scholarly journals The «Altar of Good Fortune» by I. Goethe: autonomous form in a park space

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Елена Дмитриевна Федотова
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Good Fortune ◽  
Creative Power ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Creative Spirit ◽  
Life Path

«Алтарь Доброй Судьбы» был создан И.В. Гете в 1777 году в садике своего дома в Веймаре. Он  исповедален, в нем воплотились философские мысли автора о природе, человеческой жизни, магии искусства, творческой силе художника. Помещенный почти у изгороди сада Алтарь олицетворял идею «совершенной красоты», достижение которой Гете считал основной задачей художника-творца. Алтарь как атрибут античной культуры часто использовался в ландшафтной декорации века Просвещения. Он нес в себе образ божества, источника мудрости, порождал религиозное благоговение. Итак, можно предполагать, что форма Алтаря, сочетающая шар с кубом, была избрана для того, чтобы показать тождество Бога и Природы, согласия Человека-творца с Богом, разлитом в Природе. Алтарь – памятник бессмертию духа человека-творца, олицетворявшего высшие нравственные законы, которым должно служить искусство. Подражания композиции Гете (шар на четырехграннике) украшают многие кладбища, символизируя бессмертие человеческого творческого духа, напоминая о том, что выбор жизненного пути всегда остается за Человеком, что он творец своего счастья. The "Altar of Good Fortune" or "Altar of Agathe Tyche" was created by Goethe in 1777 in the garden of his house in Weimar. It has a confessional nature, it embodied his philosophical thoughts about nature, human life, the magic of art, the creative power of the artist. Placed almost at the fence of the garden the Altar represented the idea of "perfect beauty", the achievement of which Goethe considered as the main task of the artist-Creator. The altar as an attribute of ancient culture was often used in the landscape decoration of the Enlightenment century. It had in itself an image of a deity, a source of wisdom, engendered religious reverence. So, we can assume that the shape of the Altar, combining the ball with the cube, was chosen to show the identity of God and Nature, the consent of Man-Creator with God, shown in Nature. The altar is a monument to the immortality of the spirit of the human-creator, personifying the higher moral laws that art should serve. The imitations of Goethe's composition (the ball on a tetrahedron) adorn many cemeteries, symbolizing the immortality of the human creative spirit, recalling that the choice of the life path always belongs to Man, that he is the creator of his own happiness.

scholarly journals Environmental Conditions as a Factor of Influence on the Everyday Life of the Orthodox Population of Ukrainian Lands of the Second Half of the 16th-17th Centuries

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-17
Author(s):  
Inna Goncharenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Natural Factor ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Factor Of Influence

The purpose of this article is to analyze natural conditions as a significant factor of influence on everyday life, practices and strategies for the survival of the population of Ukrainian lands in the second half of the 16th – 17th centuries. The main task of the study is to reconstruct the environment of the second half of the 16th – 17th centuries and to identify the mutual influence of man and nature. Research methodology: the following methods were used: general scientific – historical and logical, analysis and synthesis, generalization; special – historical-systemic, historical reconstruction, which consists in drawing up a fairly complete picture of everyday life from disparate facts. Scientific novelty: the natural factor in the pre-industrial era is significantly underestimated in the studies of everyday life and is one of the most significant in the impact on human life, but it is ignored in modern historical works. Therefore, the analysis of the natural conditions of everyday life, especially in the early modern era, is relevant today. Conclusions. The analysis of the influence of natural conditions on everyday life of the population shows that a significant part of the population in one way or another was engaged in the transformation of nature in their production practices and was largely dependent on the environment. In the minds of the population, nature was seen as an endless resource for consumption. When assessing the influence of nature on everyday life in the second half of the 16th – 17th centuries, emphasis should be placed on the fact that during this period there was a combination of reproduction and appropriating forms of the economy in everyday production practices. The richness of natural resources, the fertility of the soil helped people to survive, but everyday survival was often due to the merciless exploitation of nature, especially in forests and wild animals. Parallel to this, there are attempts to protect resources from overuse by granting privileges to a limited number of consumers and legislative regulation. In general, the environmental circumstances of everyday life of the specified period cannot be characterized as stable due to the reduction of forest, plowing of virgin lands, excessive extermination of wild animals.

scholarly journals Impact of Diakonia, Koinonia and Marturia Services for the Growth of the Indonesian Christian Church Resident Sudirman Surabaya

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-49
Author(s):  
Wimpie Tanojo
Keyword(s):  
Church Growth ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Theoretical Data ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
The Church

The ministries of Diakonia, Koinonia and Marturia are the foundation of a church, meaning that a church that is aware of its duty and calling on this earth must rely on these three ministries. It can be said that the true main duty of the church is reflected in the ministry of Diakonia, Koinonia and Marturia. Based on this main task, the church must be able to demonstrate and impart the life of Diakonia, Koinonia and Marturia with the aim of impacting and changing human life. This is what the Ressud Sudirman Surabaya Indonesian Christian Church is aware of in the context of its duties and vocation as a church that has been present in the midst of the Surabaya community, of course its presence is required to fulfill God's plan to become salt and light, a blessing for the surrounding community in general and the congregation in particular. through Diakonia, Koinonia and Marturia's ministry. This research uses a descriptive method. The author directly conducts research, both literature and field research. Bibliography that contains various theoretical data related to topic material from various sources of information which contains important statements to support the accuracy of the research. In addition, this research is also complemented by field research either through questionnaires or direct interviews with several trusted sources including congregants, church activists, servants, sympathizers so that the results of the research present a strong and accurate combination because they are supported by strong theoretical aspects but are also followed by field research evidence. The purpose of this study: first to realize how important the services of Diakonia, Koinonia and Marturia are for the growth of the Indonesian Christian Church in Ressud Surabaya in particular and to the Lord's church in general. Second, the Church is aware of her duty and calling on this earth which has been mandated by God to be her witness so that the impact is evident in church growth both in quality and quantity. Third, the Church of God has the correct concept of the impact of the ministry of Diakonia, Koinonia and Marturia on church growth from the perspective of Missiology, Theology and Ecclesiology. Based on the research conducted by the author, the results obtained are how the extraordinary impact of the services of Diakonia, Koinonia and Marturia on the growth of the Indonesian Christian Church Ressud Surabaya.   This is evidenced by the increasing number of church members from year to year and the increasing quality of the congregation's faith. By having a correct understanding of the ministry of Diakonia, Koinonia and Marturia, the congregation will be more active and diligent in carrying out the duties and responsibilities that have been mandated by God to become a blessing, to become salt and light in this world, in various forms of diaconial services such as selling rice. cheap for the congregation and partly distributed by the surrounding community, cheap medical treatment and even free for the congregation and the poor by establishing a polyclinic "Waluyojati", scholarships for underprivileged congregations ranging from elementary, junior high and even vocational levels, house renovation program held 1 a year one to two times for the congregation. In the form of Koinonia, it can be seen from the congregation that is divided into several sectors or regions, the congregation will continue to grow and increase even out of the city, namely Lamongan, Denpasar and even to Batam, the Denpasar congregation was institutionalized in 2003, while in the city of Surabaya the Indonesian Christian Church Lebak Jaya was matured in 1994 and the Kutisari area in 1998 was instituted simultaneously in 1998 the Batam Indonesian Christian Church was also institutionalized where the Batam Indonesia Christian Church is the fruit of the ministry of several Indonesian Christian Churches including the Indonesian Christian Church Ressud in it. The goal is to be a witness through this service, but the most important of this research is that the Indonesian Christian Church congregation in Ressud is a congregation that has marturia diaconiality, while the implementation of Marturia directly or verbally is not optimal, this is also acknowledged by the council is a local church based on interviews and research based on a questionnaire.

Animatio: a history of ideas on the beginning of personhood

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-364
Author(s):  
Michael Obladen
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Biological Reality ◽  
Fetal Movements ◽  
History Of ◽  
Individual Human

Abstract The onset of individual human life has fascinated thinkers of all cultures and epochs, and the history of their ideas may enlighten an unsettled debate. Aristotle attributed three different souls to the subsequent developmental stages. The last, the rational soul, was associated with the formed fetus, and entailed fetal movements. With some modifications, the concept of delayed ensoulment – at 30, 42, 60, or 90 days after conception – was adopted by several Christian Church Fathers and remained valid throughout the Middle Ages. The concept of immediate ensoulment at fertilization originated in the 15th century and became Catholic dogma in 1869. During the Enlightenment, philosophers began to replace the rational soul with the term personhood, basing the latter on self-consciousness. Biological reality suggests that personhood accrues slowly, not at a specific date during gestation. Requirements for personhood are present in the embryo, but not in the preembryo before implantation: anatomic substrate; no more totipotent cells; decreased rate of spontaneous loss. However, biological facts alone cannot determine the embryo’s moral status. Societies must negotiate and decide the degree of protection of unborn humans. In the 21st century, fertilization, implantation, extrauterine viability and birth have become the most widely accepted landmarks of change in ontological status.

6. Religion

2016 ◽  
pp. 101-118
Author(s):  
Ritchie Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Natural Religion ◽  
Lutheran Church ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Contemporary Philosopher ◽  
Good And Evil

Goethe was brought up in Frankfurt, a Protestant city where the Lutheran Church held sway, but was also introduced to key Enlightenment texts through his father’s extensive library. ‘Religion’ explains that an early Pietist phase strengthened the value that Goethe placed on tolerance in religious matters. Goethe’s standpoint was what the 18th century called ‘natural religion’. Goethe’s allegiance to the Enlightenment is seen in his work, including the poem ‘Prometheus’ (1774) and the neoclassical drama Iphigenie in Tauris (1786–7). Goethe seems to anticipate Nietzsche in viewing human life as ‘beyond good and evil’. What mattered to Goethe was individuality, which brings him close to the greatest contemporary philosopher, Immanuel Kant.

Instability and Uncertainty of Human Life Way Development at Life Bifurcuration Points

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
A.V. Rukin
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Complex Objects ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Life Path ◽  
Definition Of

Man and his individual way of life are the most complex objects of scientific research. In modern humanitarian knowledge, the question of the nature of man and his life path is debatable. The article continues the cycle of author's works devoted to the development of an informational approach to self-organization of a person and his life path. The relevance of the study is due to the need for a scientific explanation of the phenomena of self-organization in the development of human life. The purpose of this work is to identify the effect of instability and uncertainty on the development of a person’s life path at points of vital bifurcation. The article gives the author’s definition of a person’s life path, analyzes the existence of a person in conditions of intrapersonal instability and uncertainty, and the development of human life at points of vital bifurcation. The results of the study allow us to consider instability and uncertainty as a necessary condition for the emergence of processes of self-organization of a person’s life path at the point of vital bifurcation. The main research methods are reflection and modeling.

Introduction

2009 ◽  
pp. 2-6
Author(s):  
Barbara Graziosi ◽  
Phiroze Vasunia ◽  
George Boys-Stones
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Social Criticism ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Matthew Arnold ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Greek Society ◽  
The Enlightenment

This article introduces the themes for the first part of this book, ‘Hellenes and Hellenism’. In the classic Victorian statement of political and social criticism, Culture and Anarchy, Matthew Arnold wrote that to get rid of one's ignorance and to see things as they are is the simple and attractive ideal which Hellenism holds out before human nature; and from the simplicity and charm of this ideal, Hellenism and human life is imbued with a kind of clarity and radiance. The rest of the article briefly describes related themes such as modernity, classical antiquity, Greek society, colonization, Alexander the Great, Hellenistic culture, Rome, Hebraism, Islam, the Renaissance, and the Enlightenment.

scholarly journals Sains Modern dan Urgensi Sentralitas Nilai Transenden dalam Pengembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan

Farabi ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-126
Author(s):  
Afith Akhwanudin
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
Religion And Science ◽  
Science Knowledge ◽  
The West ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Scientific Epistemology

Originally the Western sciences and civilization rooted in Oriental traditions. Nevertheless, Western renaissance, the Scientific Revolution has indicated a contrary paradigm in the sciences of nature. A new and alien paradigm which is totally different in its perspective and Weltanschauung from the sciences of the great Oriental traditions. The West arose with the materialistic paradigm resulted in the secularization of the cosmos. It was regarded as the beginning of the Enlightenment dissolved Dark Age scientific stagnation. Modern people have been hollowed, isolated from others by individualism then self-separated from God by egocentrism. Western objectivity negated transcendental aspects; thus, non-observable means no exist. Metaphysics, Cosmology, Epistemology, Psychology, and Ethics are not elaborated anymore to convince the Real. Such a paradigm would put worldly benefits before humanity for the sake of growth and progress. These profane sciences result in radical separation of philosophy and theology, knowledge and faith, religion and science, as well as theology and all aspects of human life. Desecration of contemporary sciences is the product of modern worldview which negated transcendent values ​​in scientific activity. This desecration became the turning point of traditionalist thinkers’ criticism with a theistic worldview to restore spiritual values ​​in sciences. Thus, worldview could produce tawhid based scientific epistemology creates unity between religion and science, knowledge and values ​​as well as the material and metaphysical then makes the humanity before the science

scholarly journals Umizgi staruszka — o sielance „Chloe i Likas” Franciszka Zabłockiego

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Prokopczyk
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The Way

This article is about rococo realisation of the motif of old age in one of the idyll, written by Franciszek Zabłocki (1752–1821), which appeared in print in the volume “Zabawy Przyjemne i Pożyteczne” at the beginning of April 1775. The analysed work, en titled “Chloe and Likas”, is about an old man who makes advances to young and beautiful girl and he must compete with younger rival. This idyll is based on dialogue, in which main characters deliberate on relationships between love and age, rule of the human life and attributes of old age and youth. I will analyse the way of writing about old age and youth and perceiving this two stages in of life by the Enlightenment poet.

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