Extraction and Analysis of Natural Rubber from the Latex of Ficus carica, Artocarpus heterophyllus and Polymer Analysis of Durio zibethinus

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wagner I ◽  
◽  
Lackner M ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Ficus Carica ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Artocarpus Heterophyllus ◽  
Polymer Analysis ◽  
Durio Zibethinus ◽  
Fig Tree

In tropical fruits such as durian (Durio zibethinus) and jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), only one quarter to one third of the fruit is edible. Finding more ways to industrially use the other components of the fruit can reduce the waste burned or dumped in landfills. Another fruit tree of interest that can also grow in Austria is the fig tree (Ficus carica). Currently, the fruits are the main product of that plant; however, components in the latex of the tree are of interest too. The latex is known to contain natural rubber, which could potentially be used for industrial applications. Jackfruit trees also produce latex, which contains natural rubber. In both cases, the natural rubber has different properties compared to the conventionally used rubber from the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). This could provide new opportunities in various applications. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to analyze the properties of the natural rubber obtained from the jackfruit and fig trees. Additionally, durian fruit also produces a sticky liquid, so the same experiments were also carried out with durian samples. The experimental procedure included extraction with acetone and cyclohexane as well as polymer length determination with gel permeation chromatography and polymer analysis with differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that in both jackfruit and fig tree latex, there is natural rubber of similar polymer length. Durian pulp also contains a polymer; however, with these experiments, it could not be identified. Further research is required to identify the durian polymer and to confirm the results of this experiment.

scholarly journals Bio-Based Polyurethane Resins Derived from Tannin: Source, Synthesis, Characterisation, and Application

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1516
Author(s):  
Manggar Arum Aristri ◽  
Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis ◽  
Apri Heri Iswanto ◽  
Widya Fatriasari ◽  
Rita Kartika Sari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Wide Range

Tannins are soluble, astringent secondary phenolic metabolites generally obtained from renewable natural resources, and can be found in many plant parts, such as fruits, stems, leaves, seeds, roots, buds, and tree barks, where they have a protective function against bacterial, fungal, and insect attacks. In general, tannins can be extracted using hot water or organic solvents from the bark, leaves, and stems of plants. Industrially, tannins are applied to produce adhesives, wood coatings, and other applications in the wood and polymer industries. In addition, tannins can also be used as a renewable and environmentally friendly material to manufacture bio-based polyurethanes (bio-PUs) to reduce or eliminate the toxicity of isocyanates used in their manufacture. Tannin-based bio-PUs can improve the mechanical and thermal properties of polymers used in the automotive, wood, and construction industries. The various uses of tannins need to be put into perspective with regards to possible further advances and future potential for value-added applications. Tannins are employed in a wide range of industrial applications, including the production of leather and wood adhesives, accounting for almost 90% of the global commercial tannin output. The shortage of natural resources, as well as the growing environmental concerns related to the reduction of harmful emissions of formaldehyde or isocyanates used in the production of polyurethanes, have driven the industrial and academic interest towards the development of tannin-based bio-PUs as sustainable alternative materials with satisfactory characteristics. The aim of the present review is to comprehensively summarize the current state of research in the field of development, characterization, and application of tannin-derived, bio-based polyurethane resins. The successful synthesis process of the tannin-based bio-PUs was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analyses.

scholarly journals Caracterización mecánica del caucho vulcanizado reciclado

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Fernando López
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Tire Production ◽  
Natural And Synthetic

Natural Rubber comes from the rubber tree as a white latex and after vulcanization It has many industrial applications such as o-rings, shoes, electric components, flexible piping, tires, etc. However, every industrial process in rubber transformation brings some amount of waste. The most visible problem with rubber is the tire production. Every tire is made from a mixture of natural and synthetic rubber with more than 100 different chemical components. The previous scenario shows a problem of general pollution and waste disposal.

scholarly journals Biocompatibility studies of polyurethane electrospun membranes based on arginine as chain extender

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgina Alejandra Venegas-Cervera ◽  
Andrés Iván Oliva ◽  
Alejandro Avila-Ortega ◽  
José Manuel Cervantes-Uc ◽  
Leydi Maribel Carrillo-Cocom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transforms ◽  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Electrospinning Process ◽  
Chain Extender ◽  
Cellular Interaction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Polyurethane Membranes ◽  
Electrospun Membranes

AbstractElectrospun polymers are an example of multi-functional biomaterials that improve the material-cellular interaction and aimed at enhancing wound healing. The main objective of this work is to fabricate electrospun polyurethane membranes using arginine as chain extender (PUUR) in order to test the fibroblasts affinity and adhesion on the material and the polymer toxicity. Polyurethane membranes were prepared in two steps: (i) the polyurethane synthesis, and ii) the electrospinning process. The membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry techniques. The evaluation of PUUR as a scaffolding biomaterial for growing and developing of cells on the material was realized by LIVE/DEAD staining. The results show that the fluorescent surface area of human fibroblasts (hFB), was greater in control dense membranes made from Tecoflex than in electrospun and dense PUUR. From SEM analysis, the electrospun membranes show relatively uniform attachment of cells with a well-spread shape, while Tecoflex dense membranes show a non-proliferating round shape, which is attributed to the fiber’s structure in electrospun membranes. The cell morphology and the cell attachment assay results reveal the well spreading of hFB cells on the surface of electrospun PUUR membranes which indicates a good response related to cell adhesion.

scholarly journals Recycling Potential for Non-Valorized Plastic Fractions from Electrical and Electronic Waste

Recycling ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Laura Strobl ◽  
Thomas Diefenhardt ◽  
Martin Schlummer ◽  
Tanja Leege ◽  
Swetlana Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Separation Processes ◽  
Melt Flow Rate ◽  
Density Fractions ◽  
Material Recycling ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Electrical And Electronic Waste

This paper describes a study for waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) to characterise the plastic composition of different mixed plastic fractions. Most of the samples studied are currently excluded from material recycling and arise as side streams in state-of-the-art plastics recycling plants. These samples contain brominated flame retardants (BFR) or other substances of concern listed as persistent organic pollutants or in the RoHS directive. Seventeen samples, including cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors, CRT televisions, flat screens such as liquid crystal displays, small domestic appliances, and information and communication technology, were investigated using density- and dissolution-based separation processes. The total bromine and chlorine contents of the samples were determined by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, indicating a substantial concentration of both elements in density fractions above 1.1 g/cm3, most significantly in specific solubility classes referring to ABS and PS. This was further supported by specific flame retardant analysis. It was shown that BFR levels of both polymers can be reduced to levels below 1000 ppm by dissolution and precipitation processes enabling material recycling in compliance with current legislation. As additional target polymers PC and PC-ABS were also recycled by dissolution but did not require an elimination of BFR. Finally, physicochemical investigations of recycled materials as gel permeation chromatography, melt flow rate, and differential scanning calorimetry suggest a high purity and indicate no degradation of the technical properties of the recycled polymers.

Synthesis, characterization and corrosion protection properties of polyN-(p-bromophenyl)-2-methacrylamide-co-glycidyl methacrylate on low nickel stainless steel

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (2-3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakvai Mohammed Safiullah ◽  
Deivasigamani Thirumoolan ◽  
Kottur Anver Basha ◽  
K. Mani Govindaraju ◽  
Dhanraj Gopi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Protection ◽  
Glycidyl Methacrylate ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Protection Efficiency ◽  
Ft Ir

Abstract The synthesis of copolymers from different feed ratios of N-(p-bromophenyl)-2- methacrylamide (PBPMA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was achieved by using free radical solution polymerization technique and characterized using FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The thermal stability of the synthesized copolymers was studied using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The molecular weight of the copolymer is determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The corrosion performances of low nickel stainless steel specimens dip coated with different composition of copolymers were investigated in 0.5 M H2SO4 using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) techniques. The polarization and impedance measurements showed different corrosion protection efficiency with change in composition of the copolymers. It was found that the corrosion protection properties are owing to the barrier effect of the polymer layer covered on the low nickel stainless steel surfaces. However, it is observed that the mole ratio of PBPMA and GMA plays a major role in the protective nature of the copolymer.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of a Multifunctional Conjugated Polymer

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emerson C. G. Campos ◽  
Cristiano Zanlorenzi ◽  
Bruno F. Nowacki ◽  
Gabriela M. Miranda ◽  
Denis A. Turchetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugated Polymer ◽  
Molar Mass ◽  
Photophysical Properties ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Thermal Characterization ◽  
Polymer Structure ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Metallic Ions ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry

This work reports the synthesis and characterization of a conjugated polymer based on fluorene and terpyridine, namely, poly[(9,9-bis(3-((S)-2-methylbutylpropanoate))fluorene-alt-6,6′-(2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridin-6-yl)] (LaPPS71). The structure was characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The molar mass was measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). As thermal characterization, the glass transition temperature (Tg) was measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The polymer structure contains two sites capable of complexation with metallic ions, affording the possibility of obtainment of independent or electronically coupled properties, depending on the complexation site. The photophysical properties were fully explored in solution and solid state, presenting ideal results for the preparation of various metallopolymers, in addition to potential application as a metamaterial, due to the presence of the chiral center in the side chains of the polymer.

Characterization of bi-layered magnetic nanoparticles synthesized via two-step surface-initiated ring-opening polymerization

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1085-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Wang ◽  
Stefan Baudis ◽  
Karl Kratz ◽  
Andreas Lendlein
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Polymer Networks ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Transmission Electron

AbstractA versatile strategy to integrate multiple functions in a polymer based material is the formation of polymer networks with defined nanostructures. Here, we present synthesis and comprehensive characterization of covalently surface functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) comprising a bi-layer oligomeric shell, using Sn(Oct)2 as catalyst for a two-step functionalization. These hydroxy-terminated precursors for degradable magneto- and thermo-sensitive polymer networks were prepared via two subsequent surface-initiated ring-opening polymerizations (ROPs) with ω-pentadecalactone and ε-caprolactone. A two-step mass loss obtained in thermogravimetric analysis and two distinct melting transitions around 50 and 85°C observed in differential scanning calorimetry experiments, which are attributed to the melting of OPDL and OCL crystallites, confirmed a successful preparation of the modified MNPs. The oligomeric coating of the nanoparticles could be visualized by transmission electron microscopy. The investigation of degrafted oligomeric coatings by gel permeation chromatography and 1H-NMR spectroscopy showed an increase in number average molecular weight as well as the presence of signals related to both of oligo(ω-pentadecalactone) (OPDL) and oligo(ε-caprolactone) (OCL) after the second ROP. A more detailed analysis of the NMR results revealed that only a few ω-pentadecalactone repeating units are present in the degrafted oligomeric bi-layers, whereby a considerable degree of transesterification could be observed when OPDL was polymerized in the 2nd ROP step. These findings are supported by a low degree of crystallinity for OPDL in the degrafted oligomeric bi-layers obtained in wide angle X-ray scattering experiments. Based on these findings it can be concluded that Sn(Oct)2 was suitable as catalyst for the preparation of nanosized bi-layered coated MNP precursors by a two-step ROP.

scholarly journals Formation of Pharmaceutical Salts and Cocrystals via Vapour-Assisted Tumbling (VAT) – A Solvent Efficient Process with Potential Industrial Applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander J. Stirk ◽  
Fabio E. S. Souza ◽  
Jenny Gerster ◽  
Fatemeh M. Mir ◽  
Avedis Karadeolian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Pharmaceutical Salts ◽  
Solid Form

Crystallisations on both the academic and industrial scale often use large volumes of solvent. In order decrease the environmental impact of such processes, new techniques must be discovered that increase the efficiency of the solvents used. Introduced here is a process that combines repurposed industry standard hardware and aspects of mechanochemistry to produce a technique we call “Vapour Assisted Tumbling” (VAT). Pharmaceutical and well-known cocrystals and salts were formed by tumbling the coformers in an atmosphere of vaporised solvent, in this study, methanol (MeOH). This was done inside a custom built analogue of an industrial rotary cone dryer (RCD). It was found that a desired solid form could be obtained as monitored by powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. By repurposing industrial RCDs, it is feasible that solid forms can be crystallised with both minimal and reusable/recyclable solvent – drastically lowering the environmental impact of such transformations.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF DAIRY FARM WASTEWATER USE IN CULTIVATION ON FIG TREE (FICUS CARICA L.)

Irriga ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 590-602
Author(s):  
Jonathas Batista Goncalves Silva ◽  
Mauro Aparecido Martinez ◽  
Luiz Carlos Chamhum Salomão ◽  
Paulo Roberto Cecon ◽  
Antonio Teixeira de Matos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Ficus Carica ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Nutritional Needs ◽  
Thermotolerant Coliforms ◽  
Growth Production ◽  
Fig Tree ◽  
Belo Horizonte ◽  
Wastewater Use ◽  
Farm Wastewater

EFFECTS OF DAIRY FARM WASTEWATER USE IN CULTIVATION ON FIG TREE (FICUS CARICA L.)     JONATHAS BATISTA GONCALVES SILVA1; MAURO APARECIDO MARTINEZ2; LUIZ CARLOS CHAMHUM SALOMÃO3; PAULO ROBERTO CECON4; ANTONIO TEIXEIRA DE MATOS5 E LEONARDO DUARTE BATISTA DA SILVA6   1Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, UFJF, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n,Bairro São Pedro, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil, [email protected]. 2Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, UFV, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brasil, [email protected] 3Departamento de Fitotecnia, UFV, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brasil, [email protected] 4Departamento de Estatística, UFV, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brasil,[email protected]. 5Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, UFMG, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Bairro Pampulha,31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil,[email protected] 6Departamento de Engenharia, UFRRJ, Rodovia BR 465,km 7, s/n,23890-000, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil, [email protected]     1 ABSTRACT   The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dairy farm wastewater (DFW) use on fig tree growth, production, on fig health standard and on nutrient concentration in fig tree leaves. The study was developed in the Integrated Agroecological System area, in Seropédica (RJ, Brazil) between June  2011 and May  2012. The applied fertilizer formulations were: Formulation 1, 100% of nitrogen dose recommended for fig tree supplied by fertilizing with castor bean cake (CB); Formulation 2, 50% of nitrogen dose supplied by DFW application and 50% of nitrogen dose supplied by CB; Formulation 3, 75% of nitrogen dose supplied by DFW application and 25% of nitrogen dose from CB; Formulation 4, 100% of nitrogen dose supplied by DFW application.Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the averages were compared by Tukey’s test at 10% probability. The results demonstrated that branches length, number of leaves per branch, number of fruits, production and yield were lower in plants submitted to Formulation 4. Contamination of fruits by thermotolerant coliforms or Salmonellasp did not occur after DFW use as fertilizer. The results showed that the use of DFW in fig tree cultivation was sufficient to provide the nutritional needs of plants, as regards macronutrients and Fe.   Keywords: fertirrigation, environmental impact, final disposal of effluents and crop nutrition.     SILVA, J.B. G.; MARTINEZ, M. A.; SALOMÃO, L. C. C.; CECON,P. R.; MATOS, A. T.; SILVA, L. D. B. EFEITOS DO USO DE ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA DE BOVINOCULTURANO CULTIVO DA FIGUEIRA (FICUS CARICA L.)         2 RESUMO   Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos do uso da água residuária de bovinocultura de leite (ARB) no crescimento, produção, padrão fitossanitário dos frutos e na concentração de nutrientes nas folhas da figueira. As formulações de adubação aplicadas foram: Adubação 1 - 100% da dose de nitrogênio fornecida pela adubação com torta de mamona (TM); Adubação 2 - 50% da dose de nitrogênio comaplicação de ARB e 50% com TM; Adubação 3 - 75% da dose de nitrogênio com aplicação de ARB e os outros 25% da dose com TM; Adubação 4 - 100% da dose de nitrogênio com aplicação da ARB. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas utilizando-se o Teste de Tukey a 10% de probabilidade. Diante dos resultados verificou-se que comprimento dos ramos, o número de folhas por ramos, o número de frutos, a produção e a produtividade foram menores nas plantas submetidas à Adubação4. Não ocorreu contaminação dos frutos por coliformes termotolerantes e Salmonella sp. Diante dos resultados concluiu-se que o uso de ARB no cultivo da figueira não proporciona deficiência nutricional às plantas no que se refere aos macronutrientes (N, Ca, Mg, K e P).   Palavras-chave: fertirrigação, impacto ambiental, disposição final de efluentes, nutrição vegetal.

scholarly journals Synthesis and thermal properties of some phenolic resins

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Alshawi F M ◽  
Abdul Razzq K ◽  
Hanoosh W S
Keyword(s):  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Decomposition Temperature ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Stability Study ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Phenolic Resins ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Introduction: Phenolic resins have been in use since the early twentieth century and are considered the first class of synthetic polymers to achieve commercial success, moreover phenolic resins continue to succeed and attract special interest in a large range of industrial applications such as adhesives, paints, and composites; because of their unique physical and chemical properties. Materials and Methods: Prepolymers resol resins (RR, RH, RP, and RC) were synthesized by the reaction of phenolic compounds (resorcinol, hydroquinone, phloroglucinol, and catechol) respectively, with formaldehyde at molar ratio phenol/ formaldehyde 1/1.5, using sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. These resins were characterized by FTIR. The curing reaction of these resins was evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), while the thermal stability study was evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Results and Discussion:From the results showing that these prepolymers have different curing temperatures and curing energy, while the TGA study showed that the cured resins have decomposition temperature more than 300 ºC, and char residue at 650 ºC more than 60%. Conclusions: These resol resins have different gel times (8-55) min, and viscosities (435-350) mpa.s. The curing temperature of these resin obtained from DSC curves was (120, 129, 105 and 127 °C), while the thermal behavior of the cured resins obtained from TGA curves showed that these cured resin have two decomposition temperatures and the rate of decomposition in the order of RC < RR< .

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