scholarly journals Isolation of multidrug-resistant bacteria from the hospital environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 990-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahavir Joshi ◽  
Sukhminderjit Kaur ◽  
Bhavkiara Shergill ◽  
Sonali Sood ◽  
Mishra Tulika
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity Test ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes ◽  
Vitek 2 ◽  
Petri Plate

Antibiotics are used to cure the illness caused by pathogenic microbes. The resistance towards such antibiotics is becoming a serious concern in the present time. The frequency of drug resistance is increasing in hospitals. This aptitude to develop resistance against antibiotics has become a serious threat to the patients that are already hospitalized, making them more prone to infections and increased complications of already existing medical conditions. It can also lead to a high mortality rate in hospitals. The present work is designed to isolate microbes from the hospital environment to check the sensitivity against various antibiotics. For the isolation, aerosol-based air samples were taken by exposing sterile Petri plate at the OPD and general ward for about 10 minutes after that the plates were taken to the lab and incubated at 37oc for 24 hours. Pure cultures were obtained by sub culturing the isolates onto fresh sterile nutrient agar plates. The clinical isolates were tested for antibiotic sensitivity test by using Dodeca G- V Plus disk (Himedia). The isolates were identified on the basis of microscopic and VITEK 2 based identification. Total of four bacteria Kocuria kristinae, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Pantoea spp. and Staphylococcus vitulinus were isolated that showed variation in antibiotic-resistant pattern.

Antibiotic susceptibility testing of bacteria in drinking water sources in Akungba‐Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-237
Author(s):  
A. O. Ajayi ◽  
N. F. Agangan
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity Test ◽  
The University

In present investigation, the bacteriological analysis and antibiotic sensitivitypattern of drinking water samples collected from different sources ofAkungba Ã¢â‚¬ÂAkoko, Nigeria was done. The antibiotics mainly considered in ourstudy for determining the sensitivity were amongst the commonly used inthis area for treatment of infectious diseases. As a result, the bacteriologicalindex, especially coliform count was observed notably high with 72 x10 1 cfu/ml for stream sample and 26.4 x 10 1 cfu/ml for borehole sample. The majorbacterial isolates identified in the water samples were Staphylococcus sp,E.coli  Ã¢â‚¬Ânegative bacteria wereobserved showing 75% and 65% resistant to Septrin and Amoxicillin respectively.Also, multiple drug resistance was observed for many antibiotics.Therefore, the presence of high amount antibiotic resistant bacteria of clinicalimportance is reported in these water sources which are usually consumedby students and members of the University community. Hence, thisstudy necessitates the need for water treatment so that epidemics of waterbornebacterial disease can be averted in this region., Klebsiella sp, Pseudomonas sp., Enterococcus sp., Bacillus cereus andothers. With regards to the antibiotic sensitivity test, all isolates showed100% resistance to Ampicillin and Cloxacillin and 85.7% resistance to Zinnacef[a cephalosporin product]. However, the gram 

scholarly journals Analysis of River Water Along Klang Valley to Evaluate the Prevalence of Antibiotics Resistant Strains within Urbanized Areas of Selangor, Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Minimal Bactericidal Concentration ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity Test ◽  
Klang Valley

The determination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Klang river water in Klang valley is performed as the river exposed to various environments. The analysis is performed through enumeration, isolation, and identification process. The water samples were obtained from the origin of the river, housing region, and hospital region. The coliforms obtained through enumeration and identification was then used to determine antibiotic sensitivity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). The level of coliforms was indicated through the most probable number (MPN), which 70 MPN per 100 ml of river water in the origin of the river while housing and hospital regions showed more than 1600 MPN per 100 ml of river water. The results obtained from the antibiotic sensitivity test showed that the degree of resistance of coliforms is varied in different regions. The zone of inhibition to ampicillin and tetracyclin for coliforms in housing regions is 20 mm, while the coliforms in the hospital region are 6 mm and 7 mm, respectively. The overall results showed that the level of coliforms and the antibiotic sensitivity of coliforms are different in various regions. The coliforms in the hospital region are more resistant to antibiotics compared to the housing region.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Milk Alternatives

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 3070
Author(s):  
Winnie Mukuna ◽  
Abdullah Ibn Mafiz ◽  
Bharat Pokharel ◽  
Aniume Tobenna ◽  
Agnes Kilonzo-Nthenge
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Diffusion Technique ◽  
Dairy Milk

The consumption of non-dairy milk is on the rise due to health benefits. Although there is increasing inclination towards milk alternatives (MA), there is limited data on antibiotic resistant bacteria in these substitutes. The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from MA. A total of 138 extracts from almonds (n = 63), cashew nuts (n = 36), and soybeans (n = 39) were analyzed for Enterobacteriaceae. The identification of the bacteria was based on biochemical and PCR methods. Antibiotic sensitivity was determined by using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. Overall, 31% (43 of 138) of extracts were positive for Enterobacteriaceae. Ten bacterial species were identified, of which Enterobacter cloacae (42.7%) and Enterobacter cancerogenus (35.4%) were the most predominant species (p < 0.05). Antibiotic resistance was exhibited to vancomycin (88.3%), novobiocin (83.8%), erythromycin (81.1%), which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in tetracycline (59.5%), cefpodoxime (30.6%), and nalidixic acid (6.3%). There was no resistance displayed to kanamycin and imipenem. ERY-NOV-VAN-TET and ERY-NOV-CEP-VAN-TET were the most common resistant patterns displayed by Enterobacter cloacae. The findings of this study suggest that MAs, though considered healthy, may be a reservoir of multidrug resistant opportunist pathogens.

scholarly journals Study on the Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-201
Author(s):  
Letitia Doina Duceac ◽  
Elena Tarca ◽  
Madalina Irina Ciuhodaru ◽  
Marinela Monica Tantu ◽  
Roxana Elena Bogdan Goroftei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Bacterial Response ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Survival Of The Fittest

A major public health threat that affects humans is recognized worldwide as an occurrence of antibiotic resistance regarding bacterial pathogen. Multidrug resistant microorganisms appeared in the hospitals and in the community settings respectively insinuating that the antibiotic-resistant bacteria are present even outside the hospital environment. First stage of bacterial adaptation and the top of evolution is represented by the bacterial response to the drug assault. Then, the survival of the fittest is a consequence of the biochemical and genetically alteration. Therefore, of extreme importance are the innovative methods and devices for therapeutic approaches against antibiotic-resistant microorganisms.

scholarly journals Distribution and Antibiotic Sensitivity Patterns of Faecal Bacteria from Underground Faecal Storage Cisterns in Ondo State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-31
Author(s):  
Anthony Kayode Onifade ◽  
Sunday Stephen Abi
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Enterobacter Aerogenes ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity Test ◽  
Ondo State ◽  
Faecal Bacteria

Two hundred and fifty-six (256) human faecal samples were collected from thirty-three (33) underground faecal storage cisterns across 5 major towns (Akure, Akungba, Ondo, Ore and Owo) in Ondo State, Nigeria. Salmonella-Shigella agar, Eosine Methylene Blue agar and MacConkey agar, which are selective for faecal bacteria, were used to isolate a total of 103 strains of Gram-negative bacteria. Biochemical characterization of the isolates revealed Escherichia coli (32.04%), Enterobacter aerogenes (14.56), Klepsiella pneumoniae (12.62%), Salmonella typhi (11.65%), Psudomonas aeruginosa (7.77%), Shigella dysenteriae (6.80%), Proteus mirabilis (5.83%), Citrobacter koseri (3.88%), Providentia alcalifaciens (2.91%) and Klepsiella oxytoca (1.94%).  All the bacterial isolates were then subjected to antibiotic sensitivity test using antibiotic discs impregnated with Augmentin (30 µg), Gentamycin (10 µg), Pefloxacin (10 µg), Ofloxacin (5 µg), Streptomycin (10 μg), Sulfomethoxazole-trimethoprim (30 µg), Chloramphenicol (30 μg); Sparfloxacin (10 μg); Ciprofloxacin (5 μg) and Amoxicillin (20 μg). The resistance of the isolates to the antibiotics used varied from 27.18% to Ciprofloxacin, 33.98% to Ofloxacin, 47.57% to Sulphomethazole-Trimethroprim, 56.31% to Streptomycin, 66.99% to Chloramphenicol, 74.76% to Pefloxacin, 75.73% to Sparfloxacin, 75.73% to Gentamycin, 85.44% to Ampicillin and 95.15 to Augmentin. These results showed that underground human faecal storage cisterns contain potential multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria that may be transmitted to human via formites, animal vectors and water.

scholarly journals Multiresistant Bacteria Isolated from Intestinal Faeces of Farm Animals in Austria

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 466
Author(s):  
Herbert Galler ◽  
Josefa Luxner ◽  
Christian Petternel ◽  
Franz F. Reinthaler ◽  
Juliana Habib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meat Products ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Multiresistant Bacteria ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

In recent years, antibiotic-resistant bacteria with an impact on human health, such as extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-containing Enterobacteriaceae, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), have become more common in food. This is due to the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry, which leads to the promotion of antibiotic resistance and thus also makes food a source of such resistant bacteria. Most studies dealing with this issue usually focus on the animals or processed food products to examine the antibiotic resistant bacteria. This study investigated the intestine as another main habitat besides the skin for multiresistant bacteria. For this purpose, faeces samples were taken directly from the intestines of swine (n = 71) and broiler (n = 100) during the slaughter process and analysed. All samples were from animals fed in Austria and slaughtered in Austrian slaughterhouses for food production. The samples were examined for the presence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, MRSA, MRCoNS and VRE. The resistance genes of the isolated bacteria were detected and sequenced by PCR. Phenotypic ESBL-producing Escherichia coli could be isolated in 10% of broiler casings (10 out of 100) and 43.6% of swine casings (31 out of 71). In line with previous studies, the results of this study showed that CTX-M-1 was the dominant ESBL produced by E. coli from swine (n = 25, 83.3%) and SHV-12 from broilers (n = 13, 81.3%). Overall, the frequency of positive samples with multidrug-resistant bacteria was lower than in most comparable studies focusing on meat products.

scholarly journals Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Clams—A Study on Mussels in the River Rhine

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 571
Author(s):  
Nicole Zacharias ◽  
Iris Löckener ◽  
Sarah M. Essert ◽  
Esther Sib ◽  
Gabriele Bierbaum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
River Rhine ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant

Bacterial infections have been treated effectively by antibiotics since the discovery of penicillin in 1928. A worldwide increase in the use of antibiotics led to the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains in almost all bacterial pathogens, which complicates the treatment of infectious diseases. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria play an important role in increasing the risk associated with the usage of surface waters (e.g., irrigation, recreation) and the spread of the resistance genes. Many studies show that important pathogenic antibiotic-resistant bacteria can enter the environment by the discharge of sewage treatment plants and combined sewage overflow events. Mussels have successfully been used as bio-indicators of heavy metals, chemicals and parasites; they may also be efficient bio-indicators for viruses and bacteria. In this study an influence of the discharge of a sewage treatment plant could be shown in regard to the presence of E. coli in higher concentrations in the mussels downstream the treatment plant. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, resistant against one or two classes of antibiotics and relevance for human health could be detected in the mussels at different sampling sites of the river Rhine. No multidrug-resistant bacteria could be isolated from the mussels, although they were found in samples of the surrounding water body.

scholarly journals Testudines as Sentinels for Monitoring the Dissemination of Antibiotic Resistance in Marine Environments: An Integrative Review

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 775
Author(s):  
Kezia Drane ◽  
Roger Huerlimann ◽  
Michelle Power ◽  
Anna Whelan ◽  
Ellen Ariel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Sea Turtles ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Sensitivity Tests ◽  
Standard Culture

Dissemination of antibiotic resistance (AR) in marine environments is a global concern with a propensity to affect public health and many ecosystems worldwide. We evaluated the use of sea turtles as sentinel species for monitoring AR in marine environments. In this field, antibiotic-resistant bacteria have been commonly identified by using standard culture and sensitivity tests, leading to an overrepresentation of specific, culturable bacterial classes in the available literature. AR was detected against all major antibiotic classes, but the highest cumulative global frequency of resistance in all represented geographical sites was against the beta-lactam class by a two-fold difference compared to all other antibiotics. Wastewater facilities and turtle rehabilitation centres were associated with higher incidences of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) accounting for an average of 58% and 49% of resistant isolates, respectively. Furthermore, a relatively similar prevalence of MDRB was seen in all studied locations. These data suggest that anthropogenically driven selection pressures for the development of AR in sea turtles and marine environments are relatively similar worldwide. There is a need, however, to establish direct demonstrable associations between AR in sea turtles in their respective marine environments with wastewater facilities and other anthropogenic activities worldwide.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria ESKAPE among Healthy People Estimated by Monitoring of Municipal Wastewater

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 495
Author(s):  
Masateru Nishiyama ◽  
Susan Praise ◽  
Keiichi Tsurumaki ◽  
Hiroaki Baba ◽  
Hajime Kanamori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
General Population ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Wastewater Samples

There is increasing attention toward factors that potentially contribute to antibiotic resistance (AR), as well as an interest in exploring the emergence and occurrence of antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB). We monitored six ARBs that cause hospital outbreaks in wastewater influent to highlight the presence of these ARBs in the general population. We analyzed wastewater samples from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWWTP) and hospital wastewater (HW) for six species of ARB: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteria (CARBA), extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteria (ESBL), multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter (MDRA), multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRP), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). We registered a high percentage of ARBs in MWWTP samples (>66%) for all ARBs except for MDRP, indicating a high prevalence in the population. Percentages in HW samples were low (<78%), and no VRE was detected throughout the study. CARBA and ESBL were detected in all wastewater samples, whereas MDRA and MRSA had a high abundance. This result demonstrated the functionality of using raw wastewater at MWWTP to monitor the presence and extent of ARB in healthy populations. This kind of surveillance will contribute to strengthening the efforts toward reducing ARBs through the detection of ARBs to which the general population is exposed.

scholarly journals Time-Resolved Transcriptional Profiling of Epithelial Cells Infected by Intracellular Acinetobacter baumannii

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 354
Author(s):  
Nuria Crua Asensio ◽  
Javier Macho Rendón ◽  
Marc Torrent Burgas
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Profile Changes

The rise in the number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has become a serious threat to health, making it important to identify, characterize and optimize new molecules to help us to overcome the infections they cause. It is well known that Acinetobacter baumannii has a significant capacity to evade the actions of antibacterial drugs, leading to its emergence as one of the bacteria responsible for hospital and community-acquired infections. Nonetheless, how this pathogen infects and survives inside the host cell is unclear. In this study, we analyze the time-resolved transcriptional profile changes observed in human epithelial HeLa cells after infection by A. baumannii, demonstrating how it survives in host cells and starts to replicate 4 h post infection. These findings were achieved by sequencing RNA to obtain a set of Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) to understand how bacteria alter the host cells’ environment for their own benefit. We also determine common features observed in this set of genes and identify the protein–protein networks that reveal highly-interacted proteins. The combination of these findings paves the way for the discovery of new antimicrobial candidates for the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

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