scholarly journals SIFAT FISIK DAN MEKANIK PAPAN PARTIKEL BERDASARKAN KOMPOSISI LIMBAH KULIT BUAH PINANG DAN LIMBAH KAYU GERGAJIAN DENGAN VARIASI KADAR PEREKAT

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Asmawati Wurya Sari ◽  
M Dirhamsyah ◽  
Yuliati Indrayani
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Betel Nut ◽  
Particle Board ◽  
Composition Ratio

This research aimed to analyze the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard based on the composition of raw materials and adhesive content as well as their interaction with the optimum quality of particle boards that meet JIS A 5908-2003 standards. The particleboard was made with a size of 30 cm x 30 cm x 1 cm with a target density of 0.7 g/cm³.  The pressing was done at a temperature of 140°C for 8 minutes with a pressure of 25 kg/cm². The composition ratio of betel nut peel waste and sawdust varied, namely 60% betel nut peel waste: 40% sawdust, 50% betel nut peel waste: 50% sawdust, and 40% betel nut peel waste: sawdust 60%. The adhesive used was Urea Formaldehyde with a concentration of 12%, 14%, and 16%. The results showed that all test values met the JIS A 5908: 2003 standard except the MOE test. The optimum value of particle board of betel nut peel and sawdust was with a composition ratio of 50% betel nut peel waste: 50% sawdust, 16% adhesive content, with a density value of 0.6876 g/cm³, a moisture content of 9,4530%, water absorption 34,5306%, thickness expansion 8,2508%, MOE 12432,6243 kg/cm², MOR 205,8462 kg/cm², adhesive firmness 2,2530 kg/cm², screw holding strength 81,6861 kg/cm².Keywords: adhesive content, betel nut peel waste, material composition, mechanical properties, particleboard, physical.Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sifat fisik dan mekanik papan partikel berdasarkan komposisi bahan baku dan kadar perekat serta interaksi keduanya terhadap kualitas papan partikel yang optimum serta memenuhi standar JIS A 5908-2003. Papan partikel dibuat dengan ukuran 30 cm x 30 cm x 1 cm dengan target kerapatan 0,7 g/cm³. Pengepresan  pada suhu 140°C selama 8 menit dengan tekanan 25 kg/cm². Perbandingan komposisi kulit buah pinang dan serbuk kayu gergaji bervariasi yaitu kulit buah pinang 60% : serbuk kayu gergaji 40%, kulit buah pinang 50% : serbuk kayu gergaji 50% dan kulit buah pinang 40% : serbuk kayu gergaji 60%. Perekat yang digunakan adalah Urea Formaldehida dengan konsentrasi 12%, 14% dan 16%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semua nilai uji memenuhi standar JIS A 5908 : 2003 kecuali uji MOE. Nilai papan partikel kulit buah pinang dan serbuk kayu gergaji optimum dengan perbandingan komposisi kulit buah pinang 50% : serbuk kayu gergaji 50%, kadar perekat 16%, dengan nilai densitas 0,6876 g/cm³, kadar air 9,4530%, daya serap air 34,5306%, pengembangan tebal 8,2508%, MOE 12432,6243 kg/cm², MOR 205,8462 kg/cm², Keteguhan rekat 2,2530 kg/cm², kekuatan menahan sekrup 81,6861 kg/cm².Kata kunci : papan partikel, kadar perekat, kulit buah pinang, komposisi bahan, sifat fisik dan mekanik.

scholarly journals KUALITAS PAPAN PARTIKEL BERDASARKAN KOMPOSISI SEKAM PADI DAN KAYU SENGON DENGAN VARIASI KADAR PEREKAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dendi Prayoga ◽  
. Dirhamsyah ◽  
. Nurhaida
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Particle Board ◽  
Rice Husks ◽  
Wood Processing

This research aimed to examine the physical and mechanical properties of particle boards based on the composition of raw materials and adhesive content and know the treatment of the composition of raw materials and the best adhesive content and meet the standard JIS A 5908-2003. The research was conducted at Wood Workshop Laboratory, Wood Processing Laboratory Faculty of Forestry,Tanjungpura University and Laboratory of PT. Duta Pertiwi Nusantara Pontianak. The adhesive used is Urea Formaldehyde with 52% Solid Content. Comparison of the composition of rice husks and sengon varies namely rice husk 50%: sengon 50%, rice husk 60%: sengon 40% and rice husk 70%: sengon 30%  and variations in the levels of UF adhesives, namely 14% and 16%, with target density 0,7 gr/cm3. The particleboard was 30 cm x 30 cm x 1 cm Pressing at temperature 140oC for 8 minutes, with  pressure of 25 kg/cm2. The research results of the study of density and moisture content meet the standards JIS A 5908-2003. The best particle values of rice husk and sengon  with composition a ratio of  rice husk 50%: sengon 50% , 16% adhesive content  16%, with density value of  0,7072 gr/cm3, moisture content 9,1949 %, thick development 12,3210 %, water absorption 68,8270 %, MOE 12110,7273 kg/cm2, MOR 161,0025 kg/cm2, firmness sticky 1,9320 kg/cm2, screw holding strength 62,3124 kg.Keywords : adhesive, composition, particle board, rice husk, sengon

scholarly journals Analysis Physical and Mechanical Of Particle Boards Raw Materials Nipah Fruit Fiber

Teknomekanik ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
M Saddikin ◽  
Hendri Nurdin ◽  
Primawati Primawati
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Average Moisture Content ◽  
Particle Board ◽  
Wood Particles ◽  
Tapioca Flour

The raw materials of the timber industry, especially furniture, are increasingly difficult to obtain in the quantity and quality needed. The development efforts carried out were utilizing Nipah coir waste as a raw material for making particle boards. Particle boards are panel boards made of wood particles or materials containing lignocellulose. Nipah plants contain 27.3% lignin and 36.5% cellulose which has the potential to be used as raw material for particleboard production. This study aims to reveal the physical and mechanical properties of particleboards made from Nipah fruit fibre with adhesive using tapioca flour. The making of particle board is done with a ratio of 90%: 10%, 80%: 20%, 70%: 30%, 60%: 40%, by giving a pressure of 100 kg / cm2. Particle testing is carried out according to the JIS A 5908 standard (2003). From this study, the optimum results were obtained in variations of 60%:40%. The particle physical properties which have an average density value of 1.15 gr / cm3 and an average moisture content of 5.8%. While the mechanical properties obtained by the value of Modulus of Elasticity an average of 21,188.93 kg / cm2. This shows the particle board variations of 60%: 40% produced to meet the JIS A 5908 (2003) standard. Based on the analysis of the quality variations 60%: 40% of particle boards can be recommended as raw materials for interior furniture.

Dispersing the Charge as a Way to Improve the Quality of Ceramic Bricks

2018 ◽  
Vol 931 ◽  
pp. 558-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoriya A. Guryeva ◽  
Viktor V. Dubineckij ◽  
Aleksandr V. Doroshin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Original Composition ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Drill Cuttings ◽  
Additional Processing ◽  
Grinding Time

Investigations of the influence of dispersion of feedstock on the basis of clay of the Buguruslan deposit and drill cuttings from the facilities of PJSC «Orenburgneft» have been carried out, it is revealed that as the grinding time increases, the content of clay and dust particles increases. Intensive sintering of the samples between 1000 °C and 1100 °C has been established, which is confirmed by the compaction of the samples and the decrease in the water absorption of the ceramic masses. Minimal water absorption, within 2.35%, showed a sample of 3-hour grinding, and a sample of a 2-hour grinding of 8.34%. As a result of the study of dispersion of the charge on the basis of clay raw materials and drill cuttings, it was found that by subjecting the original composition to additional processing, within 2 hours, the physical and mechanical properties of ceramic bricks can be improved.

SIFAT FISIK DAN MEKANIK PAPAN PARTIKEL DARI LIMBAH PLASTIK JENIS HDPE (High Density Polyetylene) DAN RANTING/CABANG KARET (Hevea brasiliensis Muell.Arg)

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Sari Mirad Noor
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
High Density ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Impact

The need of log increace rapidly, mean while forest product decrease, so efficiency on wood process should be done wisely, in the other hand plastic waste is uncompossed material, become an environmental problems. This research aims to determine the impact of particles of type HDPE plastic wastes and twigs/branches of rubber on some physical and mechanical properties of wood. Physical properties have been tested for water content, density, thickness, and water absorption. Although mechanical properties tests were tough Broken/Module of Rufture (MOR) and the preservation of architecture/modulus of elasticity (MOE).     The raw materials used are polyethylene of high density of waste plastic and rubber adhesive urea formaldehyde branch branch. Experimental design used the randomized Completely Design (RCD) 5 x 4, in which each treatment became much like 5 times replicated).The treatment used is the diversity of the composition of the waste of plastic of different types of polyethylene of high density provides a significant effect on the content of water, water absorption, the density and the development of thickness. With regard to the persistence and the fracture of the arch determination not to give a significant effect.Keywords: physical and mechanical properties, particle board, HDPE plastic waste, branch/twig of  rubber.

scholarly journals Influence of different sheet compositions and commercial adhesives on the performance of multilaminated plywood

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carine Setter ◽  
Uasmim Lira Zidanes ◽  
Eduardo Hélio de Novais Miranda ◽  
Flávia Maria Silva Brito ◽  
Lourival Marin Mendes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Specific Pressure

Abstract The quality of plywood panels depends on factors such as the forest species and the adhesive used in their production, and understanding the interferences of these factors in the final properties of the plywood is of fundamental importance. The study aimed to develop multilaminate plywood panels with two forest species and two types of adhesive and to evaluate the influences of these factors (forest species and adhesive) on the physical and mechanical properties of the plywood. The panels were produced with sheets of parica and pine with two types of adhesives, urea-formaldehyde and phenol-formaldehyde, with a weight of 150 g/cm². Then, each set was pressed for 10 minutes under a specific pressure of 0.98 MPa at a temperature of 150 °C. Three panels were produced for each type of blade and adhesive, totaling four treatments. The plywood was evaluated for physical properties (humidity, bulk density, and water absorption) and mechanical properties (parallel and perpendicular static flexion and resistance to mechanical shear). The results showed that the forest species had a greater influence on physical and mechanical properties, with the best results being observed for plywood produced with pine. The panels with sheets of parica and phenol-formaldehyde adhesive showed less moisture. The apparent density of the panels should be considered as it positively influenced the mechanical properties and negatively impacted water absorption. It is concluded that the plywood produced can be used for internal and external applications. However, it is indicated for structural purposes as it did not meet the requirements of the NBR 31.000.001/2:2001.

scholarly journals Utilization of Pitali (Trewia nudiflora) for Manufacturing Commercial Plywood in Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-587
Author(s):  
M Hasan Shahria ◽  
M Ashaduzzaman ◽  
M Iftekhar Shams ◽  
Arifa Sharmin ◽  
M Muktarul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Linear Expansion ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thickness Swelling ◽  
Trewia Nudiflora

The study was conducted to find out the potentiality of Pitali (Trewia nudiflora) for manufacturing commercial plywood and evaluating its physical and mechanical properties. Two 9-ply plywood of 2.4m x 1.2m x 18mm size were manufactured using liquid urea formaldehyde adhesive. The physical and mechanical properties of T. nudiflora plywood were compared with the existing market available plywood manufactured by Simul (Bombax ceiba). It was found that density were 509.82 kg/m3 and 490.96 kg/m3, moisture content after curing were 10.67% and 17.61%, thickness swelling were 6.90% and 7.29%, linear expansion were 0.19% and 0.15%, water absorption were 50.89% and 64.79%, MOR were 29.94 N/mm2 and 27.05 N/mm2, MOE were 1613.89 N/mm2 and 1160.68 N/mm2, and tensile strength were 14.75 N/mm2 and 13.12 N/mm2 for T. nudiflora plywood and market plywood respectively. The evaluated physical and mechanical properties of T. nudiflora plywood were also compared with some relevant results and standards reported earlier. Key Words: Plywood, Trewia nudiflora, Physical properties, Mechanical properties. doi: 10.3329/bjsir.v43i4.2249 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43(4),581-587, 2008

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF DENSITY OF SAGO/UREA FORMALDEHYDE PARTICLEBOARD TOWARDS ITS THERMAL STABILITY, MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tay Chen Chiang ◽  
Sinin Hamdan ◽  
Mohd Shahril Osman
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Internal Bonding ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry

This study examined the effect of density on the thermal stability, physical and mechanical properties of sago particleboard. Sago particles and Urea Formaldehyde (UF) were used as raw materials in the fabrication process. The fabrication and testing method were based on JIS A 5908 standard. The samples were prepared based on different desired density and went through a series of thermal stability, mechanical and physical tests. Mechanical properties of the composites were characterized by tensile, flexural, impact strength, screw test and internal bonding which had great influence on the particleboard performance. All the panels were tested for physical properties (water absorption and thickness swelling) to identify their use for indoor application. Thermal properties like thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for the Sago/UF composites were analysed. The results showed particleboard with 800 kg/m3 exhibited the optimum strength on Internal Bonding, Screw test, Bending and Flexure test. Particleboard with 700 kg/m3 has better performance on Impact test. 500 kg/m3 showed better curing properties with DSC. TGA showed that all the Sago/UF particleboard decompose with single-stage and were decomposed into three main steps like water absorption, volatile and char.

scholarly journals KARAKTERISTIK PAPAN PARTIKEL DARI BULU DOMBA, SERBUK GERGAJI DAN SERUTAN KAYU DENGAN PEREKAT UREA FORMALDEHIDA

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
M. I. Iskandar ◽  
Achmad Supriadi
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Particle Board ◽  
Thickness Swelling ◽  
Uniform Size ◽  
Surface Strength ◽  
Wood Shavings

Particle Board Characteristics of Fur Sheep, Sawdust and Wood Shavings with Urea Formaldehyde Adhesive         Particle board is a board made of particles of wood or other berlignoselulosa bonded with adhesive, then felted heat. Particle board excess, which uses industrial waste materials, uniform size and density, uniform thick and density, the character and quality can be set. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of particle board from sheep's wool, sawdust and wood shavings. The experimental design used was completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors and repeated three times. The first factor combination of pollen fleece (B), with sawdust sengon (G) and wood shavings sengon (S), namely B0G60S40 : (0% : 60% : 40%), B10G50S40 : (10% : 50% : 40%), B20G40S40 : (20% : 40% : 40%), B30G30S40 : (30% : 30% : 40% and the second factor consists of the physical properties (density, moisture content, thickness swelling and water absorption) and character of mechanical factor (flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, perpendicular and surface strength and straight screw holding). The results of the research were to produce a density value was between 0.69 to 0.78 g/cm3, water content with an average of 6.49%, a value between 32.36 to 83.9% thickness swelling, water absorption between 89,04- 169.15%, the flexural strength values between 68.4 to 121.8 kgf/cm2, elastic modulus was between 671.84 to 1381.51 kgf/cm2, the value of tensile strength perpendicular of the surface was between 0.44 to 1.3 kgf/cm2and screw holding strength value was between 6.0 to 22.3 kg. the higher use of powder fleece might degrade the quality of particle board, otherwise use the higher adhesive could improve the quality of particle board. The study of particle board and fleece, saws and wood shavings was on average below of the national Indonesia standard, except for the density and moisture content, for flexural strength was only partially standard value.Key words: fleece, characteristics, particle board, sawdust, wood shavings. ABSTRAK          Papan partikel merupakan suatu papan yang terbuat dari partikel-partikel kayu atau bahan berlignoselulosa lainnya yang diikat dengan perekat, kemudian dikempa panas. Kelebihan papan partikel, yaitu menggunakan bahan limbah industri, ukuran dan kerapatan seragam, tebal dan kerapatan seragam, sifat dan kualitasnya dapat diatur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik papan partikel dari bulu domba, serbuk gergaji dan serutan kayu. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial dengan dua faktor dan ulangan sebanyak tiga kali. Faktor pertama kombinasi serbuk bulu domba (B), dengan serbuk gergaji kayu sengon (G) dan serutan kayu sengon (S), yaitu B0G60S40 : (0% : 60% : 40%), B10G50S40 : (10% : 50% : 40%), B20G40S40 : (20% : 40% : 40%), B30G30S40 : (30% : 30% : 40%) dan faktor kedua terdiri dari sifat fisis (kerapatan, kadar air, pengembangan tebal dan daya serap air) dan sifat mekanis (kuat lentur, modulus elastisitas, kuat tarik tegal lurus permukaan dan kuat pegang sekrup). Hasil penelitian menghasilkan nilai kerapatan antara 0,69-0,78 g/cm3, nilai kadar air dengan rata-rata 6,49%, nilai pengembangan tebal antara 32,36-83,9%, daya serap air antara 89,04-169,15%, nilai kuat lentur antara 68,4-121,8 kgf/cm2, nilai modulus elastisitas antara 671,84-1381,51 kgf/cm2, nilai kuat tarik tegak lurus permukaan antara 0,44-1,3 kgf/cm2 dan nilai kuat pegang sekrup antara 6,0-22,3 kg. penggunakan serbuk bulu domba yang semakin tinggi dapat menurunkan kualitas papan partikel, sebaliknya penggunaan perekat yang semakin tinggi dapat meningkatkan kualitas papan partikel. Penelitian papan partikel dan bulu domba, gergaji dan serutan kayu rata-rata di bawah standar nasional Indonesia, kecuali untuk kerapatan dan kadar air, untuk kuat lentur hanya sebagian yang masuk standar.Kata kunci : bulu domba, karakteristik, papan partikel, serbuk gergaji, serutan kayu.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN PASIR PADA ENDAPAN LUMPUR DANAU LIMBOTO SEBAGAI PEMBUATAN BATU BATA

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Ilyas Ichsan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sand Mixture ◽  
The Right ◽  
Lake Sludge

Research on the use of limboto lake sludge as raw material for bricks by adding sand as a mixture of materials using experimental quantitative research. In the study used limboto lake silt with sand mixture with variations of2%, 5%, 7%, 10% and 15%. Related variables are physical and mechanical properties of bricks. The controlling variable is the materials used.The results showed that bricks with raw material from limboto lake sludge with a mixture of sand with variations of 2%,5%, 7%, 10% and 15% did not produce the right composition to have the same quality of bricks with bricks using raw materials clay. Penelitian pemanfaatan endapan lumpur danau limboto sebagai bahan baku batu bata dengan penambahan pasir sebagai bahan campurnya menggunakan penalitian kuantitatif yang bersifat eksperimen. Dalam penelitian digunakan bahan endapan lumpur danau limboto dengan campuran pasir dengan variasi 2%, 5%, 7%, 10% dan 15%. Variabel terkait berupa sifat fisik dan mekanik batu  bata. Variabel pengendali adalah bahan-bahan yang digunakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa batu bata dengan bahan baku endapan lumpur danau limboto dengan campuran pasir dengan variasi 2%, 5%, 7% 10% dan 15% tidak  menghasilkan komposisi yang tepat untuk memiliki kualitas batu bata yang sama dengan batu bata yang menggunakan bahan baku tanah liat.

scholarly journals Properties of Eco-Friendly Particleboards Bonded with Lignosulfonate-Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesives and pMDI as a Crosslinker

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 4875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavlo Bekhta ◽  
Gregory Noshchenko ◽  
Roman Réh ◽  
Lubos Kristak ◽  
Ján Sedliačik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate ◽  
Thickness Swelling ◽  
Sodium Lignosulfonate ◽  
Formaldehyde Content ◽  
Uf Resin ◽  
Adhesive Compositions

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using magnesium and sodium lignosulfonates (LS) in the production of particleboards, used pure and in mixtures with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin. Polymeric 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) was used as a crosslinker. In order to evaluate the effect of gradual replacement of UF by magnesium lignosulfonate (MgLS) or sodium lignosulfonate (NaLS) on the physical and mechanical properties, boards were manufactured in the laboratory with LS content varying from 0% to 100%. The effect of LS on the pH of lignosulfonate-urea-formaldehyde (LS-UF) adhesive compositions was also investigated. It was found that LS can be effectively used to adjust the pH of uncured and cured LS-UF formulations. Particleboards bonded with LS-UF adhesive formulations, comprising up to 30% LS, exhibited similar properties when compared to boards bonded with UF adhesive. The replacement of UF by both LS types substantially deteriorated the water absorption and thickness swelling of boards. In general, NaLS-UF-bonded boards had a lower formaldehyde content (FC) than MgLS-UF and UF-bonded boards as control. It was observed that in the process of manufacturing boards using LS adhesives, increasing the proportion of pMDI in the adhesive composition can significantly improve the mechanical properties of the boards. Overall, the boards fabricated using pure UF adhesives exhibited much better mechanical properties than boards bonded with LS adhesives. Markedly, the boards based on LS adhesives were characterised by a much lower FC than the UF-bonded boards. In the LS-bonded boards, the FC is lower by 91.1% and 56.9%, respectively, compared to the UF-bonded boards. The boards bonded with LS and pMDI had a close-to-zero FC and reached the super E0 emission class (≤1.5 mg/100 g) that allows for defining the laboratory-manufactured particleboards as eco-friendly composites.

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