Prescription Pattern of Antimicrobial Agents in Various Dental Clinics at Malabar Region of Kerala, South India

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 2595-2600
Author(s):  
Muhas C ◽  
Mohamed Saheer K ◽  
Syed Altafuddin Quadri ◽  
Naseef P P ◽  
Abdul Khader P M ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Inappropriate Prescribing ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Dental Clinics ◽  
Sensitivity Tests ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanate ◽  
Culture And Sensitivity ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Selection Of

Antimicrobial agents (AMAs) are among the most commonly prescribed drugs in dental practice. However inappropriate prescribing and irrational use of antimicrobial agents without prior culture and sensitivity tests, inadequate duration, dosing etc. have been identified as major factors contributing to the emergence of antibiotic resistance, which is an ongoing challenge in all over the world. A total of 1900 patients were screened and out of which 1748 patients were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study after taking consent. This study shows that the majority of patients attended in these clinics were female, 1020 (58.35%) and majority of patients (717) comes under age group 21-40 (41.02%) followed by age group by ≤ 20 (32.43%).  This study established that most commonly recommended antimicrobial agents were amoxicillin, followed by amoxicillin-clavulanate and metronidazole. The antimicrobial agents like Ciprofloxacin, Cefixime, Tetracyclines, Azithromycines were also used but in less extent. This study also revealed that the selection of antimicrobials was not confirmed with culture and sensitivity tests in all cases, which may negatively influence bacterial resistance profile.

Effectiveness of treatment of tonsillopharyngitis: comparative study

2002 ◽  
Vol 116 (11) ◽  
pp. 917-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khader J. Abdul-Baqi ◽  
Farouk M. N. Shakhatreh
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Sensitivity Test ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Culture And Sensitivity ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Selection Of

This study was performed to find out the effectiveness of three different treatments of patients having acute tonsillopharyngitis. Three groups of patients were selected (50 patients in each group). Group I received one antibiotic according to the result of culture and sensitivity test, while groups II and III received two antibiotics or one antibiotic respectively without a culture and sensitivity test. Diagnosis was based on the acutely subjective symptoms of sore throat and positive clinical examination findings. The effectiveness of treatment in group I (96 per cent) was statistically significant (p<0.05) and higher than group II (82 per cent) and group III (74 per cent), while the difference between group II and III was not statistically significant (p>0.05).Our findings demonstrate that a culture and sensitivity test of the throat swab is necessary before treating acute tonsillopharyngitis. It was suggested that there should be appropriate selection of antibiotics to preserve normal flora, avoidance antibiotics for viral infections, patient compliance with prescription and educational programmes directed at patients and physicians. All of these measures would assist in reducing the volume of antibiotic use, bacterial resistance and the overall cost of treatment of tonsillopharyngitis.

scholarly journals A Strategy for Hospital Pharmacists to Control Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in Japan

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1284
Author(s):  
Yukihiro Hamada ◽  
Fumiya Ebihara ◽  
Ken Kikuchi
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring ◽  
Antimicrobial Stewardship ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Optimal Selection ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Selection Of

In Japan, there is concern regarding the relation between the inappropriate use of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance (AMR). Increased bacterial resistance is due in part to the inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents. The support of the pharmacist becomes important, and there is growing interest in antimicrobial stewardship to promote the appropriate and safe use of antimicrobials needed for the optimal selection of drugs, doses, durations of therapy, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), and implementations of cost containment strategies in Japan. Pharmacists should strive to disseminate the concept of “choosing wisely” in relation to all medicines, implement further interventions, and put them into practice. In this article, we present data for antimicrobial stewardship and Japan’s AMR action plan, focusing on how pharmacists should be involved in enabling physicians to choose antimicrobials wisely.

Principles of antibiotic therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 137-144
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Antibiotic Prophylaxis ◽  
Antibiotic Stewardship ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Comprehensive Approach ◽  
Contemporary Medicine ◽  
Selection Of

The paper describes the basic sources and principles of antibiotic therapy in contemporary medicine in which the ability to treat bacterial infections may be lost. The main reason for that is the increasing resistance of bacterial pathogens to antibiotics. A possible solution is to implement a comprehensive program of antibiotic stewardship incorporating adequate consideration of indication and selection of antimicrobial agents including appropriate duration and way of administration. Another important component of the comprehensive approach to bacterial resistance and antibiotic therapy is adequately applied antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery.

scholarly journals Urinary tract infection among pregnant women in Al-Mukalla district, Yemen

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-510
Author(s):  
A. M. Al Haddad
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Pregnant Woman ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Maternity Hospital ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Sensitivity Tests ◽  
Culture And Sensitivity

Urinary tract infection [UTI] is a common problem in pregnant woman. This study examined the frequency of UTI in 137 pregnant women attending Al Mukalla maternity hospital from January to June 2002. Urine samples were examined for UTI microscopically and by culture, and sensitivity tests were done for the organisms isolated using a range of antibiotics. Information on age, trimester, parity and number of pregnancies were also collected for each woman. This study showed that 30% of the women suffered from UTI; Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated organism [41.5%], and it was highly susceptible to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, ceftizoxime and amikacin. Of the variables examined, 53.7% of the infected women were in the age group 15-24 years, 48.8% were in their 3rd trimester and 75.6% had 1-3 children

Trainable Children Can Learn Adjectives, Polars, and Prepositions!

1977 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlys Mitchell ◽  
Carolyn Evans ◽  
John Bernard
Keyword(s):  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Achievement Gains ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Mentally Retarded Children ◽  
Locative Prepositions ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Trainable Mentally Retarded

Twelve trainable mentally retarded children were given six weeks of instruction in the use of adjectives, polars, and locative prepositions. Specially prepared Language Master cards constituted the program. Posttests indicated that children in the older chronological age group earned significantly higher scores than those in the younger group. Children in the younger group made significant increases in scores, particularly in learning prepositions. A multisensory approach and active involvement in learning appeared to be major factors in achievement gains.

scholarly journals The Lactococcal dgkB (yecE) and dxsA Genes for Lipid Metabolism Are Involved in the Resistance to Cell Envelope-Acting Antimicrobials

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1014
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Tymoszewska ◽  
Tamara Aleksandrzak-Piekarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Membrane Targeting ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Lipid Ii

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria led to an urgent need for next-generation antimicrobial agents with novel mechanisms of action. The use of positively charged antimicrobial peptides that target cytoplasmic membrane is an especially promising strategy since essential functions and the conserved structure of the membrane hinder the development of bacterial resistance. Aureocin A53- and enterocin L50-like bacteriocins are highly cationic, membrane-targeting antimicrobial peptides that have potential as next-generation antibiotics. However, the mechanisms of resistance to these bacteriocins and cross-resistance against antibiotics must be examined before application to ensure their safe use. Here, in the model bacterium Lactococcus lactis, we studied the development of resistance to selected aureocin A53- and enterocin L50-like bacteriocins and its correlation with antibiotics. First, to generate spontaneous resistant mutants, L.lactis was exposed to bacteriocin BHT-B. Sequencing of their genomes revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the dgkB (yecE) and dxsA genes encoding diacylglycerol kinase and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase, respectively. Then, selected mutants underwent susceptibility tests with a wide array of bacteriocins and antibiotics. The highest alterations in the sensitivity of studied mutants were seen in the presence of cytoplasmic membrane targeting bacteriocins (K411, Ent7, EntL50, WelM, SalC, nisin) and antibiotics (daptomycin and gramicidin) as well as lipid II cycle-blocking bacteriocins (nisin and Lcn972) and antibiotics (bacitracin). Interestingly, decreased via the SNPs accumulation sensitivity to membrane-active bacteriocins and antibiotics resulted in the concurrently increased vulnerability to bacitracin, carbenicillin, or chlortetracycline. It is suspected that SNPs may result in alterations to the efficiency of the nascent enzymes rather than a total loss of their function as neither deletion nor overexpression of dxsA restored the phenotype observed in spontaneous mutants.

scholarly journals Influence of Patient Age on Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes Causing Invasive Disease

2001 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 556-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Inostroza ◽  
Ana Maria Vinet ◽  
Gloria Retamal ◽  
Pedro Lorca ◽  
Gonzalo Ossa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Bacterial Virulence ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Invasive Infection ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Sterile Site ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACT All clinical S. pneumoniae specimens isolated from patients with invasive or sterile-site infections admitted to one regional general hospital in southern Chile were collected during a 5-year period (February 1994 to September 1999). A total of 247 strains belonging to 50 serotypes were isolated in this survey: 69 in patients under 5 years of age, 129 in patients 5 to 64 years old, and 49 from patients 65 years and older. Eight serotypes were identified in all age groups, while all other serotypes were found exclusively in one age group or in patients over 4 years of age. Serotype 3 was never found in patients under 5 years old, and serotype 14 was not found in patients >64 years of age. There was no difference in the serotypes causing infection in each one of the 5 years of the survey. Our results suggest that both bacterial virulence factors and host factors play an important role in the selection of S. pneumoniae serotypes causing invasive infection. Possible host factors include age-related differences in the immune response. Comparative studies with other areas of the world may help to further understanding of our observations in southern Chile.

scholarly journals Hidden Selection of Bacterial Resistance to Fluoroquinolones In Vivo: The Case of Legionella pneumophila and Humans

EBioMedicine ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 1179-1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubana Shadoud ◽  
Iyad Almahmoud ◽  
Sophie Jarraud ◽  
Jérôme Etienne ◽  
Sylvie Larrat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Selection Of

scholarly journals Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance among Clinical Isolates of Bacteroides fragilis Group in Canada in 2010-2011: CANWARD Surveillance Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 1247-1252 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Karlowsky ◽  
Andrew J. Walkty ◽  
Heather J. Adam ◽  
Melanie R. Baxter ◽  
Daryl J. Hoban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacteroides Fragilis ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Surveillance Study ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanate ◽  
Bacteroides Fragilis Group ◽  
Bacteroides Ovatus

ABSTRACTClinical isolates of theBacteroides fragilisgroup (n= 387) were collected from patients attending nine Canadian hospitals in 2010-2011 and tested for susceptibility to 10 antimicrobial agents using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) broth microdilution method.B. fragilis(59.9%),Bacteroides ovatus(16.3%), andBacteroides thetaiotaomicron(12.7%) accounted for ∼90% of isolates collected. Overall rates of percent susceptibility were as follows: 99.7%, metronidazole; 99.5%, piperacillin-tazobactam; 99.2%, imipenem; 97.7%, ertapenem; 92.0%, doripenem; 87.3%, amoxicillin-clavulanate; 80.9%, tigecycline; 65.9%, cefoxitin; 55.6%, moxifloxacin; and 52.2%, clindamycin. Percent susceptibility to cefoxitin, clindamycin, and moxifloxacin was lowest forB. thetaiotaomicron(n= 49, 24.5%),Parabacteroides distasonis/P. merdae(n= 11, 9.1%), andB. ovatus(n= 63, 31.8%), respectively. One isolate (B. thetaiotaomicron) was resistant to metronidazole, and two isolates (bothB. fragilis) were resistant to both piperacillin-tazobactam and imipenem. Since the last published surveillance study describing Canadian isolates ofB. fragilisgroup almost 20 years ago (A.-M. Bourgault et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36:343–347, 1992), rates of resistance have increased for amoxicillin-clavulanate, from 0.8% (1992) to 6.2% (2010-2011), and for clindamycin, from 9% (1992) to 34.1% (2010-2011).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document