Long Noncoding RNA GUSBP3 And SAM4 Function As Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus In Kazak Populations In The Xinjiang Region of China

Background: The pathogenesis of T2DM is influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, among which LncRNAs have a huge impact on diabetes.In this study, we investigated the diagnostic value of lncRNA GUSBP3 and lncRNA SAM4 for T2DM in Kazakhs in Xinjiang. Methods: In this study, differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs were screened by microarray analysis microarray in a Kazakh population in Xinjiang, and the expression of two candidate lncRNAs (lnc-GUSBP-3 and lnc-SAM-4) was further validated by quantitative real-time polymerization chain reaction (qRT-PCR).Meanwhile, GO (Gene Ontology) enrichment analysis were used to reveal the biological functions of the two candidate lncRNAs. Spearman’s correlation analysis was used to elucidate the correlation between lnc-GUSBP-3 and lnc-SAM-4 expression and metabolic characteristics. We found that the expression of lnc-GUSBP-3 and lnc-SAM-4 was up-regulated in the T2DM group compared to healthy controls. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that DBP, FIns and lnc-GUSBP3 were associated with T2DM susceptibility.In addition, ROC curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic potential of lnc-GUSBP3 and lnc-SAM4. Results: We conducted a microarray analysis of PBMC collected from patients with T2DM and healthy controls, all of Kazakh origin. In the microanalysis, we identified 89 differentially expressed lncRNAs, and 147 differentially expressed mRNAs. real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples from T2DM patients and healthy controls from the Xinjiang Kazakh population revealed significantly increased levels of lncRNAs GUSBP3 and SAM4 in T2DM patients. Logistic regression analysis revealed that lncRNA GUSBP3 expression correlated negatively with FIns, but positively with creatinine and uric acid (UA). Furthermore, lncRNA SAM4 expression correlated negatively with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, but positively with UA. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values for lnc-GUSBP3 and lnc-SAM4 were 0.789 (95% CI = 0.672–0.906) and 0.741 (95% CI = 0.616–0.866), respectively. Conclusion: There were significant changes in lncRNA and mRNA in Kazakh T2DM patients. LncRNA-GUSBP3 and lncRNA-SAM4 may serve as potential diagnostic biomarkers for T2DM in Kazakhs in Xinjiang.

Alleles Frequency and Polymorphic Genes Genotypes Associated with Alcoholism in Kazakh Population

Background: There is a category of people with a congenial predisposition to alcohol abuse among the total population. The identification of such persons by molecular genetic diagnostics and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures can significantly reduce the incidence of alcoholism. Objectives: This research aimed to study the genetic foundations of alcohol dependence development in Kazakhs based on the analysis of population frequencies of polymorphic variants of predisposition to alcoholism genes. Materials and Methods: The material for the research was the DNA recovered from the peripheral blood of the recruited control group population, which was represented by 1,800 conditionally healthy individuals of Kazakh nationality. Isolated DNA samples were genotyped by PCR. Conclusions: Kazakhs take an intermediate position between the previously studied European and Asian populations by allele frequencies of nine polymorphic variants of ADH1B (rs2066701, rs1789891), ADH1C (rs1693425, rs698), HTR2C (rs6318), ALDH2 (rs671), CADM2 (rs9841829), KLB (rs11940694), DRD2 (rs1076560) genes. Possible markers of an increased risk of alcoholism development in Kazakhs are G alleles of polymorphic loci rs2066701 of the ADH1B gene and rs671 of the ALDH2 gene, and the protective effect is possible in the presence of A alleles rs2066701 of the ADH1B gene and rs671 of the ALDH2 gene.

How was the army of the Alash state built?

It was 1919, that is, on the eve of the mutual acknowledgement of the Alash Autonomy and the Soviet rule of each other and the incorporation of the Kazakh Autonomy in the USSR. However, historical facts confirm that the leader of the Kazakhs was attempting to build a national army, a fully legal one, even during the period of the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907, therefore in the period of the autocratic rule of the colonial empire, despite a number of insurmountable obstacles that seemed to stand in the way. The article is devoted to a historical analysis of the process of creating a legal national army of the Kazakh population and the political legalization of the Autonomous State of Alash on the territory of the Russian Empire in the late 19th – early 20th century. The leader of the Kazakh National Movement “Alash”, Alikhan Bukeikhan was attempting to build a legal national army even during the period of the first Russian Revolution 1905-1907. However, he achieved his goal only after the February Revolution of 1917 – on the eve of the civil war, launched by the Bolsheviks.The leader of the Kazakh National Movement “Alash”, Alikhan Bukeikhan was attempting to build a legal national army even during the period of the first Russian Revolution 1905-1907. However, he achieved his goal only after the February Revolution of 1917 – on the eve of the civil war, launched by the Bolsheviks

COMPARATIVE FEATURES OF DAIRY EFFICIENCY OF COWS OF THE GOLSHTEIN AND HOLSHTINIZED BLACK AND WHITE BREEDS OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

В последние 20—25 лет на маточном поголовье черно-пестрого скота активно использовалось семя быков-производителей голштинской породы, завезенных по импорту из США и Канады. Это привело к тому, что в республике сформировался массив черно-пестрого скота с высокой долей кровности по улучшающей голштинской породе. Параллельно по импорту завозились и животные голштинской породы, в основном телки случного возраста и нетели. В конечном итоге в Казахстане образовались генотипы, схожие по внешним признакам, но отличающиеся по продуктивности. В статье отражены результаты научных исследований по сравнительному изучению молочной продуктивности коров двух родственных пород черно-пестрой масти. Показано, что высококровные (более 87,5 % по улучшающей породе) животные по удою на 30—43% уступали чистопородному голштинскому скоту, однако помеси на 2—4% превосходили голштинов по содержанию жира и белка в молоке. Отмечены идентичные биологические свойства обеих пород, связанные с лактационной кривой, как за полную лактацию, так и по суточным надоям. Полученные результаты обосновывают целесообразность полного поглощения значительной части казахстанской популяции черно-пестрого скота голштинской породой. Однако необходимо определенную часть животных сохранить в чистоте и на этой основе создать генофондные стада. In the last 20—25 years, the seed of bulls-producers of the Holstein breed, imported from the USA and Canada, has been actively used on the broodstock of black-and-white cattle. This led to the formation in the republic of an array of black-and-white cattle with a high proportion of blood in the improving Holstein breed. At the same time, animals of the Holstein breed were also imported, mainly heifers of breeding age and heifers. Ultimately, genotypes were formed in Kazakhstan, similar in appearance, but differing in productivity. The article reflects the results of scientific research on a comparative study of the milk productivity of cows of two related breeds of black and white color. It has been shown that high-blooded (more than 87.5% in the improving breed) animals in milk yield were 30—43% inferior to pure-bred Holstein cattle, but hybrids exceeded Holsteins by 2—4% in fat and protein content in milk. The identical biological properties of both breeds, associated with the lactation curve, both for full lactation and for daily milk yield, were noted. The obtained results justify the feasibility of fully absorbing a significant part of the Kazakh population of black and white cattle by the Holstein breed. However, it is necessary to keep a certain part of the animals clean and on this basis create gene-pool herds.

Features of the birth rate of the kazakh population in the modern period and the formation of new trends in demographic development

At the present stage of the development of Kazakhstan, there is a stabilization of the demographic situation, an increase in the population, and a weakening of the migration outflow from the republic. Among the factors that influence demographic processes, endogenous becomes the dominant one. The above brings to the fore the problem of analyzing the processes of reproduction and fertility. The article considers the following characteristics of fertility-age-by-age indicators, the total coefficient and the net coefficient. The analysis of birth rates is presented in the regional context. The paper presents statistical data on the reproduction of the Kazakh ethnic group in the period from 1990 to 2009. Based on the analysis of statistical data, the author of the article made conclusions that allow us to talk about the formation of new trends in the demographic development of the Kazakh ethnic group.

FORMATION OF ETHNODEMOGRAPHIC COMPOSITION OF POST-SOVIET KAZAKHSTAN AND INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT

The article discusses the description of the history of the ethnic composition of Kazakhstan. A large cycle of materials is based on the data from population censuses and materials of Kazakhstani researchers. A special study of the ethno-demographic growth of post-Soviet Kazakhstan was carried out. Ethno-demographic growth is divided into periods based on history. The arrival of many peoples in Kazakhstan and their history, political decisions of independent Kazakhstan on the way to interethnic harmony are considered. The emergence of ethnic groups in Kazakhstan is a great political event. The decline of the Kazakh population and the increase in the number of representatives of other nationalities have led to a change in the ethnodemography of Kazakhstan. The country has created a unique and effective mechanism for implementing national policy, interethnic and interreligious dialogue through the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan. Special attention is paid to the description of the activities of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan. The Institute has come to the conclusion that it ensures the revival of ethnic identity and culture, forms a single political, legal and cultural platform for ethnic processes and contributes to the preservation of peace and harmony in the country. In general, thanks to the work of the Assembly in our country there is a unique model of interethnic and interfaith harmony, a special atmosphere of trust, solidarity, mutual under-standing, where every citizen, regardless of nationality and religion, can fully enjoy the civil rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution, all necessary conditions for the development of traditions. It was noted that the activities of the Assembly contribute to increasing the international prestige of Kazakhstan as a country that effectively solves issues of interethnic relations.

The Contribution of Genetic Variants to the Risk of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in the Kazakh Population: Study of Common Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Their Clinicopathological Correlations

ObjectiveRisk for developing papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the most common endocrine malignancy, is thought to be mediated by lifestyle, environmental exposures and genetic factors. Recent progress in the genome-wide association studies of thyroid cancer leads to the identification of several genetic variants conferring risk to this malignancy across different ethnicities. We set out to elucidate the impact of selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on PTC risk and to evaluate clinicopathological correlations of these genetic variants in the Kazakh population for the first time.MethodsEight SNPs were genotyped in 485 patients with PTC and 1,008 healthy control Kazakh subjects. The association analysis and multivariable modeling of PTC risk by the genetic factors, supplemented with rigorous statistical validation, were performed.ResultFive of the eight SNPs: rs965513 (FOXE1/PTCSC2, P = 1.3E-16), rs1867277 (FOXE1 5’UTR, P = 7.5E-06), rs2439302 (NRG1 intron 1, P = 4.0E-05), rs944289 (PTCSC3/NKX2-1, P = 4.5E-06) and rs10136427 (BATF upstream, P = 9.8E-03) were significantly associated with PTC. rs966423 (DIRC3, P = 0.07) showed a suggestive association. rs7267944 (DHX35) was associated with PTC risk in males (P = 0.02), rs1867277 (FOXE1) conferred the higher risk in subjects older than 55 years (P = 7.0E-05), and rs6983267 (POU5F1B/CCAT2) was associated with pT3–T4 tumors (P = 0.01). The contribution of genetic component (unidirectional independent effects of rs965513, rs944289, rs2439302 and rs10136427 adjusted for age and sex) to PTC risk in the analyzed series was estimated to be 30–40%.ConclusionGenetic factors analyzed in the present work display significant association signals with PTC either on the whole group analysis or in particular clinicopathological groups and account for about one-third of the risk for PTC in the Kazakh population.

Study of public opinion on post-mortem donation in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Goal. Find out the opinion of the Kazakh population about post-mortem organ donation to save the lives of patients with terminal diseases of organs in need of transplantation. Material and methods. The survey was conducted in the form of an anonymous online questionnaire. Our study involved 1176 people, of these, 309 are male and 867 are female. The survey participants were citizens of different regions of the country and different nationalities, the average age of the participants was 38.7±1 years (18-73 years). Results and discussion. 422 participants (36%) agreed to become a posthumous donor, and 644 (55%) refused to donate. 88 (7.6%) of the participants doubted their choice, the other 22 participants did not answer this question. During the survey, out of 1,176 respondents, 991 (84%) participants know that organ transplantation is being carried out in the country, of which 384 (38.7%) participants agree to post-mortem donation, and 607 (61.2%) participants refuse post-mortem donation. 185 (16%) participants are not informed that organ transplantation is being performed in the country, of which 49 (26.5%) participants agree to post-mortem donation, and 136 (73.5%) participants refuse post-mortem donation. As a result, it was found that informed participants agreed to post-mortem donation in 38.7% of cases, and uninformed participants agreed in only 26.5% of cases. Conclusion. For the development of organ transplantation from a cadaveric donor in Kazakhstan, it is necessary to inform the population about organ transplants carried out in large transplant centers of the country, and with good long-term results, to inform the population about the laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan on organ transplantation. It is very important for the population to guarantee security and huge support from the government of the country. In addition, for the development of organ transplantation from a posthumous donor in Kazakhstan, a lot depends not only on the population of the country itself, but also on social, moral, ethical, economic, and humanitarian support from the state government. Organ transplantation from a post-mortem donor is one of the most complex types of medical care, requiring a high level of professional and material support and coordinated actions at all levels of management. This area cannot develop without the support of society, the government, as well as without a positive view of the population. Keywords: organ transplantation, donor, opinion of the population of Kazakhstan.