Agrobiological and technological basis of watermelon production in Belarus

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
А.А. Аутко ◽  
С.Н. Волосюк

Описаны основные агроприемы технологии возделывания арбуза в условиях Беларуси, представлен комплекс с. – х. машин, позволяющих возделывать арбуз без применения химических средств защиты растений в режиме экологизации земледелия. Полевые исследования выполнены в 2015–2018 годах на базе ОАО «Черняны» Малоритского района Брестской области. Планирование исследований, закладку и проведение опытов осуществляли по общепринятым методикам. Установлено, что при выращивании кассетной рассады арбуза важно место расположения семян при посеве. При посеве семян арбуза со смещением от центра ячейки кассеты происходит одностороннее развитие корневой системы рассады. При высадке такой рассады надземная часть растения отклоняется от центральной оси на 16,7–25,5°, рассада имеет смещенный центр тяжести, что снижает качество ее механизированной посадки. После высадки рассады с односторонне сформированной корневой системой, дальнейшее ее развитие происходит также в одном направлении. При возделывании арбуза с использованием такой рассады отмечено снижение урожайности на 11,8–12,2 т/га, что составило 28,2–29,2%. Это происходит в результате уменьшения количества товарных плодов на 23,0% и снижения их средней массы на 8,0–9,0%. Выявлено, что при подаче поливной воды в посадочную лунку глубиной 6 см в объеме 200 см 3 с одновременной посадкой рассады, объем увлажненной почвы составил 449,8 см 3, что в 5,6 раз больше, чем при внесении воды в борозду. При дозированной подаче воды в лунку в количестве 250 и 300 см 3, объем увлажнения почвы был соответственно 813,4 и 1416,1 см 3, что в 6,1 и 5,6 раз больше, чем при внесении воды в борозды. Этот способ внесения воды при высадке рассады позволяет наиболее рационально использовать поливную воду. Применение некорневых подкормок баковыми смесями препаратов Экосил, Экогум ФК и Экогум Комплекс при возделывании арбуза, способствует увеличению содержания хлорофилла в листьях на 16,5–22,0%, повышению устойчивости растений к неблагоприятным факторам среды, увеличению урожайности на 3,6–4,2 т/га (10,2–11,9%), улучшению качества продукции при полной экологической безопасности. The main agro-techniques of watermelon cultivation technology in Belarus are described, a complex of agricultural machines which allows to cultivate watermelon without using chemical plant protection products in the mode of greening agriculture is presented. Field research was carried out in 2015–2018 on the basis of JSC “Chernyany” Maloritskiy district of the Brest region. Research planning, setting up and conducting experiments were carried out according to generally accepted methods. It was established that when growing cassette seedlings of cassette, the location of seeds during sowing is important. When sowing watermelon seeds with a shift from the center of the cassette cell, one-sided development of the seedling root system occurs. When such seedlings are planted, the aerial part of the plant deviates from the central axis by 16,7–25,5°, the seedlings have a shifted center of gravity, which reduces the quality of its mechanized planting. After transplanting seedlings with a one-sidedly formed root system, its further development also occurs in one direction. When cultivating watermelon using such seedlings, a decrease in productivity by 11,8–12,2 t/ha was noted, which amounted to 28,2–29,2%. This occurs as a result of a decrease in the number of marketable fruits by 23,0%, a decrease in their average weight by 8,0–9,0%. It was revealed that when irrigation water was supplied to a 6 cm deep landing hole in a volume of 200 cm3with simultaneous planting of seedlings, the volume of moistened soil was 449,8 cm3, which is 5.6 times more than when water was added to the furrow. With a dosed supply of water to the well in the amount of 250 and 300 cm3, the volume of soil moistening was 813,4 and 1416,1 cm3, respectively, which is 6,1 and 5,6 times more than when water was added to the furrows. This method of applying water when planting seedlings allows the most efficient use of irrigation water. The use of foliar top dressing with tank mixtures of the preparations Ecosil, Ecogum PK and Ecogum Complex when cultivating watermelon, contributes to an increase in the content of chlorophyll in the leaves by 16,5–22,0%, increase plant resistance to adverse environmental factors, increase productivity by 3,6–4,2 t/ha (10,2–11,9%), improving product quality with complete environmental safety.

Author(s):  
F. S. Melnychuk ◽  
О. A. Marchenko ◽  
A. P. Shatkovskyi ◽  
L. M. Melnychuk ◽  
М. S. Retman ◽  
...  

Relevance of research. Ukraine's agriculture is one of the world leaders in production and export. The assortment of chemical plant protection products by status on 2019 which used in agriculture has more than two thousand preparations based on hundreds of active substances. In today's difficult climatic conditions, crop growing requires the use of a scientific approach, innovative technology and the introduction of new technologies. One of these is pestigation (irrigation pesticide application), which allows a uniform distribution and precise placement of chemicals independently of weather or field conditions. The selection of a modern assortment of chemicals that can be effectively used in pest control against certain harmful organisms is one of the actual directions of irrigation and requires research in different soil and climatic zones of Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to investigate the peculiarities of the pesticides application in integrated protection systems and the environmental safety of their use on the example of non-target objects. Materials and methods of research.  Methods of scientific analysis and synthesis, generalization of the results of field and laboratory analyzes were used in the study, which included: - phyto-expertise of seed and plant material; - rapid analyzes during the growing season of crops; - agrochemical analysis of soils; - detailed soil analysis; - study of environmental hazards of chemicals for aquatic, soil and terrestrial ecosystems: - detailed analysis of water. The application of plant protection products makes it possible to improve the ecological condition of agrocenosis, the conditions of the working area, while increasing crop productivity. Application methods of plant protection reagents with irrigation water and combined protection schemes for row crops, which are used in integrated crop protection systems, are presented. It has been established that one of the significant disadvantage of application plant protection reagents with irrigation water is the limitation of the pesticide treatment time. The developed combined scheme for the row crops protection provides for the prophylactic treatment of pesticide in a short time by the traditional way, depending on the phytosanitary condition of the crops, which provides a significant increase of yield compared to other methods of application. It has also been proven that effectiveness  of plant protection reagents is not the same against certain targets upon application different methods of pesticides treatment . Therefore, it is noted that for developing technological schemes for protecting crops against harmful organisms, it is necessary to thoroughly study the phytosanitary situation in the area where crops are located and to determine the targets for which pesticides are applied. The directions of research on the influence of pesticides on ecosystems are given, namely, the environmental safety of pesticides for the soil ecosystem (toxic effects on groundworms and microorganisms), the aquatic ecosystem (toxic effects on fish, daphnia, and algae) and the terrestrial ecosystem (toxic effects on birds and bees). It is noted that one of the methods to prevent the harmful effects of toxic substances on non-target objects of ecosystems is hygienic regulation of their use. Ecological and toxicological assessment of pesticides was carried out by determining their toxicity after a single injection in a sharp experiment, which allows determining the species susceptibility of a living organism to a chemical reagent. Probit’ analysis method was used to calculate the toxicity in the analysis of the various drugs effects which is the most exact at the present time. The influence of agrochemicals on the structural and functional changes in the microbial cenosis of the soil was determined by a quantitative analysis of agronomical valuable ecological and trophic and taxonomic groups of microorganisms, by assessing the rate of respiration of the soil by the amount of carbon dioxide released. The tendencies of search and fundamental research in the water management field and land reclamation were analyzed in order to improve modern approaches to plant growing.


Author(s):  
Alicja Baranowska ◽  
Krystyna Zarzecka

The purpose of the study was to determine the economic efficiency of edible potatoes cultivation of Vineta variety grown on light soil on the basis of standard gross margin (SGM). Field research was carried out on a 1.7 ha plantation site located in Lublin Province. As a result of the research, it was found that the production of potatoes in the years 2015-2016 was profitable. The highest share in the structure of direct costs incurred was the purchase of seed potatoes (42.67%), specialized costs (33.90%), the cost of manure (13.96%), then the costs of plant protection products (4.73%) and mineral fertilizers (4.28%).


2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 36-45
Author(s):  
Fedir Melnychuk ◽  
Olha Marchenko ◽  
Andrii Shatkovskyi ◽  
Igor Kovalenko

Irrigation not only changes the ecological conditions of cultivation, but also modifies the existing phytopathocenoses and entomocomplexes, exerting a comprehensive and multi-vector effect, which requires significant changes in protection technologies, development of new methods of pest control. It is important to select a modern range of chemicals that can be effectively used in chemicalisation. The purpose of the study is to identify promising active substances of pesticides for drip irrigation and to develop schemes for their application. Field experiments to determine the effectiveness of certain groups of pesticides under drip irrigation were conducted in the Dry Steppe of Ukraine. The application of the studied drugs took place on the drip irrigation system. To plan research on the use of pesticides under drip irrigation, schemes have been developed to protect row crops: corn, tomatoes, and soybeans. Selected active substances, which are described by translaminar and acropetal movement on the plant, have a systemic nature of action and are highly effective when used in drip irrigation technologies. It is considered that one of the important disadvantages of application of plant protection products with irrigation water is the limitation of application periods by irrigation regimes. The highest efficiency against the main pathogens was observed with the combined method of pesticide application according to the developed schemes. This method involves the use of pesticides together with irrigation water and additional chemical treatment with conventional methods of fertilisation during the growing season. For its part, this allows for preventive treatments in a short time and adjust the timing of treatments depending on the phytosanitary situation


2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-415
Author(s):  
Anne de Vries–Stotijn

On 18 February 2016, the European Ombudsman delivered a decision (case 12/2013/MDC) that has the potential to thoroughly shake up the manner in which the European Commission authorises plant protection products (PPPs).Pesticide Action Network Europe (PAN-Europe) brought the case before the Ombudsman. It alleged that the Commission approves potentially unsafe PPPs and disregards data gaps in the risk assessment, thereby ignoring concerns raised by the European Food and Safety Authority. PAN-Europe also argued that the Commission fails to set appropriate risk mitigation measures and to check Member States’ compliance with those measures. The Ombudsman largely agreed with PAN-Europe. She found that the Commission indeed authorised substances, even when it was unclear whether a substance met the legal health and environmental safety requirements. The Ombudsman made several recommendations to the Commission for bringing its approval practice, which constitutes maladministration, in conformity with EU pesticide law.


2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 00042
Author(s):  
Anatolij Lysov ◽  
Timur Kornilov

The biological and economic effectiveness of plant protection measures depends not only on the correct choice of pesticide, but also on the quality of its application to the processed target objects. The article discusses the results of assessing the quality of applying herbicides by spraying using low-volume spraying technology, ULV spraying without forced and forced precipitation of small droplets, and treatment with cold aerosol. To assess the impact of the quality of the application of plant protection products on the environmental safety of the use of herbicides, two main indicators were used: – uniform distribution of the working fluid over the treated area: – the amount of drift of small drops from the treatment area. The analysis of methodological approaches and regulatory documents for assessing the potential risk of pesticides for the environment in European countries and in Russia is given.Based on the obtained experimental data on the coefficients of variation in the distribution of the drug over the effective coverage width, an expert assessment of the drug overuse was carried out using various technologies. An expert assessment of the drift of small drops of the working fluid from the treatment zone was also carried out. A comparative assessment of technologies was carried out according to the indicated environmental safety indicators for the use of the herbicide Gezagard WP on potato plantings.


Author(s):  
F. S. Melnychuk ◽  
S. A. Alekseeva ◽  
O. V. Hordiienko ◽  
L. M. Melnychuk ◽  
K. B. Shatkovska

In Ukraine, the application of pesticides along with irrigation water (pestigation) is becoming more widespread and popular. The use of insecticides when applying them along with irrigation water on reclamation systems (insecticide method) is a reliable way to reduce the number of dangerous pests. The advantage of this method is the possibility of timely delivery of plant protection products to crops during their critical periods, and rapid application of pesticides regardless of weather conditions. The use of insecticides along with drip irrigation to control owlet moth caterpillars was carried out in the II-III decades of June. The most effective products were: Woliam Flexi 300 SC, Ampligo 150 ZC FC and Enzhio, 247, SC. Among the one-component products reliable protection of crop plants was provided by Actara, 240 SC. Under drip irrigation, owlet moth larvae control proved was rather effective, reaching 85,7-100%. On the variant with the maximum rate of insecticides, the highest efficiency was provided by the preps of Woliam Flexi 300 SC, Ampligo 150 ZC and Enzhio, 247 SC (97,1-100%). Against the larvae of Agriotes the reliable protection of corn when applying insecticides along with drip irrigation, was obtained on the variant with Voliam Flexi 300 SC, KS, where having an application rate of 0,3 l/ha, the protection level was 97,1%. Reduction in the number of owlet moth caterpillars and Agriotes arvae on the variants of the experiment provided crop density and enabled to obtain a higher yield of corn grain. When applying  Woliam Flexi 300 SC, Ampligo 150 ZC and Enzhio, 247 SC, at the maximum application rates, the crop density averaged 84-88 thou /ha. In general, on the variants of the experiment when the maximum rates of multi-agent preps were applied, the maize productivity was 2,0-2,4 t/ha. higher than the figures on the reference variants.


2021 ◽  
Vol 285 ◽  
pp. 02026
Author(s):  
Olga Shabaldas ◽  
Konstantin Pimonov ◽  
Olga Vlasova ◽  
Vera Perederieva

To obtain a stable harvest of high quality grain, Agrosakhar LLC, located in the Stavropol Territory, used soybean growing technology, which included: the use of modern energy and resource-saving equipment for soil cultivation, sowing and harvesting, cultivation of adapted varieties bred in Russia and Canada - Selecta 302, Vilana, Furio, Kofu, Kyoto, Kanata; introduction of complex fertilizer - azophoska for main soil cultivation, pre-sowing seed treatment with a fungicidal dressing agent Delit Pro and the inoculant Highcoat Super Soy. The system of protective measures included a combination of agrotechnical measures using chemical plant protection products based on monitoring of harmful objects. To combat monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species of weeds, sowing was treated with Pledge herbicide before germination, followed by a tank mixture of herbicides Bazagran with Harmony in the phase of the first true leaf in soybean plants. The use of the fungicide Akanto Plus together with Karate Zeon and Ampligo Plus ensured effective protection of soybean plants from diseases and pests during the growing season. The technology used for growing soybeans on the farm enables you to consistently get a large and high-quality grain yield. The maximum yield of 2.92 t/ha was obtained by sowing the Kofu variety using the developed cultivation technology. On average, the yield of protein amounted to 0.98, and vegetable fat amounted to 0.59 t/ha. The profitability of soybean grain production on the farm using this cultivation technology is 44.2%.


Author(s):  
I.V. Mazurak

The article presents the results of field research on the production of naked oats yields, depending on the means of plant protection under the conditions of the western forest-steppe of Ukraine. The object of research was the belligerent variety Avgol. The purpose of our research was to study the effects of various protection schemes to obtain the highest yield of oats. In the process of conducting research, the field method of research was used: - to determine the influence of the elements of cultivation technology. From the results of the research, it can be seen that the means of plant protection have an effect on the yield of naked oats. The smallest it was in the first variant with the introduction of the Granstar herbicide (25 g / ha) and was 4.87 t / ha. Intensification of cultivation technology with morphorigulator Stabilan (0.8 l / ha) yields of oats increased to 5.35 t / ha, which is 0.45 t / ha more than the previous one. The morphoregulator thickened the walls of the straw, reduced the height of the plants, and thus protected from falling. In the third variant (Granstar (25g / ha) + Stabilan (0.8l / ha) + Falcon fungicide (0.8 l / ha), the yield increase was 4.98 t / ha, and the growth to the first was 0.96 t / ha Fungicide Falcon protected crops of oats from the defeat of septoriosis, powdery mildew, spots in the phase of tubing. It provided an increase in yields by 0.51 t / ha. Two-time introduction of fungicides (Granstar (25 g / ha) + Stabilan (0.8 l / ha) + Falcon (0.8 l / ha) + Rex Duo fungicide (0.6 l / ha)) positively affected oat crops and contributed to an increase yields to 6.09 t / ha, which is 1.22 t / ha of the control variant. The highest yields over the years have been observed in the fifth variant (Granstar (25 g / ha) + Stabilan (0.8 l / ha) + Falcon (0.8 l / ha) + Rex Duo (0.6 l / ha) + insecticide Fastak (0.2 l / ha)), where it was 6.15 t / ha, which is 1.28 t / ha more than the variant with the application of only Granstar herbicide (25 g / ha). However, the use of insecticides was ineffective in comparison with fungicides. The increase in the yield from the insecticide Fastak was only 0.06 t / ha. Depending on the protection schemes, the protein content did not change significantly and was at 14.42 - 14.44%. Consequently, the yield of naked oat of the variety Avogol due to the introduction of herbicide, morpho-regulator, fungicides and insecticide increased by 1.28 t / ha


Author(s):  
V. I. Krutyakova

Annotation Purpose. To study the dynamics of processes and the current state of the use of biological plant protection products in the world and to develop strategic approaches to the development of domestic production of biological products and the scientific basis for ensuring the ecologization of agriculture in Ukraine. Methods. Analytical, economic and statistical, comparative analysis, graphical, cartographic. Results. Against the background of significant growth in the production and use of biological agents in plant protection in the EU and the world, Ukraine continues to decline in the use of biosafe methods of protection. Thus, if in 1995 the protection of crops by biocontol was carried out on 3023 thousand hectares, which was 15.2% of all areas where the protection of crops was carried out, then in the future the area of application of biocontrol decreased and, for example, in 2018 amounted to 1967 thousand hectares (4.0% of all areas). With the growth of the range of microbiological means of protection, which are included in the “List of pesticides and agrochemicals in Ukraine”, sharply reduced production capacity for the production of biological products: in 2019 in Ukraine there were 24 biofactories and biolaboratories, and their total number of more 45, while before 1990 there were 268 biofactories and biolaboratories in Ukraine. Conclusions 1. It has been established that in Ukraine, the use of environmentally friendly biological plant protection products for a long time is at an extremely low level and tends to further decrease. 2. In order to intensify the transition to ecologically safe methods of plant protection, the development of domestic production of biological products for plant protection, as well as the process of greening the agriculture, strategic approaches to the formation and development of a common environmental safety system, plant protection methods and the development of a network of enterprises for the production of biological processing of agricultural crops are proposed on a new technological and organizational basis. Keywords: plant protection, biological pest control agents, biological pest control (biocontrol), integrated pest management, ecological agriculture, organic farming.


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