Underlying antioxidant activity in the anticonvulsant potency of polyherbal tonic

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
Bhavani J ◽  
Ravichandran S
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Antiepileptic Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Potency ◽  
Radical Generation ◽  
Protective Enzymes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Human Nervous System

Convulsions are the commonest of the symptoms that prevail in the most of the diseases that affect the human nervous system. Almost 1% of the world’s population now suffer from epilepsy as a long-term disease and had been on medication for an extended period of time. There are many investigations and theories advocating that the elevated enzyme activity in the brain and their inability to protect the brain from the free radical generation and normalization will lead to convulsions and seizures. There were investigations that the free radicals were counter acted by the protective enzymes in the brain there by preventing the convulsions. So with this assertion, the enzyme levels of the brain are an indicative for the estimation of the antioxidant extent and there by convulsant activity in the brain. In the current work, the prepared polyherbal tonic was investigated for the antioxidant activity by giving special emphasis to the antiepileptic activity of the herbs used in the tonic. The results proved that the prepared tonic was effective in normalizing the altered levels of enzymes and thereby proving that the antioxidant potency of the herbs helped in displayed the antiepileptic activity too. the tonic was effective at higher dose compared to low dose which shows a dose based antiepileptic activity.

The Acute Effect of Alcohol on Various Memory Processes

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márk Molnár ◽  
Roland Boha ◽  
Balázs Czigler ◽  
Zsófia Anna Gaál
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Legal Consequences

This review surveys relevant and recent data of the pertinent literature regarding the acute effect of alcohol on various kinds of memory processes with special emphasis on working memory. The characteristics of different types of long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM) processes are summarized with an attempt to relate these to various structures in the brain. LTM is typically impaired by chronic alcohol intake but according to some data a single dose of ethanol may have long lasting effects if administered at a critically important age. The most commonly seen deleterious acute effect of alcohol to STM appears following large doses of ethanol in conditions of “binge drinking” causing the “blackout” phenomenon. However, with the application of various techniques and well-structured behavioral paradigms it is possible to detect, albeit occasionally, subtle changes of cognitive processes even as a result of a low dose of alcohol. These data may be important for the consideration of legal consequences of low-dose ethanol intake in conditions such as driving, etc.

Plasma Antioxidant Activity and Chromosome Aberrations in Humans Exposed to Long-Term Low-Dose γ-Irradiation

2005 ◽  
Vol 139 (6) ◽  
pp. 703-705
Author(s):  
A. V. Marusin ◽  
N. A. Popova ◽  
V. B. Salyukov ◽  
V. A. Stepanov ◽  
S. A. Nazarenko
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Chromosome Aberrations ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Γ Irradiation ◽  
Plasma Antioxidant

scholarly journals Preparation and Investigation of the Effect of Polyherbal Syrup Formulation on Brain Enzymes

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-46
Author(s):  
Purushothaman M ◽  
Madhusudhan M ◽  
Kathiravan P ◽  
Sravanthi CH ◽  
Srikanth Choudary P
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Epileptic Activity ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
The People ◽  
Brain Stroke ◽  
Protective Enzymes ◽  
The Brain

Convulsions and seizures are the major neurological conditions that are the symptoms of brain diseases like brain stroke, aneurysm and other oxidative brain damage. This affects most of the people in the world as a symptom of other diseases and as a disorder on its own. Herbs are found to be the alternatives of the synthetic drugs that cause the side effects and are common in synthetic drugs as discussed above. So herbal extracts are safe and potent and do not contain or contain a very less amount of side effects. So, they can be used effectively in treating many conditions, including epilepsy. Most of the herbs show their potency by exhibiting the antioxidant activity. Since the oxidative free radicals that are generated in the brain are the cause of disturbance in the protective enzymes in the brain, the estimation of the protective enzymes in the brain during epilepsy. This work was carried out to prepare an effective polyherbal syrup to treat epilepsy effectively. The formulation was tested in 2 doses of 100 and 200mg, and they are also investigated for the activity to normal the enzymes that are in the brain, which help to fight the free radicals. From this, it can be advocated that the herbs in the syrup helped the formulation's antioxidant activity to attribute to the anti-epileptic activity in experimental animals.

scholarly journals Metabolic Profiling of Female Tg2576 Mouse Brains Provides Novel Evidence Supporting Intranasal Low-Dose Pioglitazone for Long-Term Treatment at an Early Stage of Alzheimer’s Disease

Biomedicines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 589
Author(s):  
Ling Rong Wong ◽  
Peiyan Wong ◽  
Paul Chi-Lui Ho
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Metabolic Profiling ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Systemic Exposure ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Brain

Accumulating evidence suggests that disruptions in brain energy metabolism may be a key player in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Pioglitazone (PIO) has been found to exert beneficial effects on metabolic dysfunction in many AD preclinical studies. However, limited success in clinical trials remains an obstacle to its development for the treatment of AD. PIO’s poor brain penetration was often cited as a contributing factor to the lack of clinical benefit. In this study, we prepared PIO-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles and administered them as suspended nanoparticles via nebulization. Preliminary investigation of drug distribution to the brain revealed comparatively reduced systemic exposure after administering PIO nanoparticles via the intranasal route. In vitro, extracellular flux analysis showed significantly raised spare respiratory capacity when cells were treated with low-dose PIO nanoparticles. Tg2576 transgenic mice treated with low-dose PIO nanoparticles over four months exhibited an overall trend of reduced hyperactivity in open field tests but did not show any visible effect on alternation rates in the Y-maze task. Subsequent 1H NMR-based metabolic profiling of their plasma and different brain regions revealed differences in metabolic profiles in the cerebellum, cortex, and hippocampus of Tg2576 mice after long-term PIO treatment, but not in their midbrain and plasma. In particular, the specificity of PIO’s treatment effects on perturbed amino acid metabolism was observed in the cortex of transgenic mice with increases in alanine and N-acetylaspartate levels, supporting the notion that PIO treatment exerts beneficial effects on impaired energy metabolism associated with AD. In conclusion, inhalation exposure to PIO nanoparticles presents an exciting opportunity that this drug could be administered intranasally at a much lower dose while achieving a sufficient level in the brain to elicit metabolic benefits at an early stage of AD but with reduced systemic exposure.

Elevation of antioxidant potency in the brain of mice by low-dose γ-ray irradiation and its effect on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced brain damage

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 388-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuji Kojima ◽  
Osamu Matsuki ◽  
Takaharu Nomura ◽  
Kiyonori Yamaoka ◽  
Marekiyo Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Damage ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Antioxidant Potency ◽  
Γ Ray ◽  
The Brain

Vascular Pathology in Male Lewis Rats following Short-Term, Low-Dose Rotenone Administration

2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 776-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Allen ◽  
C. Luo ◽  
D. L. Montgomery ◽  
A. H. Rajput ◽  
C. A. Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Vascular Pathology ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Acute Hemorrhage ◽  
Lewis Rats ◽  
Small Arteries ◽  
Term Administration ◽  
The Brain

The long-term administration of low doses of rotenone has been used to produce a model of Parkinson disease (PD) in rats. However, only about 50% of similarly treated rats develop the PD-like syndrome, with many dying during the first few days of treatment. The lesions in male Lewis rats that became moribund or died after short-term, low-dose rotenone administration are described. Dosed rats had fibrinoid change and acute hemorrhage involving small arteries and arterioles of the brain and lungs. The thalamus, hypothalamus, and medulla oblongata were most frequently and severely affected. Blood vessels in the brain of some male Lewis rats appeared acutely susceptible to the effects of rotenone. Understanding the selective nature of the fibrinoid change and hemorrhage might explain how rotenone produces PD-like signs and lesions in rats, and it might also provide the basis for a model of intraparenchymal hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease (i.e., hemorrhagic strokes) in humans.

Ovarian Dysfunction in Fetally Irradiated Beagles

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 658-659
Author(s):  
T. M. Seed ◽  
M. H. Sanderson ◽  
D. L. Gutzeit ◽  
T. E. Fritz ◽  
D. V. Tolle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ovarian Dysfunction ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Ovarian Pathology ◽  
Normal Offspring

The developing mammalian fetus is thought to be highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. However, dose, dose-rate relationships are not well established, especially the long term effects of protracted, low-dose exposure. A previous report (1) has indicated that bred beagle bitches exposed to daily doses of 5 to 35 R 60Co gamma rays throughout gestation can produce viable, seemingly normal offspring. Puppies irradiated in utero are distinguishable from controls only by their smaller size, dental abnormalities, and, in adulthood, by their inability to bear young.We report here our preliminary microscopic evaluation of ovarian pathology in young pups continuously irradiated throughout gestation at daily (22 h/day) dose rates of either 0.4, 1.0, 2.5, or 5.0 R/day of gamma rays from an attenuated 60Co source. Pups from non-irradiated bitches served as controls. Experimental animals were evaluated clinically and hematologically (control + 5.0 R/day pups) at regular intervals.

Moving past the vaccine/autism controversy - to examine potential vaccine neurological harms

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Peter R. Breggin
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Developmental Disorder ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Psychosocial Disorders ◽  
The Us ◽  
Potential Vaccine ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
The Brain ◽  
New Vaccines

BACKGROUND: The vaccine/autism controversy has caused vast scientific and public confusion, and it has set back research and education into genuine vaccine-induced neurological disorders. The great strawman of autism has been so emphasized by the vaccine industry that it, and it alone, often appears in authoritative discussions of adverse effects of the MMR and other vaccines. By dismissing the chimerical vaccine/autism controversy, vaccine defenders often dismiss all genuinely neurological aftereffects of the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) and other vaccines, including well-documented events, such as relatively rare cases of encephalopathy and encephalitis. OBJECTIVE: This report explains that autism is not a physical or neurological disorder. It is not caused by injury or disease of the brain. It is a developmental disorder that has no physical origins and no physical symptoms. It is extremely unlikely that vaccines are causing autism; but it is extremely likely that they are causing more neurological damage than currently appreciated, some of it resulting in psychosocial disabilities that can be confused with autism and other psychosocial disorders. This confusion between a developmental, psychosocial disorder and a physical neurological disease has played into the hands of interest groups who want to deny that vaccines have any neurological and associated neuropsychiatric effects. METHODS: A review of the scientific literature, textbooks, and related media commentary is integrated with basic clinical knowledge. RESULTS: This report shows how scientific sources have used the vaccine/autism controversy to avoid dealing with genuine neurological risks associated with vaccines and summarizes evidence that vaccines, including the MMR, can cause serious neurological disorders. Manufacturers have been allowed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to gain vaccine approval without placebo-controlled clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS: The misleading vaccine autism controversy must be set aside in favor of examining actual neurological harms associated with vaccines, including building on existing research that has been ignored. Manufacturers of vaccines must be required to conduct placebo-controlled clinical studies for existing vaccines and for government approval of new vaccines. Many probable or confirmed neurological adverse events occur within a few days or weeks after immunization and could be detected if the trials were sufficiently large. Contrary to current opinion, large, long-term placebo-controlled trials of existing and new vaccines would be relatively easy and safe to conduct.

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