scholarly journals Analysis of River Water Along Klang Valley to Evaluate the Prevalence of Antibiotics Resistant Strains within Urbanized Areas of Selangor, Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Minimal Bactericidal Concentration ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity Test ◽  
Klang Valley

The determination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Klang river water in Klang valley is performed as the river exposed to various environments. The analysis is performed through enumeration, isolation, and identification process. The water samples were obtained from the origin of the river, housing region, and hospital region. The coliforms obtained through enumeration and identification was then used to determine antibiotic sensitivity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). The level of coliforms was indicated through the most probable number (MPN), which 70 MPN per 100 ml of river water in the origin of the river while housing and hospital regions showed more than 1600 MPN per 100 ml of river water. The results obtained from the antibiotic sensitivity test showed that the degree of resistance of coliforms is varied in different regions. The zone of inhibition to ampicillin and tetracyclin for coliforms in housing regions is 20 mm, while the coliforms in the hospital region are 6 mm and 7 mm, respectively. The overall results showed that the level of coliforms and the antibiotic sensitivity of coliforms are different in various regions. The coliforms in the hospital region are more resistant to antibiotics compared to the housing region.

Antibiotic susceptibility testing of bacteria in drinking water sources in Akungba‐Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-237
Author(s):  
A. O. Ajayi ◽  
N. F. Agangan
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity Test ◽  
The University

In present investigation, the bacteriological analysis and antibiotic sensitivitypattern of drinking water samples collected from different sources ofAkungba Ã¢â‚¬ÂAkoko, Nigeria was done. The antibiotics mainly considered in ourstudy for determining the sensitivity were amongst the commonly used inthis area for treatment of infectious diseases. As a result, the bacteriologicalindex, especially coliform count was observed notably high with 72 x10 1 cfu/ml for stream sample and 26.4 x 10 1 cfu/ml for borehole sample. The majorbacterial isolates identified in the water samples were Staphylococcus sp,E.coli  Ã¢â‚¬Ânegative bacteria wereobserved showing 75% and 65% resistant to Septrin and Amoxicillin respectively.Also, multiple drug resistance was observed for many antibiotics.Therefore, the presence of high amount antibiotic resistant bacteria of clinicalimportance is reported in these water sources which are usually consumedby students and members of the University community. Hence, thisstudy necessitates the need for water treatment so that epidemics of waterbornebacterial disease can be averted in this region., Klebsiella sp, Pseudomonas sp., Enterococcus sp., Bacillus cereus andothers. With regards to the antibiotic sensitivity test, all isolates showed100% resistance to Ampicillin and Cloxacillin and 85.7% resistance to Zinnacef[a cephalosporin product]. However, the gram 

scholarly journals IDENTIFIKASI E. COLI O157:H7, SALMONELLA SP, DAN SENSITIFITAS ANTIBIOTIKA DARI SUSU KAMBING DAN PRODUK OLAHANNYA

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Widodo Suwito ◽  
NFN Andriani ◽  
Felisitas Kristiyanti ◽  
Erna Winarti
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk And Dairy Products

<p>Susu kambing dan produk olahannya dapat terkontaminasi <em>E. coli </em>O157:H7 dan <em>Salmonella </em>sp. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk isolasi dan identifikasi <em>E. coli </em>O157:H7, <em>Salmonella </em>sp, dan sensitifitasnya terhadap antibiotika dari susu kambing dan produk olahannya. Sebanyak 15 sampel susu kambing dan produk olahannya seperti susu bubuk, permen, es krim, yogurt, dan krupuk masing-masing sebanyak 10, 3, 6, 4, dan 3 sampel. Semua sampel diperiksa terhadap <em>E. coli </em>O157:H7, dan <em>Salmonella </em>sp berdasarkan reaksi biokimia. Jumlah <em>E. coli </em>pada semua sampel dihitung dengan most probable number (MPN), sedangkan sensitifitas terhadap antibiotika dengan agar difusi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa susu kambing dan produk olahannya tidak ditemukan <em>E. coli </em>O157:H7 dan <em>Salmonella </em>sp., tetapi <em>E. coli </em>non O157:H7 ditemukan pada susu kambing sebanyak 3/15 (20%) dengan jumlah &gt;6 MPN/100ml. Semua produk olahan susu kambing memiliki jumlah <em>E. coli </em>&lt;3 MPN/100ml. <em>E. coli </em>dari susu kambing resisten terhadap cefiksime, kanamisin, tetrasiklin, sulfonamide, dan oksitetrasiklin masing-masing sebanyak 1/3 (30%), sedangkan ampisilin dan amoksilin 100%.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Goat milk and dairy products could be contaminated with <em>E. coli </em>O157:H7 and <em>Salmonella </em>sp</strong>.</p><p>The purpose of this study was to isolation and identification of <em>E. coli </em>O157:H7, <em>Salmonella </em>sp, and antibiotic sensitivity from goat milk and dairy products. A total of 15 samples from goat milk and dairy products such as milk powder, candy, ice cream, yogurt, and crackers respectively 10, 3, 6, 4, and 3 samples. All samples were analyzed for <em>E. coli </em>O157: H7, and Salmonella sp with biochemical reaction. Total of <em>E. coli </em>in all samples was measured with most probable number (MPN) and antibiotic sensitivity with diffusion agar. These study showed that goat milk and dairy products not found <em>E. coli </em>O157:H7 and <em>Salmonella </em>sp., whereas <em>E. coli </em>non O157:H7 was found in goat milk 3/15 (20%) with total <em>E. coli </em>&gt;6 MPN/100ml. All dairy goat products have total <em>E. coli </em>&lt;3 MPN/100ml. <em>E. coli </em>from goat milk was resistant to cefixime, kanamycin, tetracycline, sulfonamide, and oxytetracycline 1/3 (30%) respectively, but ampicillin and amoxicillin 100%.</p>

scholarly journals Isolation of multidrug-resistant bacteria from the hospital environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 990-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahavir Joshi ◽  
Sukhminderjit Kaur ◽  
Bhavkiara Shergill ◽  
Sonali Sood ◽  
Mishra Tulika
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity Test ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Pathogenic Microbes ◽  
Vitek 2 ◽  
Petri Plate

Antibiotics are used to cure the illness caused by pathogenic microbes. The resistance towards such antibiotics is becoming a serious concern in the present time. The frequency of drug resistance is increasing in hospitals. This aptitude to develop resistance against antibiotics has become a serious threat to the patients that are already hospitalized, making them more prone to infections and increased complications of already existing medical conditions. It can also lead to a high mortality rate in hospitals. The present work is designed to isolate microbes from the hospital environment to check the sensitivity against various antibiotics. For the isolation, aerosol-based air samples were taken by exposing sterile Petri plate at the OPD and general ward for about 10 minutes after that the plates were taken to the lab and incubated at 37oc for 24 hours. Pure cultures were obtained by sub culturing the isolates onto fresh sterile nutrient agar plates. The clinical isolates were tested for antibiotic sensitivity test by using Dodeca G- V Plus disk (Himedia). The isolates were identified on the basis of microscopic and VITEK 2 based identification. Total of four bacteria Kocuria kristinae, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Pantoea spp. and Staphylococcus vitulinus were isolated that showed variation in antibiotic-resistant pattern.

scholarly journals Distribution and Antibiotic Sensitivity Patterns of Faecal Bacteria from Underground Faecal Storage Cisterns in Ondo State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-31
Author(s):  
Anthony Kayode Onifade ◽  
Sunday Stephen Abi
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Enterobacter Aerogenes ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity Test ◽  
Ondo State ◽  
Faecal Bacteria

Two hundred and fifty-six (256) human faecal samples were collected from thirty-three (33) underground faecal storage cisterns across 5 major towns (Akure, Akungba, Ondo, Ore and Owo) in Ondo State, Nigeria. Salmonella-Shigella agar, Eosine Methylene Blue agar and MacConkey agar, which are selective for faecal bacteria, were used to isolate a total of 103 strains of Gram-negative bacteria. Biochemical characterization of the isolates revealed Escherichia coli (32.04%), Enterobacter aerogenes (14.56), Klepsiella pneumoniae (12.62%), Salmonella typhi (11.65%), Psudomonas aeruginosa (7.77%), Shigella dysenteriae (6.80%), Proteus mirabilis (5.83%), Citrobacter koseri (3.88%), Providentia alcalifaciens (2.91%) and Klepsiella oxytoca (1.94%).  All the bacterial isolates were then subjected to antibiotic sensitivity test using antibiotic discs impregnated with Augmentin (30 µg), Gentamycin (10 µg), Pefloxacin (10 µg), Ofloxacin (5 µg), Streptomycin (10 μg), Sulfomethoxazole-trimethoprim (30 µg), Chloramphenicol (30 μg); Sparfloxacin (10 μg); Ciprofloxacin (5 μg) and Amoxicillin (20 μg). The resistance of the isolates to the antibiotics used varied from 27.18% to Ciprofloxacin, 33.98% to Ofloxacin, 47.57% to Sulphomethazole-Trimethroprim, 56.31% to Streptomycin, 66.99% to Chloramphenicol, 74.76% to Pefloxacin, 75.73% to Sparfloxacin, 75.73% to Gentamycin, 85.44% to Ampicillin and 95.15 to Augmentin. These results showed that underground human faecal storage cisterns contain potential multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria that may be transmitted to human via formites, animal vectors and water.

Possible impact of treated wastewater discharge on incidence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in river water

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Iwane ◽  
T. Urase ◽  
K. Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
River Water ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Wastewater Discharge ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Process ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant

Escherichia coli and coliform group bacteria resistant to seven antibiotics were investigated in the Tama River, a typical urbanized river in Tokyo, Japan, and at a wastewater treatment plant located on the river. The percentages of antibiotic resistance in the wastewater effluent were, in most cases, higher than the percentages in the river water, which were observed increasing downstream. Since the possible increase in the percentages in the river was associated with treated wastewater discharges, it was concluded that the river, which is contaminated by treated wastewater with many kinds of pollutants, is also contaminated with antibiotic resistant coliform group bacteria and E.coli. The percentages of resistant bacteria in the wastewater treatment plant were mostly observed decreasing during the treatment process. It was also demonstrated that the percentages of resistance in raw sewage are significantly higher than those in the river water and that the wastewater treatment process investigated in this study works against most of resistant bacteria in sewage.

scholarly journals Isolation and Identification of Resistant Bacteria from Petroleum Producing Vicinity by Gene Amplification and Sequencing

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
O. Aleruchi ◽  
O. Obire
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Disinfection Process ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms

This investigation focuses on molecular identification of antibiotic resistant bacteria isolated from petroleum producing vicinity using 16S rRNA sequencing based technique. The bacterial 16s rRNA gene sequences were amplified using polymerase chain reaction, sequenced,  characterized and compared by using primers which has been compared to national center for biotechnology information (NCBI) sequence database. The presence of the plasmid mediated antibiotic resistance determinants CTX-M and QNRB genes in the bacterial isolates were analyzed. A total of four bacterial isolates that were resistant to all the antibiotic agents used were identified molecularly. The BLAST results showed 100 % similarity and phylogenetic study indicated that the genes were evolutionarily related to Morganella morganii, Pseudomonas xiamenensis, Chryseobacterium cucumeris and Staphylococcus sp., respectively. The genes obtained were submitted to the NCBI gene bank and were assigned accession number; MN094330, MN094331, MN094332 and MN094333, respectively. CTX-M and QNRB genes were however absent in the bacterial isolates. The result identified some peculiar abilities of the bacterial isolates to be resistant to antibiotics and suggests a correlation with resistance and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria. The level of resistance could be as a result of the disinfection process during wastewater treatment procedure or the same adaptive mechanisms possessed by the isolates to control the hydrocarbon concentration in their cell. The study also clearly indicates that these wastewaters, when discharged into the environment directly may pose a risk for the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

scholarly journals Biofilm Formation by Uropathogens and Their Susceptibility Towards Antimicrobial Therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesh Prakash Bhatta ◽  
Asmita Sapkota ◽  
Pushpa Subedi ◽  
Sunita Baniya Chhetri ◽  
Dhaka Raj Pant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Exopolymeric Substances ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity Test ◽  
Health Care Associated Infection ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common health care associated infection caused by various pathogenic bacteria. Biofilms are communities of bacteria that are held together by exopolymeric substances that protect against the antimicrobial therapy and other environmental assaults. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of biofilm forming bacteria in Nepalese population and to study the emergence of antimicrobial resistance among biofilm producing bacteria in comparison to non-biofilm producing bacteria. Methods: A total of 785 clean-caught-mid-stream urine samples were collected. After isolation and identification of uropathogens, they were further processed for detection of biofilm formation by two methods (Congo Red Agar method and Tissue Culture Plate method) as well as for antibiotic sensitivity test. Results: Out of total collected samples, 12.74% were found to be associated with UTI, among them 67% were Escherichia coli, 10% were Klebsiella spp, 7% were Pseudomonas spp, 6% were Staphyloccous aureus, 4% were Enterobacter spp, 3% were Proteus spp, 2% were Citrobacter spp and remaining 1% was Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Among isolated organisms, the ratio of bioflim positive organism to bioflim negative organism was found to be 9:11. Nitrofurantoin, Tobramycin, Chloramphenicol, Amikacin and Imipenem were found to be significantly more sensitive in biofilm negative bacteria as compared to biofilm positive bacteria with p values of 0.000, 0.001, 0.000, 0.000 and 0.001. Conclusions: The prevalence rate of multidrug resistance in bacterial uropathogens was higher in biofilm producers as compared to non-biofilm producers. Biofilm forming characteristic of bacteria make them more resistant to antibiotics.

scholarly journals Phage steering of antibiotic-resistance evolution in the bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Gurney ◽  
Léa Pradier ◽  
Joanne S Griffin ◽  
Claire Gougat-Barbera ◽  
Benjamin K Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Phage Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Trade Off

Abstract Background and objectives Antimicrobial resistance is a growing global concern and has spurred increasing efforts to find alternative therapeutics. Bacteriophage therapy has seen near constant use in Eastern Europe since its discovery over a century ago. One promising approach is to use phages that not only reduce bacterial pathogen loads but also select for phage resistance mechanisms that trade-off with antibiotic resistance—so called ‘phage steering’. Methodology Recent work has shown that the phage OMKO1 can interact with efflux pumps and in so doing select for both phage resistance and antibiotic sensitivity of the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We tested the robustness of this approach to three different antibiotics in vitro (tetracycline, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin) and one in vivo (erythromycin). Results We show that in vitro OMKO1 can reduce antibiotic resistance of P. aeruginosa (Washington PAO1) even in the presence of antibiotics, an effect still detectable after ca.70 bacterial generations in continuous culture with phage. Our in vivo experiment showed that phage both increased the survival times of wax moth larvae (Galleria mellonella) and increased bacterial sensitivity to erythromycin. This increased antibiotic sensitivity occurred both in lines with and without the antibiotic. Conclusions and implications Our study supports a trade-off between antibiotic resistance and phage sensitivity. This trade-off was maintained over co-evolutionary time scales even under combined phage and antibiotic pressure. Similarly, OMKO1 maintained this trade-off in vivo, again under dual phage/antibiotic pressure. Our findings have implications for the future clinical use of steering in phage therapies. Lay Summary: Given the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection, new approaches to treatment are urgently needed. Bacteriophages (phages) are bacterial viruses. The use of such viruses to treat infections has been in near-continuous use in several countries since the early 1900s. Recent developments have shown that these viruses are not only effective against routine infections but can also target antibiotic resistant bacteria in a novel, unexpected way. Similar to other lytic phages, these so-called ‘steering phages’ kill the majority of bacteria directly. However, steering phages also leave behind bacterial variants that resist the phages, but are now sensitive to antibiotics. Treatment combinations of these phages and antibiotics can now be used to greater effect than either one independently. We evaluated the impact of steering using phage OMKO1 and a panel of three antibiotics on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an important pathogen in hospital settings and in people with cystic fibrosis. Our findings indicate that OMKO1, either alone or in combination with antibiotics, maintains antibiotic sensitivity both in vitro and in vivo, giving hope that phage steering will be an effective treatment option against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Milk Alternatives

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 3070
Author(s):  
Winnie Mukuna ◽  
Abdullah Ibn Mafiz ◽  
Bharat Pokharel ◽  
Aniume Tobenna ◽  
Agnes Kilonzo-Nthenge
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Diffusion Technique ◽  
Dairy Milk

The consumption of non-dairy milk is on the rise due to health benefits. Although there is increasing inclination towards milk alternatives (MA), there is limited data on antibiotic resistant bacteria in these substitutes. The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from MA. A total of 138 extracts from almonds (n = 63), cashew nuts (n = 36), and soybeans (n = 39) were analyzed for Enterobacteriaceae. The identification of the bacteria was based on biochemical and PCR methods. Antibiotic sensitivity was determined by using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. Overall, 31% (43 of 138) of extracts were positive for Enterobacteriaceae. Ten bacterial species were identified, of which Enterobacter cloacae (42.7%) and Enterobacter cancerogenus (35.4%) were the most predominant species (p < 0.05). Antibiotic resistance was exhibited to vancomycin (88.3%), novobiocin (83.8%), erythromycin (81.1%), which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in tetracycline (59.5%), cefpodoxime (30.6%), and nalidixic acid (6.3%). There was no resistance displayed to kanamycin and imipenem. ERY-NOV-VAN-TET and ERY-NOV-CEP-VAN-TET were the most common resistant patterns displayed by Enterobacter cloacae. The findings of this study suggest that MAs, though considered healthy, may be a reservoir of multidrug resistant opportunist pathogens.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacteria Isolated from Abattoir Effluent-Impacted Tagangu River, Aliero, Kebbi State, North-Western Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Jega ◽  
O. O. Adebisi ◽  
S. S. Manga
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Proteus Vulgaris ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽  
The Impact

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of abattoir effluent on microbiological quality of the receiving Tagangu River and the susceptibility of the isolates to commonly-used antibiotics. The most probable number (MPN) as well as the Kirby-Bauer method of antibiotic susceptibility test were used and demonstrated the total heterotrophic bacteria as well as Escherichia coli O157:H7 numbers in a total of 30 water samples collected over a period of three months at three strategic points of the river. In accordance with CLSI guidelines, four out of eight bacteria (Enterobacter sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris and Citrobacter sp.) isolated, demonstrated multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) against at least three out of septrin, chloramphenicol, amoxicillin, augmentin, gentamicin, tarivid and streptomycin. All the isolates (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Citrobacter sp., Serratia marcescens and Aerobacter aerogenes) showed either high or intermediate susceptibility to sparfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin. The findings indicated that the river has been heavily polluted with the effluent discharges and did not meet any of the WHO guidelines for natural water sources fit for irrigation or other domestic purposes. As such, indiscriminate discharge of abattoir effluent could impact on the microbiological quality and promote increased incidence of multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria in a receiving river.

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