scholarly journals Collagen – structure, function and distribution in orodental tissues

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 134-139
Author(s):  
Zaneta D’souza ◽  
Tabita Joy Chettiankandy ◽  
Manisha S. Ahire (Sardar) ◽  
Arush Thakur ◽  
Sarang G. Sonawane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Structure Function ◽  
Large Family ◽  
The Body ◽  
Collagen Structure ◽  
Basic Framework ◽  
Helical Proteins ◽  
And Function

Collagens are a large family of triple helical proteins which are found extensively throughout the body. They form the basic framework of the extracellular matrix providing support and form to cells and tissues. They are important for various functions such as angiogenesis, morphogenesis, cell adhesion, repair, and regeneration. In this article, we have focused our discussion to the structure, the synthesis, and the degradation of collagen followed by its distribution and function in various oral tissues.

scholarly journals Role of prolyl hydroxylation in the molecular interactions of collagens

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pekka Rappu ◽  
Antti M. Salo ◽  
Johanna Myllyharju ◽  
Jyrki Heino
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Collagen Structure ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
Cell Behaviour ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Proline Hydroxylation ◽  
Prolyl Hydroxylation ◽  
The Stability

Abstract Co- and post-translational hydroxylation of proline residues is critical for the stability of the triple helical collagen structure. In this review, we summarise the biology of collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylases and collagen prolyl 3-hydroxylases, the enzymes responsible for proline hydroxylation. Furthermore, we describe the potential roles of hydroxyproline residues in the complex interplay between collagens and other proteins, especially integrin and discoidin domain receptor type cell adhesion receptors. Qualitative and quantitative regulation of collagen hydroxylation may have remarkable effects on the properties of the extracellular matrix and consequently on the cell behaviour.

scholarly journals I. On the relation between the structure, function, and distribution of the cranial nerves. Preliminary communication

1888 ◽  
Vol 43 (258-265) ◽  
pp. 382-390 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Structure Function ◽  
External Surface ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Internal Surfaces ◽  
Preliminary Communication ◽  
And Function ◽  
Lateral Plates

In a previous paper I have pointed out that the structure, distribution, and function of the spinal nerves, as well as the arrangement of their centres of origin in the spinal cord, all lead to the conclusion that these nerves are divisible into two parts; (1) a somatic part, supplying the external surface of the body and the muscles derived from the muscle plates, and (2) a splanchnic part, supplying the internal surfaces and organs and the muscles derived from the lateral plates of mesoblast. I also pointed out that the cranial nerves were built up on a similar plan and arose from similar centres of origin to the spinal nerves; that they too were divisible into somatic and splanchnic groups of the same type as in the spinal nerves.

scholarly journals Human iPSC-derived Down syndrome astrocytes display genome-wide perturbations in gene expression, an altered adhesion profile, and increased cellular dynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 785-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blandine Ponroy Bally ◽  
W Todd Farmer ◽  
Emma V Jones ◽  
Selin Jessa ◽  
J Benjamin Kacerovsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Trisomy 21 ◽  
Chromatin Accessibility ◽  
Chromosome 21 ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Down syndrome (DS), caused by the triplication of human chromosome 21, leads to significant alterations in brain development and is a major genetic cause of intellectual disability. While much is known about changes to neurons in DS, the effects of trisomy 21 on non-neuronal cells such as astrocytes are poorly understood. Astrocytes are critical for brain development and function, and their alteration may contribute to DS pathophysiology. To better understand the impact of trisomy 21 on astrocytes, we performed RNA-sequencing on astrocytes from newly produced DS human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). While chromosome 21 genes were upregulated in DS astrocytes, we found consistent up- and down-regulation of genes across the genome with a strong dysregulation of neurodevelopmental, cell adhesion and extracellular matrix molecules. ATAC (assay for transposase-accessible chromatin)-seq also revealed a global alteration in chromatin state in DS astrocytes, showing modified chromatin accessibility at promoters of cell adhesion and extracellular matrix genes. Along with these transcriptomic and epigenomic changes, DS astrocytes displayed perturbations in cell size and cell spreading as well as modifications to cell-cell and cell-substrate recognition/adhesion, and increases in cellular motility and dynamics. Thus, triplication of chromosome 21 is associated with genome-wide transcriptional, epigenomic and functional alterations in astrocytes that may contribute to altered brain development and function in DS.

Collagen Structure and Function

2016 ◽  
pp. 87-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. . Potekhina
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Collagen Structure ◽  
Supporting Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Regulatory Functions

The author makes an analysis of literature dedicated to collagen, and describes collagen and its functions in the body. It is emphasized that besides the supporting function collagen also performs informational and regulatory functions, and plays an important role in morphogenesis and cutaneous sensitivity.

scholarly journals Tissue Engineering in Traumatic Brain Injuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy Tanios ◽  
Sarah Al-Halabi ◽  
Hiba Hasan ◽  
Samar Abdelhady ◽  
John Saliba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injuries ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

If the brain is injured due to traumatic brain injury (TBI), it will lose some of its cells. If our brain cells get damaged, we may be left with problems controlling our movement, our speech, or even our memory! In the future, tissue engineering may be able to help people with TBI. Tissue engineering involves building a piece of tissue outside of the body or assisting the damaged part of a tissue to grow again and function inside the body. Cells are the building blocks of the body, and they are surrounded by a matrix that supports them. This matrix is called the extracellular matrix (ECM). Scientists can make artificial mimics of the natural ECM. The artificial ECM helps a damaged tissue to regenerate. In this article, we discuss how Gel-MA, an artificial ECM, can have healing properties in injured brains.

Spatial and temporal expression of fibronecttns and integrins during Xenopus development

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 598-599
Author(s):  
Douglas W. DeSimone ◽  
M. Susan Dalton ◽  
Mark D. Hens ◽  
Bethanne Hill ◽  
Joe W. Ramos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Structure Function ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Transmembrane Receptors ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Basic Body ◽  
Cell Adhesion And Migration ◽  
Adhesive Interactions ◽  
And Migration

A central challenge in biology is to understand the cellular processes that direct morphogenesis and the formation of the basic body plan during development. These events are controlled to large extent, by adhesive interactions of cells with one another and with their extracellular environments. Specifically, we are investigating the structure, function and expression of two groups of molecules thought to play important roles in promoting cell adhesion and migration in the embryo: fibronectins (FNs), which are large extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins with many adhesion related functions; and integrins, which are the cellular transmembrane-receptors for FNs and several other components of the ECM.

Structure, Function, Expression, Genomic Organization, and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Human ABCB1 (MDR1), ABCC (MRP), and ABCG2 (BCRP) Efflux Transporters

2006 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 231-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supratim Choudhuri ◽  
Curtis D. Klaassen
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Structure Function ◽  
Abc Transporters ◽  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
Large Family ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Regulation Of Expression ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
P Glycoprotein

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters constitute a large family of membrane proteins, which transport a variety of compounds through the membrane against a concentration gradient at the cost of ATP hydrolysis. Substrates of the ABC transporters include lipids, bile acids, xenobiotics, and peptides for antigen presentation. As they transport exogenous and endogenous compounds, they reduce the body load of potentially harmful substances. One by-product of such protective function is that they also eliminate various useful drugs from the body, causing drug resistance. This review is a brief summary of the structure, function, and expression of the important drug resistance–conferring members belonging to three subfamilies of the human ABC family; these are ABCB1 (MDR1/P-glycoprotein of subfamily ABCB), subfamily ABCC (MRPs), and ABCG2 (BCRP of subfamily ABCG), which are expressed in various organs. In the text, the transporter symbol that carries the subfamily name (such as ABCB1, ABCC1, etc.) is used interchangeably with the corresponding original names, such as MDR1/P-glycoprotein, MRP1, etc., respectively. Both nomenclatures are maintained in the text because both are still used in the transporter literature. This helps readers relate various names that they encounter in the literature. It now appears that P-glycoprotein, MRP1, MRP2, and BCRP can explain the phenomenon of multidrug resistance in all cell lines analyzed thus far. Also discussed are the gene structure, regulation of expression, and various polymorphisms in these genes. Because genetic polymorphism is thought to underlie interindividual differences, including their response to drugs and other xenobiotics, the importance of polymorphism in these genes is also discussed.

scholarly journals Skeletal Muscle Extracellular Matrix: Composition, Structure and Function

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khurshid Ahmad ◽  
Inho Choi ◽  
Yong-Ho Lee
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
The Body ◽  
Matrix Composition ◽  
Ecm Remodeling ◽  
Insulin Activity ◽  
Core Tissue ◽  
Composition Structure ◽  
And Function

The skeletal muscle provides movement and support to the skeleton, controls body temperature, and regulates the glucose level within the body. This is the core tissue of insulin-mediated glucose uptake via glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4). The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides a scaffold for cells, controlling biological processes, and providing structural as well as mechanical support to surrounding cells. Disruption of ECM homeostasis results in several pathological conditions. Various ECM components are typically found to be augmented in the skeletal muscle of obese and/or diabetic humans. A better understanding of the importance of skeletal muscle ECM remodeling, integrin signaling, and other factors that regulate insulin activity may help in the development of novel therapeutics for managing diabetes and other metabolic disorders.

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