scholarly journals STRATEGI KESANTUNAN DALAM TINDAK TUTUR MENYURUH PADA KEGIATAN ULAON UNJUK ADAT BATAK TOBA: PERSPEKTIF JENDER

Sirok Bastra ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
Christina Natalina Saragi
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Wedding Ceremony ◽  
Toba Batak ◽  
Taking Care ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Tujuan penelitian mengidentifikasi perbedaan strategi kesantunan dalam tindak tutur menyuruh tamu pria dan wanita Batak Toba dalam kegiatan ulaon unjuk (upacara puncak pernikahan) adat Batak Toba di Tebing Tinggi. Desain penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif.  Strategi kesantunan yang paling dominan dituturkan oleh tamu pria adalah strategi kesantunan langsung, tidak langsung yang direalisasikan dengan metafor, positif yang direalisasikan dengan berkelakar membuat lelucon dan negatif yang direalisasikan dengan kurangi kekuatan atau daya ancaman terhadap muka lawan tutur; sedangkan tamu wanita Batak Toba adalah kesantunan langsung. Strategi kesantunan yang digunakan oleh tamu pria Batak Toba dipengaruhi oleh faktor sikap tamu pria Batak Toba yang langsung dalam mengungkapkan suatu hal, tidak bertele-tela, faktor pengalaman yang lebih di dalam adat istiadat sehingga dapat berkelakar serta bermetafor, dan faktor kebudayaan yaitu patrialisme, kekuasaan berada ditangan pria batak Toba, hal ini yang melatar belakangi pria batak Toba menggunakan empat strategi kesantunan Brown dan Levinson (1987) sedangkan tamu wanita Batak Toba, faktor situasional melatarbelakangi sehingga tamu wanita lebih dominan menuturkan strategi kesantunan langsung dan faktor kebudayaan yaitu sikap dan peran yang sudah diwariskan kepada wanita batak Toba, sikap wanita Batak Toba yaitu ramah, lemah lembut, teliti serta mudah diterima dimasyarakat dan peran sebagai istri yang melayani suami, membesarkan dan mengajari  anak-anak serta mengurus rumah tangga yang melatar belakangi tamu wanita batak Toba menggunakan empat strategi kesantunan Brown dan Levinson (1987). The purpose of the study was to identify differences in politeness strategies in order speech acts of male and female Batak Toba guests in the ulaon unjuk (the peak wedding ceremony) of the Batak Toba custom in Tebing Tinggi. The design of this research was descriptive qualitative. The most dominant politeness strategies spoken by male guests are direct politeness strategies, indirectly realized by metaphors, positive realized by making jokes, and negatives realized by reducing the strength or power of threat to the face of the opposing speaker, whereas female guests of the Toba Batak are direct politeness. The politeness strategy used by male guests of Batak Toba was influenced by factors in the attitude of male Batak Toba guests who are directly in expressing a matter, not rambling, more experience factors in customs so that they can joke and report, and cultural factors namely patrialism, in which the power in the hands of Toba Batak men, this was the background of Toba Batak men using four politeness strategies Brown and Levinson (1987) while female guests of Toba Batak, situational factors lie behind so that female guests are more dominant in telling direct politeness strategies and cultural factors namely attitudes and roles has been passed down to Toba Batak women, the attitude of Batak Toba women is friendly, gentle, conscientious and easily accepted in the community and the role as a wife who serves her husband, raising and teaching children and taking care of the household that is the background of Toba Batak women guests using four strategies Brown politeness and Levinson (1987).

scholarly journals "Wir laden Sie ein!" - "Jetzt anmelden!" Zur Spannweite von Instruktionen in Werbebriefen

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (40) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Martin Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Power Relationship ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Text Genre ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
The One ◽  
Directive Speech

Instructive texts are an inclusive term for a wide range of action initiating texts, i.e. texts where the action is being initiated through the text (e.g. in a sales letter, Nielsen 2003a: 66), and action commanding texts, i.e. texts where an action which the receiver wanted to execute anyway is being instructed (e.g. instructions, Reiß 1983: 17). Since sales letters are action-initiating and thus as a text genre constituting feature contain directive speech acts (Searle 1969, 1976, Wagner 2001, Nielsen 2006), they are per definition face-threatening (Brown/ Levinson 1978, Nielsen 2006). The communication configuration is asymmetric and the power relationship skewed: On the one hand, the sender wants something from the receiver although not entitled to claim that because of the power relations. On the other hand, the action that the receiver is requested to do might very well be in the interest of the receiver. On that background it seems natural that there is a wide range in the realization of instructions in sales letters: from the euphemistic „We invite you!“ to the completely unhidden, almost rude „Register now!“ This article sets out to describe and explore this range on the basis of authentic Danish and German sales letters and to make an attempt at a first tentative classification of politeness strategies that soften the face-threatening speech acts of those instructions.

scholarly journals HATE SPEECH ACTS: A CASE IN BATU BARA

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-233
Author(s):  
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti ◽  
Andi Pratama ◽  
Zulfan Zulfan
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Local Election ◽  
Illocutionary Acts ◽  
The Face ◽  
Political Background ◽  
Book Group ◽  
Negative Feelings ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Hate speech acts that occur in the online realm expressed with words of prejudice and negative feelings are far more dangerous than in the offline realm. Hate speech is a new area in the study of illocutionary speech acts. This new area of speech acts becomes more interesting because every hate speech has various meanings or illocutionary forces based on speaker’s intention. This study aims to analyse the classifications and aims of illocutionary acts and illocutionary forces of hate speech contained in two face book group accounts related to Batu Bara district’s local election. The research method is descriptive qualitative. The data of this research are thirteen utterances/speeches of face book users in Batu Bara district’s local election group account. Data were collected using the documentation method with the help of referring technique. This method is used to observe the expression of the face book users’ hatred on issues related to social, cultural and political background on each candidate. Thirteen utterances analyzed are classified into assertive, directive and expressive and have illocutionary forces namely insulting, inciting and discriminating. This study indicates that hate speech can be identified linguistically.

scholarly journals Gender’s Politeness Strategies of Making Requests and Giving Compliments in Classroom Setting Sociopragmatic Perspeective

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 765-777
Author(s):  
Rima Fitria Ningrum ◽  
Suharsono Suharsono ◽  
Suwono Suwono
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Pragmatic Competence ◽  
Classroom Setting ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Teachers ◽  
Preliminary Identification ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
Difference Form ◽  
The Difference

This present study investigates the form of politeness strategies of making requests and giving compliments performed by different gender in a classroom setting, single teacher and single student, in sociopragmatic perspective. Particularly, this study aims to 1) describe the form of politeness strategies of making requests used by male and female teachers 2) describe the form of politeness strategies of giving compliments performed by male and female teachers, 3) describe the difference form of their politeness strategies of those 2 speech acts  and 4) evaluate the factors that may underlie the choice of their politeness strategies of those 2 speech acts in classroom setting. Therefore, the examples of the politeness strategies of 2 speech acts employed by distinct gender were provided in this study. To identify those politeness strategies, Brown and Levinson’s theory (1987) was used as a preliminary identification. In obtaining the data, video recording transcript and interview transcript are collected and then analyzed. The data were the utterances of 2 female and 2 male teachers in classroom setting. The findings show that female teachers tend to use negative politeness strategies more in making requests and both gender tend to use positive politeness strategies in giving compliments in the classroom setting. Their choices were underlied by their closeness to their participants which determined by the character of their participants, the time needed to get close to their participants, the interest of their participants and the topic discussed with their participants. This indicates that the teachers are aware of their pragmatic competence, yet, to create friendlier atmosphere both gender need to advance their ability in using other politeness strategies.

Politeness Strategies Used in Javanese Wedding Ceremony

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ika Agustina ◽  
Sumarsih Sumarsih ◽  
Busmin Gurning
Keyword(s):  
Politeness Theory ◽  
Social Harmony ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
Qualitative Design ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
Wedding Ceremony ◽  
Recorded Observation ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

This study deals with Politeness Strategies Used in Javanese Wedding Ceremony. The objectives of the study were to identify types of Politeness strategies and the pattern of strategies used in Javanese wedding ceremony. The approach used in this study are based on Politeness theory by Brown and Levinson (1987); Bald on record, Positive politeness, Negative politeness and Off-record strategy. This study employed descriptive qualitative design. The data were the transcriptions of recorded observation and interview. The data were taken from observation using audio visual recorder in Javanese wedding ceremony of Dina Wagiani and Oman Syahputra especially in some events which were Peningsetan (17th March 2012), Midodaremi (14th April 2012), Panggih (15th April 2012) dan Sungkeman (15th April 2012) that are held in Medan located at Jl. Marelan II Pasar IV, Kelurahan Rengas Pulau, Kecamatan Medan Marelan. The finding showed that all the types of Politeness strategies were applied in Javanese wedding ceremony. The percentage of positive politeness was 54.21%, bald- on record was 33.16%, negative politeness was 8.95% and off-record was 3.68%. The most dominant type of politeness strategies used was positive politeness strategy. It was used because Javanese people try to satisfy the hearer and avoid conflicts with other people. They also applied it to make both families get closer each other, so there was no distance between them. They endeavor to maintain social harmony and solidarity between bride‘s family and bridegroom‘s family during wedding ceremony.

Code Switching in the Toba Batak Wedding Ceremony

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakhmat Wahyudin Sagala ◽  
Lince Sihombing ◽  
Anni Holila Pulungan
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
The People ◽  
Wedding Ceremony ◽  
Toba Batak ◽  
Traditional Marriage ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The aims are to find out: 1) the types of code switching used in the Toba Batak wedding ceremony, 2) how the participants switch language in the process of Toba Batak wedding ceremony, and 3) reason why the participants switch language in the process of Toba Batak wedding ceremony. The data were obtained from the utterances of participants which contain code switching during the process of Toba Batak wedding ceremony precisely in Marhaban, replying and exchanging the verses of rhymes, exchanging of Tepak, and upah-upah stages. They were analyzed by using some steps as normally applied in descriptive qualitative method. The instruments of data collection were audio visual recorder. The findings of the study indicate that; a) Three types of code switching found namely intrasentential, intersentential and tag switching b) Participants in Toba Batak wedding ceremony mix some languages based on participants’ tribes which involved in the process of Toba Batak wedding ceremony and they also adjust the situation and the condition of the people c) Three reasons of code switching during the process of Toba Batak wedding ceremony namely the differences of family’s tribes, religion factor and place of wedding ceremony be held. Keywords: Code Switching; Toba Batak; Traditional Marriage

scholarly journals POLITENESS STRATEGIES, LINGUISTIC MARKERS AND SOCIAL CONTEXTS IN DELIVERING REQUESTS IN JAVANESE

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 659
Author(s):  
Sukarno Sukarno
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Passive Voice ◽  
Linguistic Markers ◽  
The Social ◽  
Politeness Strategies

Delivering request is not only influenced by linguistic factors, but also by socio-cultural factors. Some studies have reported the interaction between linguistic and socio-cultural factors in delivering requests in many different languages. However, this issue is rarely explored in Javanese (language). The aim of this study is to investigate the politeness strategies, the linguistic markers, and the social contexts commonly used to deliver requests in Javanese. The data were collected and sorted from the conversations among the Javanese people in Jember, East Java, Indonesia, when making speech acts to deliver requests. Having been sorted, the data were analysed using deconstructive method to reveal the linguistic markers commonly used by the Javanese speakers to deliver requests and the social-cultural backgrounds which influence the choice of the politeness strategies. This research shows that (1) there are four types (most direct, direct, less direct, and indirect) of politeness strategies in Javanese, (2) there are four linguistic devices (sentence moods, speech levels, passive voice, and supposition/condition) as the markers of the politeness strategies and (3) the choices of the levels are strongly influenced by the social contexts (social distance, age, social status or power, and the size of imposition) among the tenors. The appropriate strategies of delivering requests in Javanese will make the communication among the interlocutors run harmoniously. 

scholarly journals Politeness Strategy in Directive Speech Acts of Tolea Pabitara on Traditional Marriage Ceremony of Tolaki-Mekongga Ethnic Group

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Nur Ihsan HL., M.Hum.
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Marriage Ceremony ◽  
The Family ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
Wedding Ceremony ◽  
Traditional Marriage ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
Directive Speech

This research was based on the politeness in speech acts at traditional ceremonies for Tolaki-Mekongga ethnic group as native ethnic in the mainland of Southeast Sulawesi province. In traditional wedding procession, it was known as Tolea-pabitara (spokesman), both Tolea-pabitara represented the family of the bridegroom, and Tolea pabitara represented the woman's family. The competence of politeness in speech act at the traditional procession to the continuity of interaction was crucial and was the responsibility of Tolea-pabitara. The problem in this research was how the use of directive speech acts of Tolea pabitara as politeness strategies in a traditional wedding ceremony of Tolaki-Mekongga ethnic group in Southeast Sulawesi. There were two objectives in this research. The first was to describe strategies of Tolea pabitara in using directive speech acts as a strategy of politeness in a traditional wedding ceremony of Tolaki-Mekongga ethnic that reside in mainland of Southeast Sulawesi. The second was to describe the types of directive speech acts that were used by Tolea pabitara in the traditional wedding ceremony of Tolaki-Mekongga ethnic group in Southeast Sulawesi.

scholarly journals Tindak Tutur Joko Anwar yang Mengancam dan Strategi Kesantunan Tidak Langsung terhadap Livi Zheng dalam Acara Q&A: Belaga “Hollywood” di Metro TV

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64
Author(s):  
Erin Nur Aini ◽  
Ika Nurhayani ◽  
Hamamah Hamamah
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Cooperative Relationship ◽  
Descriptive Method

This study aims to investigate the speech acts used by Joko Anwar who threatened live Zheng and politeness strategies in the Q&A program: BELAGA“HOLLYWOOD”. A descriptive method with document analysis is used in this study. The results of this study are found five forms of speech acts namely assertive, directive, commissive, expressive and declarative threatening Livi Zheng. Assertive speech acts in the form of complaining are more often used by Joko Anwar when threatening the face or self-image of Livi Zheng. To reduce the threat, indirect politeness strategies or off-record strategies are used by Joko Anwar. Speech with sarcastic messages or criticisms is conveyed with indirectly meaning, this politeness strategy is chosen so that communication can still be carried out without breaking the cooperative relationship between the speaker and the speech partner. This study shows that although there are threats in the speech delivered, with the indirect politeness strategy is also used to maintain the face or self-image in public.

scholarly journals OTTO HASIBUAN’S POLITENESS STRATEGY IN JUDGE SESSION OF MIRNA’S CASE

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 436
Author(s):  
Pratiwi Tri Utami ◽  
Dwi Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

This research explores the forms of politeness strategies in utterances of Otto Hasibuan in Judge Session of Mirna’s case. The research method of this research uses descriptive qualitative method. The subject of the research is Otto Hasibuan’s utterances in Judge Session of Mirna’s case. Furthermore, this research uses the Otto Hasibuan’s utterances containing politeness strategies. In collecting the data, the researcher uses noting and transcribing technique. Then, the data analyzing of this research are categorizing, data classifying, and data analyzing. The researcher watched the Judge Session, wrote down the script, translated the script, identified the Otto’s utterances, classified the script based on the forms of politeness strategies, then analyzed the data. In analyzing the data, it shows that the politeness forms used by Otto Hasibuan have ten typical speech acts: warning, asking (for permission), questioning, requesting, suggesting, agreeing, informing, criticizing, respecting, and thanking, which are categorized into five maxims: tact maxim, agreement maxims, opinion-reticence maxim, approbation maxim, and obligation maxim.

scholarly journals Politeness Strategies in the Bel Ami Movie

Lexicon ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zulfia Muftiarizqi
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Face Threat ◽  
Undergraduate Thesis

This undergraduate thesis examines a movie entitled “Bel Ami”. It focuses on the politeness strategies used in the dialogues that involve George as the main character. The objectives of this paper are to identify and classify the politeness strategies that appear and to find the most frequently performed politeness strategies by upper class characters in the movie. The analysis is based on the classification of politeness strategies by Brown and Levinson. The result of the analysis indicates that there are 61 speech acts that contain politeness strategies. The highest number of strategy that is found is positive politeness strategy comprising 28 strategies (45.90%). It is likely because the speakers and hearers have close relationships as colleagues and the dialogues are dominated by common everyday conversations. The most frequently politeness strategies performed by upper class characters is Bald on record strategy 1 that is Cases of non-minimization of the face threat with 5 (16.13%) strategies. It is possibly because as the hearer, George has less power than the speakers who belong to the upper class people.

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