scholarly journals CONVENTIONAL AND CONSENSUAL CONCEPTIONS OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE NATURE

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-26
Author(s):  
Сергей Александрович Лебедев ◽  
Сергей Николаевич Коськов
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Main Subject ◽  
Pure Experience ◽  
Classical Philosophy ◽  
The One ◽  
Methodology Of Science

В статье излагается содержание двух базовых концепций неклассической философии и методологии науки: конвенционалистской и консенсуалистской теории природы научного знания и научной истины. Каждая из них является альтернативой двум основным парадигмам классической философии и методологии науки: эмпиризму (позитивизму) и рационализму. С точки зрения конвенционализма научное знание не есть ни описание чистого опыта, ни его обобщение. Но оно не является также и результатом некой априорной интуиции и чистого разума. Согласно конвенционализму научное знание - это система доказательной информации, исходные принципы которой имеют характер условных, конвенциональных истин. Отсюда следует, что любая истина в науке не категорична, а условна и имеет форму «если, то». Консенсуалистская концепция природы научного знания возникла в философии науки второй половины XX в. Она была, с одной стороны, обобщением конвенционализма, а с другой - его отрицанием. Если в конвенционализме основным субъектом научного познания является отдельный ученый, то в консенсуалистской эпистемологии таким субъектом является социальный субъект - научное сообщество. Научное познание имеет принципиально коллективный характер как в плане его получения в силу разделения научного труда, так и в плане его легитимации и оценки. Последние операции всегда являются результатом консенсуса научного сообщества. The article examines the content of two basic conceptions of non-classical philosophy and methodology of science: the conventionalist and consensual theory of the nature of scientific knowledge. Each of them is an alternative to the two main paradigms of classical philosophy and the methodology of science: empiricism (positivism) and rationalism. From the point of view of conventionalism, scientific knowledge is neither a description of pure experience nor a generalization of it. But it is also not the result of some a priori intuition and pure reason. According to conventionalism, scientific knowledge is a system of evidence-based information, the initial principles of which have the character of conditional, conventional truths. It follows that any truth in science is not categorical, but conditional and has the form «if, then». The consensual concept of the nature of scientific knowledge emerged in the philosophy of science of the second half of the twentieth century. It was, on the one hand, a generalization of conventionalism; on the other, a negation of it. If in conventionalism the main subject of scientific knowledge is an individual scientist, then in consensual epistemology such a subject is a social subject - the scientific community. Scientific knowledge has a fundamentally collective character, both in terms of its acquisition by virtue of the division of scientific work, and in terms of its legitimization and evaluation. The latest operations are always the result of a consensus of the scientific community.

Naturalism and the Grounding Metaphor

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjan Chakravartty
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Scientific Ontology

This chapter develops the notion of degrees of metaphysical inference, giving content to a number of widely used but only vaguely specified metaphors regarding what it could mean to “naturalize” metaphysical inferences by “grounding” them in scientific knowledge, and what it could mean to “derive” ontological conclusions from scientific work, or use such work as a “constraint” on ontological theorizing. It examines the prospects of demarcating scientific ontology from non-scientific, philosophical ontologically, the nature of a priori presuppositions and inferences and their possible roles in this demarcation, and the idea of naturalizing metaphysical inferences. In conclusion, it considers whether there is, in fact, anything like an objective distinction to be made between genuinely theorizing and merely speculating about ontology.

Pleasure As a Subject of Logic. To the Interpretation of Philebus. Part I

2021 ◽  
pp. 144-153
Author(s):  
Dmitry V. Bugai ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Problem ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Main Subject ◽  
Logical Status ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The task of the paper is to determine what is the philosophical meaning of Plato’s Philebus. To define the meaning is to show which way of understanding Phile­bus is the most fruitful, most fully grasping and revealing what forms the sub­stantive core of Plato’s text. It’s no secret that the meaning of Philebus is not at all self-evident. From our point of view, the main subject of the dialogue lies not in the plane of ontology, but in ethics, and what is taken for ontological aspects in Philebus is much more related to the logical and methodological conditions for solving the main ethical problem. Therefore, in this article an attempt was made to show that the key themes of Philebus(the problem of the one-many, the relationship of the four kinds of beings, the theory of false pleasures) are inter­nally related. The question of the relationship between the one and the many is raised in connection with the clarification of the question of the logical status of pleasure. Division into four kinds (limit, unlimited, mixture, reason) is the ful­fillment of the methodological requirement for the necessity of division. The ana­lysis of pleasures following this methodological introduction examines pleasure in an entirely new light, in the light of truth/falsity.

scholarly journals Considerations on General Methodological Assumptions of the Sciences of Sport

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Kosiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
General Methodology ◽  
The People ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

Abstract The considerations included in the article are the result of several years of teaching general methodology for doctoral studies at Josef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw.The presented text consists of two basic parts. The first includes reminiscences and associated methodological resentment. The second presents a wide panorama of standpoints concerning functions and kinds of hypotheses, their role and significance in contemporary research programs of formal, empirical (connected with natural sciences and biology), and humanities nature. Sketchy and encyclopaedic interpretations, presented in the context of commentaries by the author of this paper, thereby dominate.The aim of the first part is to draw attention to some methodological mistakes which often appear and which have become common in some academic milieus to such a degree that some intervention and postulatory correction, referring to Polish and Western methodological literature, is advisable. These shortcomings are connected, among other things, with the structure of the scientific work, with the formulation and application of hypotheses, with relations taking place between the general methodology and specialized methodologies, kinds and types of research work, with reliability of information on sources of creative information, as well with the category of verification in its relation, on the one hand, to confirmation and corroboration, and on the other hand, to testing, checking, falsification, and terms close in meaning to the last one.The abovementioned resentment results, first of all, from the fact that the authors discussed in the first part usually insist on erroneous solutions, negating a priori, without becoming acquainted with the literature on the subject or making attempts to explain or initiate a methodological argument referring to sources and studies.That resentment is significant, among other things, in the causal sense - that is, because of the fact that, firstly, it justifies and substantiates the need for a statement presenting controversial questions in a content-related and formal way. Secondly, because thanks to such (that is, cognitive-emotional) introduction, the whole argument - not only in the first, but also in the second part - is much more interesting. It is saturated with authenticity. Many readers know the figures mentioned and are familiar with their - sometimes too insouciant (sometimes not very reliable) - attitudes to important issues from the field of research methods. It is also interesting why the people cited make mistakes. Hence, it is also advisable to look at a wider methodological context of justification (included in the much longer second part) dedicated to perhaps the most thorough characteristics of the hypothesis in the literature on the subject, which is available to the author. Without presentation of the controversial issues in the first part, the second part, more important from the methodological viewpoint, might be omitted by a considerable proportion of readers. In that part attention is paid mainly to issues concerning working, initial, zero, primary, introductory, directing, gradual, auxiliary, ad hoc auxiliary, bridge, futile and true, dangerous and safe, quite natural and neutral, individual and general, complete and incomplete, deep, strong, probabilistic and non-probabilistic (that is, deterministic), related, falsifying, basic, psychological, metaphysical and materialist hypotheses, as well as those concluding ones - that is, those constituting the final effect of definite (concluded here and now) research; hence, those which have undergone verification, confirmation, corroboration or modification as those which predict and explain a given research problem in the best possible way.

Language and Idealism

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 156-177
Author(s):  
Marsonet Michele
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Ordinary Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
A Priori Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Language ◽  
Philosophical Inquiry ◽  
Analytic Tradition ◽  
The One ◽  
Priori Knowledge

In the philosophical inquiry adopted by logical empiricists, analysis of scientific language becomes something similar to a metaphysical endeavor which is meant to establish the bounds of sense, and this stance may be easily traced back to Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. On the other hand, the analytic tradition transferred this conception to the analysis of ordinary language, and this move, eventually, was able to restore the confidence of many philosophers in their own work. After all they were doing something important and worthwhile, that is to say, something no one else was doing, since linguists are certainly concerned with language, but from quite a different point of view. At this point we may well ask ourselves: What is wrong with this kind of approach, given the present crisis of the analytic tradition and the growing success of the so-called postanalytic thought? At first sight it looks perfectly legitimate and, moreover, it produced important results, as anybody can verify just reading the masterpieces of contemporary analytic philosophy. To answer the question: What is wrong?, we must first of all take into account language itself and check what it is meant to be within the analytic tradition. This will give our question a clear answer. We have to verify, furthermore, what kind of knowledge philosophy needs to be equipped with if it wants to preserve its autonomy. The logical positivists clearly claimed in their program that there is no synthetic a priori knowledge such as the one envisioned by Immanuel Kant. There is, however, an analytic and a priori knowledge which is supplied by mathematics and logic alone. Within this field, the techniques of contemporary formal logic are exalted because they allow us to build artificial languages which - at least theoretically - eliminate the ambiguities of everyday speech.

Le concept d'intégration en écologie appliquée

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilbert Long
Keyword(s):  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Horizontal Integration ◽  
Australian School ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The One

The concept of integration has a wide range of meanings. The author first tries to bring out the point of view of specialists in natural resources. Two approaches are described: on the one hand that proceeding from elementary disciplines or from the nature of variables and on the other hand the ecosystematic or global, multidisciplinary approach. In the first one, integration is made a posteriori by trial and error. More important developments are devoted to the second approach; integration is said to be holistic and proceeds from a priori hypotheses (geomorphological postulate of the Australian school or phytoecological postulate of the Centre d'Etudes Phytosociologiques et Ecologiques Louis Emberger de Montpellier) and a posteriori interpretations. The phyto-ecological approach is especially well developed (vertical vs. horizontal integration). Verified integration is that which proceeds from mathematical models, from historical data, or experimentation.Total integration takes into account contributions from "naturalists" as well as from "humanists."

scholarly journals REPRESENTATION OF AUTHOR's SCIENTIFIC MODEL OF WORLD THROUGH THE TEXT

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-500
Author(s):  
N.V. Efremova ◽  
E.N. Belova
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Medical Discourse ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Scientific Model ◽  
Medical Texts ◽  
Discursive Space ◽  
Communicative Strategies ◽  
The World ◽  
The One

The article is dedicated to the one of the key problems in modern science - the problem of translation of scientific knowledge - and takes medical texts as an example. Due to analysis of the medical texts from the same author we can see a realization of the scientific model of the world by choice of an actual discursive space. As his/her aim is to translate his/her point of view to the readers, author can do it directly, in an accessible and easy way, for non-specialists, or indirectly, sharing his/her knowledge, experience and ideas with colleagues. According to the need for analysis of communicative strategies and tactics of the contemporary medical discourse, an actuality of the article is associated with an analysis of linguistic and stylistic methods of creating both types of texts.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY OF ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE STATE IN UKRAINE: SPECIFICS OF INSTITUTIONALISATION AND METHODOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksy Moldowan
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
The State ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Scientific Schools ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
Unique Experience ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level

The article focuses on specifics of the development of the theory of economic security of the state in Ukraine. Firstly, the ecosestate as a discipline in Ukraine is characterized by a high level of fragmentation and disintegration. Indeed, a lot of scientific schools have emerged and are actively developing in the country, each of which has a well-developed methodological base of research and its own system of scientific principles and values. On the one hand, this is its significant advantage, because the scientific knowledge has been upgraded all the time that increases their practical value. On the other hand, existing a lot of absolutely different concepts results in methodological chaos in this discipline. The author presented his own approach to the systematization a large number of Ukrainian scientists’ concepts in order to sort various scientific schools out. This approach is based on the principle of historicism, according to which each concept is valid in the relevant historical period of Ukraine, which is characterized by particular conditions and circumstances. Three periods were identified and every period has been studied scrupulously to find out main factors that cause very specific trends in economic security of the state in Ukraine. Secondly, ecosestate is characterized by a high pace of evolution in Ukraine. The author explains, that is a very important sign of its validity. Ukrainian scientific community of ecosestate has to deal with rapid dynamic of transformation of Ukrainian state, as well as conditions in which it operates. It naturally requires constant verification of scientific knowledge in terms of their compliance with new realities. Thirdly, unlike most countries, where ecosestate is actively developing, Ukraine has its own specific context – a hybrid conflict with another subject of international relations, which continues to be aggressive towards the state. This naturally transforms not only Ukrainian reality, but also Ukrainian scientific community. Based on the considerations outlined in the article the author states, that domestic scientific community has a unique experience, so the methodological achievements of Ukrainian experts in certain aspects more advanced than ones of scientific schools in other countries.

Phänomenologie und Medizin

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-308
Author(s):  
Sonja Rinofner-Kreidl
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phenomenological Method ◽  
Life World ◽  
Phenomenological Philosophy ◽  
Anthropological Medicine ◽  
The One

This paper pursues two aims. First, it outlines the main intentions of a recently established research project dealing with problems of subjectivity in the field of medicine. Secondly, it discusses Viktor von Weizsäcker’s Gestaltkreis with a view to what this famous physician considers a phenomenological method appropriate to the special requirements of his field of work. Considering whether his ideas make sense from the point of view of a phenomenological philosophy, we try to explain some basic correspondences of phenomenology and Weizsäcker’s anthropological medicine. Doing this, we focus on two issues, namely objectivity and subjectivity, and theory and practice. Referring to the latter there are two meanings of ‚practice‘ which have to be carefully distinguished: natural experience embedded in our daily life-world activities on the one hand, and applications of (natural-)scientific knowledge on the other hand.

scholarly journals Predicting Dynamics of Aggregate Loafing Behavior in Glaucous-Winged Gulls (Larus Glaucescens) at a Washington Colony

The Auk ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 380-390
Author(s):  
Shandelle M. Henson ◽  
James L. Hayward ◽  
Christina M. Burden ◽  
Clara J. Logan ◽  
Joseph G. Galusha
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Quantitative Prediction ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Patchy Environments ◽  
Differential Equation Models ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
The One ◽  
Low Dimensional ◽  
Larus Glaucescens

Abstract Seabirds move throughout the day in changing, patchy environments as they engage in various behaviors. We studied the diurnal abundance dynamics of Glaucous-winged Gulls (Larus glaucescens) in a habitat patch dedicated to loafing in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Washington. We constructed three differential equation models as alternative hypotheses and then used model selection techniques to choose the one that most accurately described the system. We validated the model on an independent data set, made a priori model predictions, and conducted a field test of the predictions. Clear dynamic patterns emerged in the abundance of loafing gulls, even though individuals moved in and out of the loafing area more or less continuously throughout the day. Temporal patterns in aggregate loafing behavior are predicted by three environmental factors: day of the year, height of the tide, and solar elevation. This result is important for several reasons: (1) it reduces the aggregate behavior of complicated vertebrates to a simple mathematical equation, (2) it gives an example of a field system in which animal abundances are determined largely by low dimensional exogenous forces, and (3) it provides an example of accurate quantitative prediction of animal numbers in the field. From the point of view of conservation biology and resource management, the result is important because of the pervasive need to explain and predict numbers of organisms in time and space.

RECOURSE PERIOD TO THE ADMINISTRATIVE COURT THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE SUPREME COURT

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iryna Balakarieva ◽  
◽  
Krystyna Rutvian ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Due Process ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Judicial Errors ◽  
The One ◽  
Administrative Proceedings ◽  
The Right

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of regulating the recourse period to the administrative court from the point of view of due process. Clear up the issue to what extent the consolidation and regulation of the recourse period qualifies the requirements of the legal procedure, namely: clear legislative regulation; inadmissibility of violation of the rights, freedoms and interests of the parties; clear structuredness and regulation. The scientific work investigates the essence of the term circulation term and considers the feasibility of introducing it. An attempt was also made to compare the recourse period with the limitation, arguments are given why the introduction of the terms of appeal in administrative proceedings is not identical to the limitation in civil proceedings. Different positions are considered, referring to the practice of the Supreme Court and the opinions of scientists, why, on the one hand, the limitation cannot be introduced in the administrative process from the point of view of the principle of legal certainty, and on the other hand, how the recourse period violates the right to access to justice. The main attention is paid to the role of the Supreme Court in the formation of approaches to the application of limitations. The concept of contra legem, which is inherent in the countries of the Anglo-Saxon legal family, is considered and is used in cases where there is a need to deviate from the enshrined norm at the legislative level in order to avoid literal application of the law and not make an absurd or unfair decision. The thesis is emphasized, despite the fact that the Supreme Court sometimes deviates from the formally prescribed norms, however, this is the essence of the cassation proceedings: it is an additional guarantee of the protection of subjective rights by correcting judicial errors, as well as a kind of judicial control. The specific decisions of the Supreme Court are considered, in which the approaches to the practice of applying the recourse period have been changed. On the basis of the decisions of the Supreme Court, it was investigated how the Supreme Court by its decisions affects and changes the recourse period fixed at the legislative level, the key positions of the Supreme Court are highlighted, which today are guiding for the subjects of appeal to the administrative court.

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