scholarly journals A CROSS-GENDERED ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN REFUSAL STRATEGIES AND THEIR REALIZATIONS BY THE IRAQI EFL UNIVERSITY LEARNERS

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Zainab Saad Mohammed ◽  
Eman Riyadh Adeeb
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Especial Reference ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Refusal Strategies

<p>The current study was set out to scrutinize the EFL Iraqi learners' awareness of the different main strategies of refusal speech acts. Because of the crucial nature of this topic, the researchers tended to base it on gender approach to investigate the substantial differences between the male and female learners in this realm. To this end, a sample of EFL Iraqi university learners was chosen randomly, from the department of English to participate in the questionnaire the researchers built. The data of the study was attained via various suggestive situations the learners exposed to in order to provide their refusal responses. The findings of the analysis reveal that both groups mostly favor to employ the direct refusal strategies more than the indirect and adjuncts to refusal strategies with especial reference to the difference between the two gendered groups due to the unconscious ignorance of the toughness of the face-threatening acts.</p>

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Gender Differences in Refusal Strategies from English Majors

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1040
Author(s):  
Qiaoying Wang
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Pragmatic Competence ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
English Majors ◽  
The Face ◽  
Refusal Strategies

Based on Geoffrey Leech's politeness principle (1975), Brown and Levinson's face saving and face threatening theory (1987), this paper is a comparative study of the gender differences in the refusal strategies employed by the English majors. The DCT (Discourse Completing Test) from Tanck Sharyl (2004) is modified in this study. The results of this study show that both male and female students of the English majors use the refusal strategies in a speech act. The differences of refusal strategies between male and female lie in the direct refusal and the indirect refusal. Most of the female students tend to use an indirect refusal politeness strategy to save the others’ face in the communication, avoiding the face threatening, while most of the male students seem to use direct refusal. The achievements of this study make some contribution to the relevant study and provide some indications to English teaching and learning in China. It is of some significance to improve the English pragmatic competence of English majors.

scholarly journals Gender’s Politeness Strategies of Making Requests and Giving Compliments in Classroom Setting Sociopragmatic Perspeective

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 765-777
Author(s):  
Rima Fitria Ningrum ◽  
Suharsono Suharsono ◽  
Suwono Suwono
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Pragmatic Competence ◽  
Classroom Setting ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Teachers ◽  
Preliminary Identification ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
Difference Form ◽  
The Difference

This present study investigates the form of politeness strategies of making requests and giving compliments performed by different gender in a classroom setting, single teacher and single student, in sociopragmatic perspective. Particularly, this study aims to 1) describe the form of politeness strategies of making requests used by male and female teachers 2) describe the form of politeness strategies of giving compliments performed by male and female teachers, 3) describe the difference form of their politeness strategies of those 2 speech acts  and 4) evaluate the factors that may underlie the choice of their politeness strategies of those 2 speech acts in classroom setting. Therefore, the examples of the politeness strategies of 2 speech acts employed by distinct gender were provided in this study. To identify those politeness strategies, Brown and Levinson’s theory (1987) was used as a preliminary identification. In obtaining the data, video recording transcript and interview transcript are collected and then analyzed. The data were the utterances of 2 female and 2 male teachers in classroom setting. The findings show that female teachers tend to use negative politeness strategies more in making requests and both gender tend to use positive politeness strategies in giving compliments in the classroom setting. Their choices were underlied by their closeness to their participants which determined by the character of their participants, the time needed to get close to their participants, the interest of their participants and the topic discussed with their participants. This indicates that the teachers are aware of their pragmatic competence, yet, to create friendlier atmosphere both gender need to advance their ability in using other politeness strategies.

scholarly journals Überzeugungs- und Überredungsmittel in mündlichen Aufforderungsakten im deutsch-italienischen Sprachvergleich

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-224
Author(s):  
Ilaria Venuti ◽  
Roland Hinterhölzl
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Speech Communities ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
The Face ◽  
Face Threat ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Request Strategies ◽  
The Difference

The purpose of this study is to draw a comparison between the realization of requestive speech acts in Italian and in German, and to investigate the different strategies of persuasion in the two speech communities, with a particular attention to the relationship between efficiency and politeness. The empirical part of the study consists in the comparison of 320 requests formulated by Italian and German speakers. Linguistic data were elicited by means of a discourse completion test containing four socio-pragmatic situations. Realizations of requests were analysed according to the Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Project’s (CCSARP) Coding Manual, reported in Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper (1989), and discussed at two levels: the cross cultural variation and the situational variation. Results show that both groups of participants are perfectly aware of the differences between the situations proposed and tailor their requests according to the context. It is found that both groups of subjects rely heavily on conventionally indirect strategies. On the whole, German speakers appear to use more indirect request strategies than their Italian counterparts, and at the same time choose with a higher frequency phrasal, lexical and syntactical modificators. Italian speakers tend to select slightly lower levels of indirectness but compensate with a consistently larger use of external modificators. Moreover, both Italian and German speakers seem to recur more often to strategies of Überzeugung, probably because the most used modificator for both groups of respondents is the Grounder. Our results differ in interesting ways from general expectations in the situation in which the face threat is arguably the highest, calling for further investigation of the difference in the perception of the social parameters determining the rated face threat between the two speech communities. Deeper insights into the link between indirectness and politeness in the two cultures at issue are also needed in order to understand the reasons behind the pragmatic choices observed.

scholarly journals THE REFUSAL STRATEGIES EMPLOYED BY PRE-SERVICE EFL TEACHERS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN JAVANESE AND SUMATRANS

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-100
Author(s):  
Lintang Indah Ayu Respati Dewi ◽  
Lailatun Nurul Aniq ◽  
Khairani Dian Anisa
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
English Teachers ◽  
Pragmatic Competence ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Written Responses ◽  
Efl Teachers ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Negative Face ◽  
Refusal Strategies ◽  
Different Levels

Refusing is a part of commissive speech acts. Refusing is a face-threatening act (FTA) that needs a good pragmatic competence since it probably gives risk to the interlocutor's positive or negative face. However, it indicates that people from various cultural backgrounds employ dissimilar refusal strategies. This study aimed at providing a comparison of refusal strategies used between Javanese Pre-service English Teachers (JPETs) and Sumatranese Pre-service English Teachers (SPETs) in accordance with different levels of power. The data were elicited from the DCT given to 10 JPETs and 10 SPETs. The participants were asked to fill the DCTs with written responses in which each DCT described different contexts and settings. Based on the analysis, JPETs and SPETs employed similar strategies in refusing to a request. The difference was only on the frequency usage of a certain strategy. Furthermore, all of the indirect strategies were applied to refuse a request meanwhile only a strategy comes from a direct strategy called the negation of proposition that is applied. A direct refusal strategy call bluntness was not applied. This study evoked pre-service awareness of pragmatic competence which could be taught to their future students and larger participants were encouraged for future study.

scholarly journals STRATEGI KESANTUNAN DALAM TINDAK TUTUR MENYURUH PADA KEGIATAN ULAON UNJUK ADAT BATAK TOBA: PERSPEKTIF JENDER

Sirok Bastra ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
Christina Natalina Saragi
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Wedding Ceremony ◽  
Toba Batak ◽  
Taking Care ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Tujuan penelitian mengidentifikasi perbedaan strategi kesantunan dalam tindak tutur menyuruh tamu pria dan wanita Batak Toba dalam kegiatan ulaon unjuk (upacara puncak pernikahan) adat Batak Toba di Tebing Tinggi. Desain penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif.  Strategi kesantunan yang paling dominan dituturkan oleh tamu pria adalah strategi kesantunan langsung, tidak langsung yang direalisasikan dengan metafor, positif yang direalisasikan dengan berkelakar membuat lelucon dan negatif yang direalisasikan dengan kurangi kekuatan atau daya ancaman terhadap muka lawan tutur; sedangkan tamu wanita Batak Toba adalah kesantunan langsung. Strategi kesantunan yang digunakan oleh tamu pria Batak Toba dipengaruhi oleh faktor sikap tamu pria Batak Toba yang langsung dalam mengungkapkan suatu hal, tidak bertele-tela, faktor pengalaman yang lebih di dalam adat istiadat sehingga dapat berkelakar serta bermetafor, dan faktor kebudayaan yaitu patrialisme, kekuasaan berada ditangan pria batak Toba, hal ini yang melatar belakangi pria batak Toba menggunakan empat strategi kesantunan Brown dan Levinson (1987) sedangkan tamu wanita Batak Toba, faktor situasional melatarbelakangi sehingga tamu wanita lebih dominan menuturkan strategi kesantunan langsung dan faktor kebudayaan yaitu sikap dan peran yang sudah diwariskan kepada wanita batak Toba, sikap wanita Batak Toba yaitu ramah, lemah lembut, teliti serta mudah diterima dimasyarakat dan peran sebagai istri yang melayani suami, membesarkan dan mengajari  anak-anak serta mengurus rumah tangga yang melatar belakangi tamu wanita batak Toba menggunakan empat strategi kesantunan Brown dan Levinson (1987). The purpose of the study was to identify differences in politeness strategies in order speech acts of male and female Batak Toba guests in the ulaon unjuk (the peak wedding ceremony) of the Batak Toba custom in Tebing Tinggi. The design of this research was descriptive qualitative. The most dominant politeness strategies spoken by male guests are direct politeness strategies, indirectly realized by metaphors, positive realized by making jokes, and negatives realized by reducing the strength or power of threat to the face of the opposing speaker, whereas female guests of the Toba Batak are direct politeness. The politeness strategy used by male guests of Batak Toba was influenced by factors in the attitude of male Batak Toba guests who are directly in expressing a matter, not rambling, more experience factors in customs so that they can joke and report, and cultural factors namely patrialism, in which the power in the hands of Toba Batak men, this was the background of Toba Batak men using four politeness strategies Brown and Levinson (1987) while female guests of Toba Batak, situational factors lie behind so that female guests are more dominant in telling direct politeness strategies and cultural factors namely attitudes and roles has been passed down to Toba Batak women, the attitude of Batak Toba women is friendly, gentle, conscientious and easily accepted in the community and the role as a wife who serves her husband, raising and teaching children and taking care of the household that is the background of Toba Batak women guests using four strategies Brown politeness and Levinson (1987).

scholarly journals Comparison of esthetic smile perceptions among male and female Indonesian dental students relating to the buccal corridors of a smile

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astriana Nurfitrah ◽  
C. Christnawati ◽  
Ananto Ali Alhasyimi
Keyword(s):  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Kappa Statistic ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Posterior Teeth ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Buccal Corridor

Background: A smile constitutes a form of measurement as to whether or not an orthodontic treatment has proved successful. A smile is said to be ideal if a balance exists between the shape of the face and teeth. One benchmark used to assess the quality of an ideal smile is that of buccal corridors. These are formed of the black space between the lateral edge of maxillary posterior teeth and the corner of the lip which appears during the action of smiling. Evaluating the contrasting perceptions of male and female smiles based on buccal corridor aspects is considered important to identifying the specific qualities an ideal smile. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the difference between the perceptions of an ideal smile held by Indonesian dental students of both genders based on buccal corridors. Methods: A total of 36 dental students, equally divided between male and female students and ranging in age from 18-21 years old, were enrolled in this study. The smiles of all subjects were photographed from the front for later assessment by the subjects themselves. Assessment was undertaken twice, with a two-week interval between the first and second, by comparing subjects’ photographs with reference pictures of buccal corridors. Data gathered were analyzed by using kappa-statistic and U-Mann Whitney. Results: The results indicated that all the subjects showed a good level of coincidence in their analysis (κ=0.76). Statistical analysis showed that the score of 0.123 (p>0.05) was shown in U-Mann Whitney. Conclusion: Indonesian male and female dental students have the same perception of an aesthetic smile with regard to its buccal corridor.

When Humour Has the Last Word: Freud and the Magnanimous, Playful, Not Cruel, Very Benign Superego

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-51
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Rottenberg
Keyword(s):  
The Unconscious ◽  
The Face

This paper begins with a rather straightforward observation: Freud's last word on the theory of jokes and the comic is his 1927 essay on ‘Humour’. That is, when it comes to jokes and the comic, ‘humour’ has the last word, both textually and chronologically. What this also means, as this paper tries to show, is that the humour of last words is not far behind. Which is not to suggest that Freud's theory of humour is all fun and games. For, if there is one thing that Freud's examples of humour in both Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious and ‘Humour’ make clear, it is that humorous last words must be taken seriously if we are to understand how they comfort and protect the ego in the face of death.

Perceived social support and burden of care of male and female caregivers of patient with schizophrenia

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Narendra Kumar Singh ◽  
Nishant Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Perceived Social Support ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Burden Of Care ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Difference

Background: Schizophrenia is associated with a high familial, social and economic burden. Schizophrenia is also associated with a high level of disability which may create impediments on the social and economic areas of the patients as well as on their respective family networks. Families with schizophrenia may encounter problems such as impairment of health and well being of other family members, restriction of social activities of the family members and shrinking of support from the social network. Aims: The present study examined the difference in perceived social support and burden of care between the male and female caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study examining the difference in perceived social support and burden of care between the male and female caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. The sample consisted of 60 (30 male and 30 female) caregivers of the patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia as per ICD-10-DCR. Results and Conclusion: This study revealed that male caregivers perceived more social support and less burden of care as compared to female caregivers. Key words: Gender, social support, burden

scholarly journals Possibility of Human Gender Recognition Using Raman Spectra of Teeth

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 3983
Author(s):  
Ozren Gamulin ◽  
Marko Škrabić ◽  
Kristina Serec ◽  
Matej Par ◽  
Marija Baković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectra ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Gender Recognition ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Tooth Type ◽  
Tooth Apex ◽  
The Difference

Gender determination of the human remains can be very challenging, especially in the case of incomplete ones. Herein, we report a proof-of-concept experiment where the possibility of gender recognition using Raman spectroscopy of teeth is investigated. Raman spectra were recorded from male and female molars and premolars on two distinct sites, tooth apex and anatomical neck. Recorded spectra were sorted into suitable datasets and initially analyzed with principal component analysis, which showed a distinction between spectra of male and female teeth. Then, reduced datasets with scores of the first 20 principal components were formed and two classification algorithms, support vector machine and artificial neural networks, were applied to form classification models for gender recognition. The obtained results showed that gender recognition with Raman spectra of teeth is possible but strongly depends both on the tooth type and spectrum recording site. The difference in classification accuracy between different tooth types and recording sites are discussed in terms of the molecular structure difference caused by the influence of masticatory loading or gender-dependent life events.

The Difference in Facial Movement Between the Medial and the Lateral Midface: A 3D Skin Surface Vector Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L Freytag ◽  
Michael G Alfertshofer ◽  
Konstantin Frank ◽  
Dmitry V Melnikov ◽  
Nicholas Moellhoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Imaging ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Facial Movements ◽  
Anatomic Location ◽  
Objective Evidence ◽  
The Face ◽  
Functional Boundary ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Background Our understanding of the functional anatomy of the face is constantly improving. To date, it is unclear whether the anatomic location of the line of ligaments has any functional importance during normal facial movements such as smiling. Objectives It is the objective of the present study to identify differences in facial movements between the medial and lateral midface by means of skin vector displacement analyses derived from 3D imaging and to further ascertain whether the line of ligaments has both a structural and functional significance in these movements. Methods The study sample consisted of 21 healthy volunteers (9 females & 12 males) of Caucasian ethnic background with a mean age of 30.6 (8.3) years and a mean BMI of 22.57 (2.5) kg/m 2. 3D images of the volunteers’ faces in repose and during smiling (Duchenne type) were taken. 3D imaging-based skin vector displacement analyses were conducted. Results The mean horizontal skin displacement was 0.08 (2.0) mm in the medial midface (lateral movement) and was -0.08 (1.96) mm in the lateral midface (medial movement) (p = 0.711). The mean vertical skin displacement (cranial movement of skin toward the forehead/temple) was 6.68 (2.4) mm in the medial midface whereas it was 5.20 (2.07) mm in the lateral midface (p = 0.003). Conclusions The results of this study provide objective evidence for an antagonistic skin movement between the medial and the lateral midface. The functional boundary identified by 3D imaging corresponds to the anatomic location of the line of ligaments.

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