scholarly journals THE CONCEPT OF LENIENCY IN REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goran Koevski ◽  
Borka Tushevska Gavrilovikj ◽  
Darko Spasevki
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Method ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Unfair Competition ◽  
Business Sector ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Application Procedure ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Leniency Programme ◽  
The Impact

The concept of "leniency" in competition law, or better known as the "leniency programme", has proven to be an extremely important instrument in fighting unfair competition. In the Republic of Northern Macedonia (hereinafter RNM), this concept of suppressing or reducing unfair competition, more or less, exists solely as a law conception. Nowadays, when the EU discusses the impact of the global crisis and the Coronavirus pandemic on the level of utilization of ”leniency programme", this concept is still unknown or not a well-known concept for business sector in RNM. The main focus of this article is “leniency programme” in RNM. The key questions that we aim to answer here, are: whether and to what extent this instrument is predicted in Macedonian competition law? Is it predicted only as a law category, or it has practical implications too? Although this research refers to RNM, we strongly believe that a thorough study of “leniency” requires exploration of European conception of “leniency” too. For that purpose, we use relevant EU legislation, as well as practice. Thus, our main goal is to consider the position of RNM towards “leniency” and bring into relation to the Macedonian competition law. We base our hypothetical framework on the assumption that the applicability of “leniency programme” in RNM is at the lowest level. Furthermore, that the undertakings are not interested in applying “leniency”. This situation is partly due to the lack of information, the complexity of the application procedure, as well as other factors that are related not only to the attitude of the executive of undertakings, but more to the general economic circumstances, economic development, the market size of goods and services, etc. Using the analytical-descriptive method, the comparative method, and the method of analysis and synthesis, we’ll elaborate the situation in RNM regarding this issue, and we will present our views considering the questions: whether certain measures should be taken regarding „leniency program“, and what should be done to boost the use of this program in the Macedonian business sector.

scholarly journals COMPETITION LAW IN REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA - 20 YEARS OF COMPETITION LAW IN REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 43-68
Author(s):  
Borka Tushevska
Keyword(s):  
Market Competition ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Competition Laws ◽  
The Republic

This article examines the laws in the Republic of north Macedonia (hereinafter RNM), that prohibit agreements among competitors to fix prices, divide markets or in other ways avoid or undermine market competition, otherwise known as competition laws. it explores the conditions and challenges in implementing Macedonian competition laws, as well as the role of the state (regulatory) authorities, the degree to which the competition laws comply with the European Union’s competition laws, and finally, the degree to which competition laws are effective and beneficial for the Macedonian economy. Properly implemented competition laws hold much promise. The enactment of competition laws is fundamental for the benefits of a market economy to be achieved. This encompasses economic growth, innovation, lower prices and higher quality of goods and services. The enactment of competition laws since the independence of the Republic of Macedonia1 is furthermore important. This is due to Macedonian obligations to meet the requirements for EU accession. Additionally, adoption of competition law and competition by-laws in RNM, positively affects on the work of authorities for the protection of competition. What is most important, this competition legal regime represents a base for reducing the abuse of the state authorities and theirs incompetent behaviors. At the end, the article contains conclusions, opinions and suggestions from the conducted research, which hopefully will be beneficial for the relevant auditorium. The analytical-descriptive method, the comparative method, the method of analysis and synthesis, and the method of induction and deduction were used to analyze the subject matter for this article.

scholarly journals Macroeconomic Characteristics of Tourism Economy in the Republic of Tunisia

REGIONOLOGY ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 224-245
Author(s):  
Marina A. Zhulina ◽  
Vyacheslav M. Kitsis ◽  
Svetlana V. Saraykina
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
International Tourism ◽  
The Political ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The World ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Tourism Economy ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. Tourism is a dynamic, constantly developing sector of the economy. Tourism economy develops along with the society, recreation and tourism. The purpose of the article is to show the features of the impact of tourism on the national economy using the case of Tunisia. The experience of Tunisia is especially useful for the countries where beach recreation has developed and where the political situation has remained difficult for a long time (Egypt, Turkey, Thailand, etc.). Materials and Methods. The article is based on the statistical data provided by the World Tourism Organization, the World Data Atlas and open Internet sources. The study employed general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, synthesis, comparison, etc.) and special ones (the methods of mathematical statistics, the graphical method, the comparative method, etc.). Results. For the first time, the article has provided a fairly complete description of the macroeconomic indicators characterizing the level of development of international tourism in Tunisia. The article has analyzed the dynamics of inbound and outbound tourism, discussed the factors affecting the volume of international tourism, considered international tourism expenditures and revenues, which to a large extent have a positive or negative impact on the country’s balance of payments. The trends in the development of international tourism in Tunisia have been revealed and the problems facing the industry have been identified. Discussion and Conclusion. The research has revealed that tourism economy largely depends on the political and economic processes taking place in the country. The current level of macroeconomic indicators of tourism economy in Tunisia lags behind the 2008–2009 figures. The results of the study made it possible to assess the current state of international tourism and make a number of suggestions aimed at increasing the level of development of international tourism in the country. The results of the study can contribute to the development of a program aimed to boost tourism economy in Tunisia, one of the key tasks of which should be that of increasing performance at the macro-level.

scholarly journals Europeanisation of the Polish Leniency Programme

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 61-83
Author(s):  
Paulina Korycińska-Rządca
Keyword(s):  
Competition Law ◽  
Competition Authority ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Application Of Law ◽  
Polish Law ◽  
Leniency Programme ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Leniency programmes in competition law make it possible to grant immunity from fines, or a reduction of any fine that would otherwise have been imposed on an undertaking who was a party to an unlawful agreement restricting competition. This immunity or fine reduction is granted as a reward for the cooperation with the competition authority and the provision of evidence of an unlawful agreement restricting competition. Legal rules regarding the application of leniency programmes have been introduced at the EU level as well as in the national legislations of numerous countries, including Polish law. The author makes an attempt to establish the degree to which the Polish leniency programme is an effect of the impact of EU law or the application of law within the EU (for instance, by its institutions). The analysis has been made on three levels. Examined first was the degree to which the Polish leniency programme is a result of spontaneous harmonisation. Second, the impact of legislative harmonisation in the area of leniency programmes was taken into consideration. Finally, it was verified whether those Polish authorities that apply Polish competition law are inspired by judgements issued by EU courts in cases regarding leniency programmes.

scholarly journals SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESULTS OF THE SMALL BUSINESS ACTIVITY IN THE REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA

2020 ◽  
pp. 100-110
Author(s):  
G.V. Olkhovaya
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Business Sector ◽  
Social Efficiency ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact

In modern conditions, the level and rate of development of regions and the state as a whole are directly related to the dynamics of small and medium-sized businesses. The article provides an assessment of the socio-economic changes that occurred in the small business sector of the Republic of Crimea in 2015-2018. The system of indicators that reflect various aspects of its functioning and the impact on the region’s economy is analyzed. Indicators of entrepreneurial activity, social efficiency of small businesses, economic efficiency of functioning, investment and innovation activity are considered.

scholarly journals PROJECTS IN THE SYSTEM OF BALANCED SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF TERRITORIAL SYSTEMS

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-356
Author(s):  
R.F. Gataullin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Territorial Development ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Scientific Potential ◽  
Industry Affiliation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Territorial Systems

The article analyzes the structure and types of investment growth in the regions of the Volga Federal District of the Russian Federation. The unevenness of their dynamics was revealed, which is due to the focus of investments on solving various problems. The paper also examines the essence of projects as a tool for balanced socio-ecological and economic development of territorial systems. For this, from the entire set of projects, those are selected that are aimed at solving the corresponding target tasks. In terms of the degree of impact on the quality of the socio-economic space, the authors singled out system-forming projects that supplement and serve the territorial development. Their qualification features are shown: sequence and contribution to the development of the territory. It is proposed to establish the priority in the implementation of individual projects based on the degree of cost recovery, the impact on the leveling of existing imbalances, the creation of the necessary conditions for the development of specialization industries. The requirements for backbone projects are substantiated, taking into account their industry affiliation. The work proposes three types of backbone projects: increasing the potential of existing backbone enterprises, ensuring import substitution and providing for the production of fundamentally new types of goods and services. Taking into account the scientific potential of the Republic of Bashkortostan, one should expect the emergence of new backbone projects in the field of biotechnology, informatics, pharmacy, the production of herbicides and pesticides, the production of engines, vehicles and agricultural machines.

Fiscal Stability of the Local Government Units in the Republic of Srpska

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-132
Author(s):  
Biljana Gojković ◽  
Sanja Popović ◽  
Marijana Đukić
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Public Finances ◽  
The Public ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Significant Attention

Abstract Fiscal stability of the local self-government units is the condition for stable public finances of the Republic of Srpska (hereinafter: RS) as a whole. Stable public finances of local self-government units have a positive impact on the economic growth of the RS. Therefore, it is necessary to pay a significant attention to the fiscal problems of local self-government units (hereinafter: LGUs). Although the public finances of the LGUs make up 15% of the total public finances of the Republic of Srpska, it is important to emphasize that the life of the RS citizens takes place in the local self-government. In this regard, LGUs have the important role in providing public goods and services, as well as creating the environment for the life of citizens on the basis of legally defined competencies. Having in mind the importance and role of local self-government units in the RS, it is necessary to ensure the efficient management and stability of their public finances. One of the preconditions for the successful exercise of the competencies of LGUs is the rational and efficient use of available resources. The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of the key fiscal factors of local self-government units on their fiscal stability. The results of this analysis will provide answers to the question of how rational and efficient local self-government units are in the execution of their competencies and how it is reflected on their revenues and expenditures, i.e. in total public finances of RS.

scholarly journals INSTITUTIONAL TRENDS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (32) ◽  
pp. 92-100
Author(s):  
E.M. Ishmukhametov ◽  
◽  
A.I Khisaeva ◽  
R.R. Gaysina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Business Sector ◽  
Business Climate ◽  
State Support ◽  
Digital Government ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact

The article sets out the organizational and economic aspects of the development of the business sector of the Republic of Bashkortostan. In the context of the study region, the key problems in the system of state support for small and medium-sized businesses were identified, which together reflected: the underdevelopment of the system of public-private and municipal-private partnerships, the weakness of the political organization of events to support and develop the private entrepreneurial sector, the lag of the region’s administrative power mechanisms in the formation of an institutional business climate and, as a consequence, a decrease in the level of economic and production potential and the region. Based on the analysis of quantitative indicators of the state of small and medium-sized enterprises of the Republic of Bashkortostan, a conceptual model of the factors of the influence of the institutional environment on the level of development of the business sector has been formed, which allows to systematize the directions of growth and popularization of forms of small and mediumsized businesses in the Republic. According to this model, the most important vectors of state support for private business entities are: development of financing systems, subsidies and loans for investment PPP projects, applied developments and business projects for the development of small business forms; the formation of an effective partnership system between government and private sectors, which provides an opportunity for business structures to take part in transforming the region’s entrepreneurial infrastructure, in organizing financing, taxation, and investment projects for SMEs; development of the information sphere of entrepreneurship support through the creation of a digital government system and the use of relevant electronic-digital technologies; stimulating the formation of a high-quality competitive environment and the competitiveness of small businesses in the market economy of a region and a country. For each identified area, according to the developed model of the factors of the impact of institutional conditions, a series of measures were proposed that provide: the formation and improvement of the image of the business sector, the expansion of the powers of small and medium-sized businesses in the implementation of public-private projects and initiatives; normalization of investment flows that increase the profitability of small firms; the establishment of effective institutional foundations in the chain of relations «state – municipality – business – society».

scholarly journals Утицај пореских подстицаја и промена пореских стопа ПДВ-а на привредни развој и социјалну стабилност // The impact of tax incentives and changes in VAT rates on economic development and social stability

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Славен Савић
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
Social Stability ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Consumption Tax ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact

Резиме: Порез на додату вредност, као општи порез на потрошњу, у значајној мери има утицаја на формирање ценовне политике, као и на конкурентност привреде и њен економски развој. Ово посебно долази до изражаја код промена висине пореских стопа. Разлог томе је чињеница да се због постојања више врста пореских стопа, одређена добра и услуге различито опорезују, а тиме и различито категоризују. Ова категоризација, тј. подела добара на луксузна добра и добра од ширег јавног значаја, има директног утицаја на њихову потрошњу, као и на њихову конкурентност, а нарочито када се ради о конкурентности истих производа на тржиштима различитих земаља. У овом раду ће се дати анализа утицаја пореских стопа (тј. промена њихове висине) на ове категорије у Републици Србији. Поред тога, указаће се и на одређене социјалне аспекте цена, будући да њихов ниво утиче на висину реалних зарада.Summary: Value added tax, as a general consumption tax, significantly influences the formation of price policy as well as economic competitiveness and economic development of country. This is especially evident in the changes in tax rates. The reason for this is the fact that, due to the existence of several types of tax rates, certain goods and services are taxed differently, and thus categorized differently. This categorization, ie. distribution of goods on luxury goods and goods of the wider public interest, has a direct impact on their consumption, as well as on their competitiveness, especially when it comes to the competitiveness of the same products in the markets of different countries. This paper will provide an analysis of the impact of tax rates (i.e. changes in their height) on these categories in the Republic of Serbia. In addition, we will point out certain social aspects of prices, since the level of these costs has influence on the level of real wages.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CLIMATE AND RIVER RUNOFF(USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE GREATER CAUCASUS ON THE AZERBAIJAN TERRITORY)

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-432
Author(s):  
Sevindzh KAZYMOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
River Runoff ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Atmospheric Precipitation ◽  
Greater Caucasus ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Change Impact ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact

Problems of climate change impact on the water regime of the Azerbaijan rivers were considered. Precipitation (X), temperature (T) were analyzed and changes in river runoff were evaluated under different temperature scenarios of individual height limits. Paired correlations between air temperature and precipitation were built, taking into account the distribution of these dependencies in the region in three study areas. For each district, the constraints of the waste model were built and their analytical definition was provided. The effect of climatic changes on the water content of rivers is determined by a decrease in atmospheric precipitation, which is the main balance component of river runoff, and an increase in evaporation from the surface of their basins. However, due to the lack of information on evaporation, the impact of climate on river flow was calculated from atmospheric precipitation and temperature. An analysis of their trends showed that throughout the republic (under various physical and geographical conditions and at various altitudes) has been an increase in annual temperatures from +0.3°C to + 1.7°C in Ganja in recent years. The temperature increase gradient in the highlands is greater. The increase in the average long-term temperature in the republic is + 0.9°C since 1991.

scholarly journals TRENDS OF LEGAL EDUCATION REFORM IN LATVIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Artūrs Gaveika
Keyword(s):  
Education Reform ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Legal Education ◽  
Education Reforms ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Legal Adviser ◽  
Study Programs ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact

In 2015 the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Latvia initiated reform of legal education in Latvia in order to achieve higher quality of legal education. As the most appropriate reform tool to solve this problem, a single lawyer qualification examination and the elimination of the profession of legal adviser were adopted. At the beginning of these reforms, there was no detailed study of the reasons for the lack of quality in legal education and was not audited the study programs of the relevant higher education institutions. The quality of legal education in Latvia has become a subject of public discussion for a considerable amount of time. In 2017, the Rezekne Academy of Technologies was forced to start new study programs development due to elimination of the profession of legal adviser and to create additional opportunities for student quality education in connection with the implementation of a single lawyer's professional qualification examination. The article is dedicated to issues and perspectives of legal education reforms. The study used: the method of legal analysis, studying the progress of legal education reforms, requirements of regulations in the context of the topic and analyzing the quality of legal profession standards and compliance of society, the national economy needs and the impact on the content of study programs in RTA and other higher educational institutions. The comparative method has been used to find out and compare the opinions of experts - employers, university lecturers and students, including RTA students.  

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document