scholarly journals Effects of Crowd Size, Composition, and Noise Level On Pool Use in a Mixed-Species Penguin Colony

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-520
Author(s):  
Ashley N. Edes ◽  
Eli Baskir ◽  
Karen L. Bauman ◽  
Nathasha Chandrasekharan ◽  
Michael Macek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Composition ◽  
Neutral Stimulus ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Human Adults ◽  
Penguin Colony ◽  
Crowd Size ◽  
Human Care ◽  
Human Hearing

Studies on how visitors affect penguins in human care report a mixture of negative, neutral, and positive impacts on behavior and physiology. Swimming is a highly motivated behavior that may promote positive welfare in penguins. We investigated how visitor crowd size, composition, and noise levels impact pool use in a mixed-species colony housing king (Aptenodytes patagonicus; n = 20), gentoo (Pygoscelis papua; n = 14), and southern rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome; n = 24) penguins. We used video and sound loggers to record if penguins were on land or in water, the number of human adults and children present, and noise levels using 5-minute scan samples from 09:00-15:00 over 36 continuous days. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models with proportion of penguins in the water as the dependent variable and crowd size, composition, and noise levels in A-weighted (dBA) and C-weighted (dBC) scales as independent variables. Crowd size was positively associated with pool use in gentoo penguins. Crowd composition did not predict pool use in any species. Noise levels in dBA, which is adjusted to the higher frequencies of human hearing, positively predicted pool use in southern rockhopper penguins. Noise levels in dBC, which captures lower frequencies, did not predict pool use in any species. No evidence of negative visitor effects was observed. Instead, these results suggest visitors are a neutral stimulus to king penguins and may be enriching to gentoo and southern rockhopper penguins.

scholarly journals Identifying protective Streptococcus pyogenes vaccine antigens recognized by both B and T cells in human adults and children

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasmus Mortensen ◽  
Thomas Nørrelykke Nissen ◽  
Sine Fredslund ◽  
Ida Rosenkrands ◽  
Jan Pravsgaard Christensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽  
Vaccine Antigens ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Human Adults

scholarly journals Polychlorinated biphenyls in residential soils and their health risk and hazard in an industrial city in India

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhupander Kumar ◽  
Virendra Kumar Verma ◽  
Satish Kumar Singh ◽  
Sanjay Kumar ◽  
Chandra Shekhar Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Human Adults

<em>Background</em>. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have never been produced in India, but were used in industrial applications. PCBs have been detected in environmental samples since 1966, and their sources in soils come from depositions of industrial applications, incinerators and biomass combustions. PCBs adsorb to soil particles and persist for long time due to their properties. Their close proximity may also lead to human exposure through ingestion, inhalation, dermal contact, and may exert neurotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic health effects. <br /><em>Design and Methods</em>. Residential soil from Korba, India, was extracted using pressurized liquid extraction procedure, cleaned on modified silica and quantified for PCBs. Soil ingestion was considered as the main exposure pathways of life-long intake of PCBs. Human health risk in terms of life time average daily dose, incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and non-cancer hazard quotient (HQ) were estimated using established guidelines. <br /><em>Results</em>. The estimated average ILCR from non dioxin like PCBs for human adults and children was 3.1×10−8 and 1.1×10−7, respectively. ILCR from dioxin like PCBs for human adults and children was 3.1×10−6 and 1.1×10−5, respectively. The HQ for PCBs was 6.3×10−4 and 2.2×10−3, respectively for human adults and children. Study observed that ILCR from non dioxin like PCBs was lower than acceptable guideline range of 10−6-10−4, and ILCR from dioxin like PCBs was within the limit. HQ was lower than safe limit of 1. <br /><em>Conclusions</em>. Study concluded that human population residing in Korba had low health risk due to PCBs in residential soils.

scholarly journals Prestige-biased social learning: current evidence and outstanding questions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ángel V. Jiménez ◽  
Alex Mesoudi
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Learning Needs ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Human Adults ◽  
Ecological Success ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
Cultural Evolution Theory ◽  
Crucial Assumption

Cultural evolution theory posits that a major factor in human ecological success is our high-fidelity and selective social learning, which permits the accumulation of valuable knowledge and skills over successive generations. Social learning needs to be selective in order to be adaptive. One way to acquire adaptive social information is by preferentially copying competent individuals within a valuable domain (success bias). However, competence within a domain is often difficult or impossible to directly assess. Almost 20 years ago, Henrich and Gil-White (H&amp;GW) suggested that people use second-order cues of success (e.g. differential levels of attention paid to models by other social learners) as adaptive short-cuts to select models from whom to learn. This use of second-order markers of success are usually known as prestige bias. In this review, we re-visit H&amp;GW’s proposal, examining the evidence amassed since for the adaptiveness and use of prestige bias in humans. First, we briefly outline H&amp;GW’s theory. Second, we analyse whether prestige is associated with competence within valuable domains, which is a crucial assumption underlying the adaptiveness of prestige bias. Third, we discuss prestige cues that people use to infer success (e.g. amount of voluntary deference and attention received by models, etc.). Fourth, we examine the evidence for and against the use of prestige bias in human adults and children. Finally, we point out limitations in the current literature and present new avenues for research on prestige bias.

scholarly journals Noise Level Status in Siddharthanagar Municipality, Rupandehi, Nepal

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
Lakshmi Nath Bhattarai
Keyword(s):  
Noise Level ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Sound Level Meter ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Commercial Area ◽  
Human Hearing ◽  
Level Meter ◽  
High Level ◽  
Digital Sound

Undesirable sound for human hearing is called as noise. It was measured at the selected locations of silent, residential and commercial zones of Siddharthanagar Municipality by using Dick Smith Digital Sound Level Meter Q 1362 for ‘A’ weighting in day time at 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM in the month of November and December 2012. The result shows that at each location the Leq noise levels are above than the noise level standard prescribed by Government of Nepal and WHO. Maximum Leq of 81.9 dB(A) was observed at the Bus park of commercial area and minimum 54.5 dB(A) was observed at Medical College area of silent zone. In other places, the Leq lie in the range 56.2 dB(A) to 81.9 dB(A). The study showed that the places lying along highways have high level of noise which is due to bad condition of roads, vehicles and unnecessary use of horns  The Himalayan Physics Vol. 5, No. 5, Nov. 2014 Page: 69-74

scholarly journals Numerosity representation is encoded in human subcortex

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (14) ◽  
pp. E2806-E2815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliot Collins ◽  
Joonkoo Park ◽  
Marlene Behrmann
Keyword(s):  
Lower Order ◽  
Numerical Cognition ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Numerical Abilities ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Human Adults

Certain numerical abilities appear to be relatively ubiquitous in the animal kingdom, including the ability to recognize and differentiate relative quantities. This skill is present in human adults and children, as well as in nonhuman primates and, perhaps surprisingly, is also demonstrated by lower species such as mosquitofish and spiders, despite the absence of cortical computation available to primates. This ubiquity of numerical competence suggests that representations that connect to numerical tasks are likely subserved by evolutionarily conserved regions of the nervous system. Here, we test the hypothesis that the evaluation of relative numerical quantities is subserved by lower-order brain structures in humans. Using a monocular/dichoptic paradigm, across four experiments, we show that the discrimination of displays, consisting of both large (5–80) and small (1–4) numbers of dots, is facilitated in the monocular, subcortical portions of the visual system. This is only the case, however, when observers evaluate larger ratios of 3:1 or 4:1, but not smaller ratios, closer to 1:1. This profile of competence matches closely the skill with which newborn infants and other species can discriminate numerical quantity. These findings suggest conservation of ontogenetically and phylogenetically lower-order systems in adults’ numerical abilities. The involvement of subcortical structures in representing numerical quantities provokes a reconsideration of current theories of the neural basis of numerical cognition, inasmuch as it bolsters the cross-species continuity of the biological system for numerical abilities.

Distribution, population structure and biological aspects of Squalus spp. (Chondrichthyes:Squaliformes) from New South Wales and adjacent Australian waters

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken J. Graham
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Size Composition ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Trawl Fishery ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Female Data ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
Upper Slope

Four species of Squalus dogsharks, S. megalops, S. cf. mitsukurii, Squalus sp. B and Squalus sp. F inhabit shelf and upper-slope depths off New South Wales and adjacent Australian states. During fishery surveys between 1976 and 2001, distributional, size composition and reproductive data were collected for these species. Adult size classes dominated catches and, for S. megalops, heavily biased sex ratios were observed. Although no female data were available for the rarely caught Squalus sp. B, reproduction in the other three species was found to be continuous with no evidence of seasonality. Fecundity was 1–3 embryos for S. megalops, 1–5 for Squalus sp. F and 4–10 for S. cf. mitsukurii. All species are commercially exploited, contributing to the mixed species demersal trawl fishery off New South Wales. Stocks of some species are greatly depleted on the main trawling grounds, but the overall distributions of all species include large areas of lightly exploited habitat.

scholarly journals Frogs and Feeling Communities: A Study in History of Emotions and Environmental History

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Gaynor ◽  
Susan Broomhall ◽  
Andrew Flack
Keyword(s):  
Environmental History ◽  
History Of Emotions ◽  
Cultural Frameworks ◽  
History Of ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Human Adults ◽  
Over Time

This article offers an overview of some approaches from the history of emotions that environmental historians could employ in order to sharpen engagement with emotion, and applies some of these approaches to a long history of human–frog interactions, by way of example. We propose that emotions have played a key role in the constitution of human communities, as well as enabling or inhibiting particular kinds of human thoughts and actions in relation with the living planet. In tracing human–frog relations over time we tease apart the complex historic relationships between cultural frameworks, scientific expectations and conventions, and the texts and images emerging from these contexts, which operate explicitly or implicitly to train and discipline the emotional selves of human adults and children.

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