting hours (9:00 a.m., 1:00 p.m., 5:00 p.m.) were evaluated. A significant difference was determined between the trial years in all characters examined: plant height 55.9–69.0 cm, fresh herb yield 3 236–16 438 kg/ha, drug-herb yield 1 748–2 862 kg/ha, fresh leaf yield 3 477–4 506 kg/ha, drug leaf yield 968–1 253 kg/ha, essential oil ratio 2.0–2.5% and essential oil yield that varied between 19–28 L/ha. The highest yields were obtained at the beginning of flowering in drug leaf yield and 100% flowering period for all other characteristics. Diurnal variability was statistically significant only in the rate of essential oil, and the highest rate occurred in the 9:00 a.m. harvest.

Crop water productivity and yield response of two greenhouse basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars to deficit irrigation

This two-year study aimed to determine the most appropriate irrigation scheduling and crop water productivity (CWP) of basil plant under controlled conditions in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. The experimental layout was a split-plot design with three replications. Three deficit irrigation (DI) levels (DI0: 100%, DI30: 70% and DI60: 40% of the field capacity) and two basil cultivars (Green and Purple) were applied to main and subplots, respectively. The results showed that there was a decrease in yield and an increase in CWP for fresh leaves and fresh and dry herb by decreasing the irrigation water. However, a significant difference between fresh leaves and fresh and dry herb yield of DI0 and DI30 treatment was not observed. The Green basil had higher leaves and herb yield and CWP than other cultivar. A polynomial relationship was stablished between fresh leaves yield and crop evapotranspiration, however the yield response factor (Ky) indicated a linear relationship between the relative reduction in crop evapotranspiration vs. the relative reduction in yield. The Ky values were obtained as 0.70 and 0.76 for Green and Purple basil, respectively. The results revealed that the irrigation regime of 30% water saving could insure acceptable yield of basil plant and increase in CWP, especially for the Green basil cultivar.

EVALUASI PERTUMBUHAN DAN DAYA HASIL BERBAGAI KLON NILAM ASAL KULTUR JARINGAN

<p>Pertumbuhan dan daya hasil dari berbagai klom nilam dievatuasi di KP. Cimanggu (Bogor) dari tahun 1999 - 2000. Dua puluh dua klon nilam yang berasal dai kultur kalus yang diradiasi dengan sinar gamma, 1 klon kontrol (asal kultur mata tunas) serta 3 klon pembanding (Klon TT, Sdk dan Crt) ditanam dengan jarak tanam 100 cm x 50 cm. Percobaan dirancang secara acak kelompok dengan 3 ulangan. Luas petak adalah 10 m2 yang memuat 20 tanaman. Parameter yang digunakan adalah sifat- sifat morfologi, yang meliputi tinggi tanaman, diameter batang, jumlah dan panjang cabang, jumlah daun per cabang, panjang dan lebar daun serta komponen hasil, yang meliputi berat tanaman, berat tcrsuling (segar dan kering) dan kadar minyak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan sifat-sifat morfologi dan komponen hasil terdapat 4 klon yang mcnonjol. yaitu 3 klon hasil kultur jaingan (klon lb, 2b, dan 75) dengan hasil tema kering masing-masing 0.222; 0.222; dan 0. 216 kg/tanaman dan kadar minyak masing-masing 4.28; 4.00; dan 4.54%, serta satu klon konvensional (Ct) dengan hasil tema keing 0.469 dan kadar minyak 4.84%.</p><p>Kata kunci: Pogostemon cablin, nilam, klon, kultur jaringan</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT </strong></p><p><strong>Evaluation on the growth and yield potency of different clones ofpatchoulifrom tissue culture</strong></p><p>The growth and yield potency of different patchouli developed from tissue culture were studied at the Cimanggu Experimental Garden from 1999 to 2000. The materials were twenty-two clones of patchouli raised rom the gamma irradiated calli, 1 control clone (raised rom tissue culture propagated plant from which the irradiated calli were derived) and 3 conventionally propagated clones (Crt, TT and Sdk). The planting mateials were planted in a plant spacing of 100 cm x 50 cm. The experiment was designed as a randomaized block in 3 replicates. Plot size was 10 m2, accommodated 20 plants. Parameters used for evaluating the clones were morphological characters and yield components. The morphological characters included plant height, stem diameter number of branches, number of leaves per branch and size of leaves, while the yield component included weight of whole plant, distilled herbs (fresh and dry herbs) and oil content. Based on die morphological characteristics and yield components, 4 clones showed their superioity. The four clones were lb, 2b, and 75 (raised from tissue culture) with a herb yield of 0.222; 0.222 and 0216 kg/plant and an oil content of 4.28, 4.00 and 4.84% respectively, and Ct ( from convetional clone) with a herb yield of 0.469 kg/plant and an oil content of 4.84%.</p><p>Key words : Pogostemon cablin, nilam, clones, tissue culture</p>

PENGARUH SELANG PANEN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI NILAM

<p>Pengaruh sclang panen terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi nilam dipelajari di KP Manoko (Lembang ) dari tahun 1992 sampai 1994 Percobaan dirancang secara acak kelompok dengan 9 ulangan Luas pelak 5m x 4.5m, jarak tanam 90 cm x 30 cm. Perlakuan Hang panen diatur sebagai berikut. Unluk menycragamkan pertanaman, pada umur 6 bulan seluruh pertanaman dipangkas setinggi 30 cm dai permukaan tanah. Setelah itu tanaman dipanen masing masing dengan selang 2, 4, atau 6 bulan. Parameter yang digunakan untuk mcnilai penganih perlakuan adalah komponen pertumbuhan, yang meliputi tinggi tanaman dan jumlah cabang (primer dan sckundcr), serta komponen produksi, yang meliputi produksi tcma (segar dan keing), produksi dan kadar minyak.. Untuk parameter tinggi tanaman. jumlah cabang, dan kadar minyak, data yang diolah adalah rata-rata pengamatan tahun pertama dan kedua. (masing- masing 1 tahun pengamatan), sedangkan unluk pcroduksi tcrna dan minyak data yang diolah adalah hasil panen kumulalif, masing masing selama tahun pertama dan kedua. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanaman makin tinggi dengan makin lamanya sclang panen Tanaman tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan selang panen 6 bulan. Terhadap jumlah cabang primer, selang panen tidak berpengaruh nyata, sedang terhadap jumlah cabang sckundcr perlakuan tersebut berpengaruh nyata, dimana selang panen 2 bulan menghasilkan cabang sekunder terbanyak. Produksi tcma (segar atau kenng) pada tahun pertama tidak berbeda antar perlakuan, produksi tcma segar mencapai 61.3 68.68 kg/plot (+ 27 30 ton/ha) dan tema keing 17.15 17.87 kg/plot (+ 7.6 - 7.9 ton/ha). Pada tahun kedua, sclang panen berpengaruh nyata terhadap produksi tema, selang panen 2 bulan menghasilkan tcma tertinggi yaitu 12.02 kgplot tcma segar (+ 5.3 ton/ha) dan 5.72 kg'plot tema kering (+ 2.5 ton/ha). Terhadap produksi minyak, selang panen berpengaruh nyata, baik pada tahun pertama, maupun tahun kedua. Produksi tertinggi diperoleh dari selang panen 2 bulan, yaitu 449 ml/plot (197 |/ha) pada tahun pertama dan 142 ml plot (63 l/ha) pada tahun kedua. Terhadap kadar minyak, pada tahun pertama selang panen berpengaruh nyata, dimana kadar minyak tetinggi (2.59%) diperoleh dai pelakuan sclang panen 2 bulan. Pada tahun kedua selang panen tidak berpengaruh terhadap kadar minyak, yang bervariasi antara 2.25 - 2.97%.</p><p>Kata kunci: Pogostemon cablin, sclang panen, pertumbuhan produksi</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT </strong></p><p><strong>Effect of harvest intervals on the growth and yield of patchouli</strong></p><p>Efect of harvest intervals on the growth and yield of patchouli was studied at the Manoko Expeimental Garden from 1992 to 1994. The expeiment was designed as a randomized block in 9 replicates, and the treatments were arranged as follows. A clone of patchouli (Aceh Merah) was planted in a 5m x 4.5m plots with a plant spacing of 100cm x 30cm. Six months ater planting the plants on all plots were pruned 30 cm above the ground to make them uniform. The plants of each plot were then harvested every 2, 4, or 6 months. Ihe parameters used for evaluating the efect of treatments were the growth components, including plant height, number of branches (primary and secondary branches), and yield components, including the yield of herbs (resh and dry herbs), and oil yield and content. The processed data for plant height, number of branches and oil content were respectively the average data of one- year observation in the first and the second year, while those for yield of herbs and oil. the processed data were the accumulated data from die harvest in the first and the second year respectively Results of Ihe study are summaized as follows 'lant height was afected by harvest intervals, longer harvest interva, produced higher plant. In the irst year, no significant difference in herb yield (fresh or dry herbs) among treatments. The yield of herbs varied from 61.3 to 68.68 kg'plot (+ 27 - 30 tons/ha/year) and dry herbs from 17 1? lo 17 8 kg'plot (+ 7.6 -7.9 tons/ha). In the second year, harvest interval signiicantly afected herb yield, where the highest yield was produced by 2-month harvest interval. Oil yield was significantly afected by harvest interval, cither in the irst or in the second year. The highest yield was produced from 2-month harvest interval, i.e. 449 ml/plot (197 lha) in the irst, and 142 ml (63 l/ha) in ile second year. In he first year, oil content was afected by harvest interval, where me herbs harvested every 2 months produced the highest oil content (2.59%). In the second year, harvest interval did not affected oil content, which varied from 2.25 - 2.97%.</p><p>Key words: Pogostemon cablin, harvest interval, plant growth, yield</p>

PENGARUH UMUR PANEN TERHADAP VIABILITAS BENIH SERTA HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN PRODUKSI TERNA SAMBILOTO (Andrographis paniculata Nees

ABSTRAK<br />Salah satu faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap viabilitas benih<br />sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees) adalah waktu panen.<br />Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut kegiatan ini dilakukan dengan tujuan<br />untuk mengetahui pengaruh umur panen terhadap viabilitas benih serta<br />hubungannya dengan produksi terna sambiloto. Percobaan dilakukan di<br />KP. Cimanggu dan Laboratorium, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Obat dan<br />Aromatik, dari Maret 2005 – Maret 2006. Percobaan disusun dalam<br />rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan 10 perlakuan stadia umur<br />panen dan 4 ulangan. Stadia umur panen yang diuji yaitu 18, 21, 22, 23,<br />24, 25, 26, 27, 28, dan 29 hari setelah antesis (HSA). Variabel yang<br />diamati yaitu mutu benih (daya berkecambah benih, kecepatan<br />berkecambah), pertumbuhan tanaman (tinggi tanaman, jumlah cabang),<br />serta produksi terna (bobot basah tanaman, bobot kering daun, dan bobot<br />kering batang). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Umur panen<br />benih berpengaruh terhadap daya berkecambah benih dan kecepatan<br />berkecambah benih sambiloto; daya berkecambah dan kecepatan<br />berkecambah tertinggi didapatkan pada umur panen benih 22 dan 21 HSA<br />(67,00 dan 55,00)%; sedangkan daya berkecambah yang terendah<br />diperoleh pada umur panen 18 HSA (23,50)%, (2) Umur panen benih<br />berpengaruh terhadap tinggi tanaman dan jumlah cabang pada tanaman<br />umur 1 bulan. Tinggi tanaman dan jumlah cabang tertinggi berturut-turut<br />didapatkan pada perlakuan umur panen benih 27 dan 26 HSA (39, 63<br />dan 36,58 cm serta 16,71 dan 16,61 buah); dan (3) Umur panen benih<br />berpengaruh terhadap produksi terna (bobot basah tanaman, bobot kering<br />daun, bobot kering batang) pada umur 3 bulan. Bobot basah tanaman,<br />bobot kering daun, serta bobot kering batang tertinggi didapatkan pada<br />perlakuan umur panen benih 27 HSA (291,25, 28, 27 dan 28,86)g. Bobot<br />basah tanaman, bobot kering daun, serta bobot kering batang terendah<br />didapatkan pada perlakuan 18 HSA (217,09, 22,10 dan 20,24)g. Umur<br />panen benih tidak berpengaruh terhadap jumlah cabang pada umur 3<br />bulan.<br />Kata kunci : Sambiloto, Andrographis paniculata Nees, umur panen,<br />viabilitas, produksi, Jawa Barat<br />ABSTRACT<br />The influence of harvesting time on the seed viability and<br />the relationship with herb yield of king bitter<br />(Andrographis paniculata Nees)<br />One of the main factors influencing the viability of king bitter<br />(Andrographis paniculata Nees) is appropriate harvesting time. Based on<br />this problem a research was conducted to study the relationship between<br />seed maturity and seed viability, and herb yield of king bitter. The research<br />was conducted at Cimanggu Experimental Station and in the laboratory of<br />Indonesian Medicinal and Aromatic Crops Research Institute (IMACRI)<br />from March 2005 to March 2006. The experiment was arranged in a<br />randomized block design with 10 seed maturity stages and 4 replications.<br />Maturity seed tested was 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 and 29 days<br />after anthesis. The observations were made on seed quality (percentage of<br />seed germination, and rate of seed germination), plant growth (plant<br />height, number of branches) and herb yield (fresh herb weight, leaf dry<br />weight, and stem dry weight). The results of experiment indicated that (1)<br />seed maturity affected seed germination, and rate of seed germination of<br />king bitter; the highest seed germination and germination rate were<br />achieved by seeds harvested at 21 and 22 days after anthesis, (2) stage of<br />seed harvesting affected on the plant height and number of branches at 1<br />month after planting. The highest plant height and number of branches<br />were found on the treatments of seeds harvested at 26 and 27 days after<br />anthesis, they were 39.63 and 36.58 cm and 16.71 and 16.61; (3) seed<br />maturity also affected herb production, such as wet weight of plants, dry<br />weight of leaf and dry weight of steam at 3 moths after planting. Wet<br />weight of plant, dry weight of leaf and dry weight of stem were achieved<br />at the treatments of seeds harvested at 27 days after anthesis, they were<br />291.25, 28.27 and 28.86 g. The lowest of wet of plant weight, dry weight<br />of leaf and dry weight of stem were found on the seeds harvested at 18<br />days after anthesis. They were 217.09, 22.10 and 20.24 g. Moreover, the<br />stage of harvesting did not influence the number of branches at 3 months<br />after planting.<br />Key words: King bitter, Andrographis paniculata Nees, seed maturity,<br />viability, production, West Java

KERAGAMAN SELASIH (Ocimum Spp.) BERDASARKAN KARAKTER MORFOLOGI, PRODUKSI DAN MUTU HERBA

<p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Beberapa spesies selasih menunjukkan keragaman dalam sifatmorfologi, produksi dan minyak atsirinya. Penelitian dilakukan di KP.Cimanggu – Bogor, bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman sifatmorfologi, produksi dan kandungan utama minyak atsiri selasih. Tujuhnomor koleksi Ocimum spp. antara lain (O. gratissimum, O. basilicum, O.sanctum dan O. minimum ) diamati dengan menanam 50 tanaman/nomor,jarak tanam 40 x 30 cm. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap sifat morfologi,produksi, sifat fisikokimia dan kandungan kimia utama minyak atsiri.Berdasarkan sifat tersebut dilakukan analisis kluster untuk melihatkeragaman tanaman. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan karakter morfologiOcimum spp. beragam, dilihat dari habitus, bentuk dan warna batang,bentuk dan warna daun, bentuk rangkaian dan warna bunga, serta bentukdan warna biji. Produksi terna basah selasih bervariasi antara 34-83 kg/plot(50 tanaman, kumulatif selama 3 kali panen). Antar 2 nomor koleksiruku-ruku hutan secara morfologi susah dibedakan, tetapi dapat dibedakandari aroma daun. Antar 2 nomor aksesi basil dapat dibedakan dari warnadaun, batang dan bunganya. Mutu fisik minyak atsiri koleksi selasih belummemenuhi standard yang dipersyaratkan EOA. Komposisi utama minyakOcimum spp. bervariasi. Aksesi dengan kandungan eugenol tinggi adalahbasil daun keunguan (kadar eugenol 46%) dan ruku-ruku hutan A (kadareugenol 37,04%). Koleksi dengan kandungan methyl Eugenol tinggiadalah basil C (daun hijau) (63,13%), ruku-ruku I (56%) dan selasihngombol B (68%). Nomor koleksi dengan kandungan sineol tinggi(40,03%) adalah ruku-ruku hutan (K), sedangkan kemangi F mempunyaikomposisi kimia utama sitral (43,45%) dan geraniol (21,23%). Hasilanalisa kluster tanaman mengelompok pada 2 kelompok utama. Klusterpertama adalah basil C dan selasih ngombol B. Kluster kedua terdiri dariaksesi A, K, I, D, dan F. Antar ruku-ruku hutan (A, K) mengelompok padasub-kluster yang sama yang mengindikasikan jarak genetiknya dekat.Kemangi F berada pada sub kluster sendiri.Kata kunci : Ocimum spp., keragaman, morfologi, minyak atsiri, produksi,mutu</p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Variability of Ocimum spp. based on morphologicalcharacters, yields and herbs qualitySeveral basil species show variation in their morphology,production and essential oils. The research was carried out at CimangguExperimental Garden, Bogor to find out the morphologycal characters,yield variability and major chemical constituent of basil. Sevencollection numbers such as O. gratissimum, O basilikum, O. sanctum danO. minimum planted each consisted of 50 plants grown in 40 x 30 cm rows.Research parameters assesed were morphological characters, herb yield,oil phyisico-chemical characters and their major chemical constituent ofoil. Results showed that al the seven numbers Ocimum spp. variedmorphologically in their stem, leaves and flower’s color. Herb yield ofOcimum spp. ranged from 34 -83 kg fresh herb/plot of 50 plants(cumulative of 3 times harvest). Within species of basil (O. basilucum),variation can be seen clearly from their stem, leaves, flower colour andleaves odours. However, within tree basil (O. gratissimum),morphologically, it is difficult to be differenciated, except the leavesodours. Oil physico-chemical characters are does not meet EOA standardyet. There are variations in major oil constituent of Ocimum spp. Theaccessions having high eugenol content were purple leaf basil (46%) andtree basil A (37.04%). The collections with high methyl eugenol weregreen leaf basil (63.13%), holly basil I (36%), and bush basil B (68%).High eugenol content (40.03%) was found in tree basil K. Meanwhile, themain chemical composition of lemon basil F were citral (43.45%) andgeraniol (21.23%). Cluster analisis based on morphological, agronomicaland major chemical constituent traits are clustered into two main cluster.First cluster consist of basil C and bush basil B. The second cluster consistof A, K, I, D, and F accessions where two accession of tree basil (A,K)placed in the same sub clustered, indicated that they are closed to eachother. Moreover, lemon basil F is placed in its own sub cluster.Key words : Ocimum sp, variability, atsiri oil, production, quality</p>

Application of Super Absorbent Polymer and Plant Mucilage Improved Essential Oil Quantity and Quality of Ocimum basilicum var. Keshkeni Luvelou

One of the major factors limiting the production of medicinal plants in arid and semi-arid areas is water deficit or drought stress. One-third of the land in the world is arid and semi-arid and is inhabited by nearly 4 × 108 people. Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil) is a valuable medicinal plant that is sensitive to water deficit, and water shortage negatively affects sweet basil yield and quality. Water availability in the root zone of basil could ameliorate the negative effects of water shortage. To the best of our knowledge, although the effects of hydrophilic polymers (HPs) have been studied in different agricultural crops, the effects of HP application in medicinal plants have not been previously investigated. This investigation was conducted to explore the effects on water use efficiency when using Stockosorb® (STS) and psyllium seed mucilage (PSM) as hydrophilic polymers (HPs) and the effects of these HPs on essential oil quality, quantity, and yield. The research was set up in a factorial experiment on the basis of completely randomized block design with three replications. We used two HPs, STS (industrial) and PSM (herbal), with two methods of application (mixed with soil, mixed with soil + root) at four concentrations (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% (w/w)). Results showed that the STS and PSM significantly increased the dry herb yield (both shoot and root) in comparison to the control, and the improving effect was higher when these HPs were mixed with soil + root. The highest dry herb yield (6.74 and 3.68 g/plant for shoot and root, respectively) was detected in the PSM at 0.1% mixed with soil + root. There was not any significant difference in dry herb yield among PSM (0.1%), PSM (0.2%), and STS (0.2%) when mixed with soil + root. Soil application of PSM and soil + root application of STS at a concentration of 0.3% increased the Essential Oil (EO) content almost three-fold in comparison to the control (0.5% and 0.52% to 0.18% v/w, respectively). The maximum essential oil yield was recorded in plants treated with STS (0.2% in) or PSM (0.1%) by soil + root application (0.21 and 0.19 mL/plant, respectively). PSM at concentrations of 0.1% and 0.2% (mixed with soil + root) showed the highest water use efficiency (1.91 and 1.82 g dry weight (DW)/L H2O, respectively). STS mixed with soil also significantly improved water use efficiency (WUE) in comparison to the control. The application of these HPs improved the quality of sweet basil essential oil by increasing the linalool and decreasing the eugenol, epi-α-cadinol, and trans-α-bergamotene content.

Response of Citronella Grass on Several Phosphate Levels Application at Andosol

Currently, the cultivation of citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus L.) is widely developed in highland areas dominated by Andosol soil. Andosol possesses low phosphorous availability, strongly bound to Al and Fe. This research was aimed to examine the effect of P fertilizer on C. nardus L. at Andosol. The research was conducted from June 2014 to August 2015. Phosphate fertilization stimulated plant growth, yield and oil quality of citronella grass on Andosol. The most suitable Phosphorus dosage at 1.08 g plant-1 (10.8 kg ha-1) produced high total fresh herb yield and oil quality of citronella grass. Total fresh herb yield increased 21.2% (3.4 kg plant-1 year-1) compared to control. Whereas citronella content, oil content and oil yield were 35.2%, 1.64% and 1.27 % respectively. The phosphate residue in Andosol can be potentially utilized for the next planting season.

The changes of the purple coneflower’s (Echinacea purpurea L.) herb and radix drug yield under different fertilization conditions

In this research, the purple coneflower’s (Echinacea purpurea L.) nutrient requirement was examined under different fertilization conditions in a small plot experiment. We measured the medicinal plant’s raw and dry herb and root drug mass and drying loss under different fertilization settings and meteorological factors. From the drug’s raw and dry mass perspective, based on the results, in our opinion, the control setting exceeded all nutrient settings’ results in 2016. In 2017 and 2018, the N75P100K150 nutrient setting has the biggest herb yield. As for the root yield, it was also the N75P100K150 setting which produced the biggest yield. The Pearson's correlation test was performed to investigate the connection between the quantity of the raw, the dried herbs, the different nutrient settings and meteorological factors.