scholarly journals THE POTENTIAL OF THREE LARVAL PREDATORS AGAINST FALL ARMYWORM SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA (LEPIDPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) UNDER THE LABORATORY CONDITION

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-42
Author(s):  
Moses Otuba ◽  
Jumrae Cho
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Podisus Maculiventris ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Orius Strigicollis ◽  
Set Up

Most cereal crops are often damaged by lepidopterous insects. Of recent, fall armyworm, S. frugiperda (J.E. Smith) has resulted into yield and economic loss in many African and Asian countries. This reduces farmers’ income drastically and to overcome this damage, pesticides have been used which are not also environmentally friendly. Experiments were set up to collect data on the potential of three larval predators Orius strigicollis, Micromus angulatus, and Podisus maculiventris against S. frugiperda. The consumption of S. frugiperda larvae by three predators had highly significant effects (P≤0.05) on first, fourth, and sixth instars. No significant difference was reported between M. angulatus and O. strigicollis on second, third and fifth larval instars of S. frugiperda. O. strigicollis consumed more first larval instar (6.2±0.71) of S. frugiperda than M. angulatus (4.9±1.07) and P. maculiventris (4.2±0.74). However, P. maculiventris consumed more second to sixth larval instars of S. frugiperda than other two predators (O. strigicollis and M. angulatus). The predator P. maculiventris is recommended for controlling S. frugiperda in their second to sixth larval instars while O. strigicollis in the first larval instar. It can be also concluded that fourth larval instars of S. frugiperda is more suitable for its control using predator P. maculiventris as compared to other larval instars. This study therefore recommends predator Podisus maculiventris to be used in control of S. frugiperda under laboratory conditions.

scholarly journals Biology and Nutritional Indexes of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Saccharine Sorghum

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Lauren M. Barcelos ◽  
Fabrício O. Fernandes ◽  
Caroline Lopes ◽  
Beatriz M. Emygdio ◽  
Ricardo Valgas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Current Analysis ◽  
Suitable Host ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Saccharine sorghum has been analyzed as a supplementary prime matter for ethanol production, especially during the sugarcane off-season period. However, it has proven to be highly susceptible to insect attacks during the cultivation cycle. The fall armyworm should be emphasized due to its voracity and high damage capacity enhanced by feeding-caused decrease in photosynthetic area. Current analysis studies the biology and determines the nutritional indexes of Spodoptera frugiperda in saccharine sorghum. Cultivars of saccharine sorghum BRS 506, BRS 509 and BRS 511were evaluated. Duration and survival of the egg, caterpillar, pre-pupal and pupal phases were determined, coupled to weight of pupae and caterpillar, life span, fecundity and pre-egg laying period. Although S. frugiperda completed its life cycle on cultivars BRS 506 and BRS 511, egg-laying and egg feasibility rates were low, whereas insects did not lay eggs on cultivar BRS 509. There was no significant difference in feeding intake by S. frugiperda among these three sorghum cultivars. Results suggest that saccharine sorghum is not a suitable host for S. frugiperda. Biological data reveal that the three saccharine sorghum cultivars are recommended for the grain production system since the number of specimens of the next generation is low or null.

scholarly journals Modeling-Based Estimate of the Vaccination Rate, Lockdown Rules and COVID-19

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1245
Author(s):  
Chinlin Guo ◽  
Wei-Chiao Chang
Keyword(s):  
Critical Factor ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Simulation Scenario ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Spread Of Infection

COVID-19 has become a severe infectious disease and has caused high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Restriction rules such as quarantine and city lockdown have been implemented to mitigate the spread of infection, leading to significant economic impacts. Fortunately, development and inoculation of COVID-19 vaccines are being conducted on an unprecedented scale. The effectiveness of vaccines raises a hope that city lockdown might not be necessary in the presence of ongoing vaccination, thereby minimizing economic loss. The question, however, is how fast and what type of vaccines should be inoculated to control the disease without limiting economic activity. Here, we set up a simulation scenario of COVID-19 outbreak in a modest city with a population of 2.5 million. The basic reproduction number (R0) was ranging from 1.0 to 5.5. Vaccination rates at 1000/day, 10,000/day and 100,000/day with two types of vaccine (effectiveness v = 51% and 89%) were given. The results indicated that R0 was a critical factor. Neither high vaccination rate (10,000 persons/day) nor high-end vaccine (v = 89%) could control the disease when the scenario was at R0 = 5.5. Unless an extremely high vaccination rate was given (>4% of the entire population/per day), no significant difference was found between two types of vaccine. With the population scaled to 25 million, the required vaccination rate was >1,000,000/day, a quite unrealistic number. Nevertheless, with a slight reduction of R0 from 5 to 3.5, a significant impact of vaccine inoculation on disease control was observed. Thus, our study raised the importance of estimating transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in a city before determining the subsequent policy.

scholarly journals Insecticidal Effect of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles against Spodoptera frugiperda under laboratory conditions in Chiang Mai, Thailand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarayut Pittarate ◽  
Julius Rajula ◽  
Afroja Rahman ◽  
Perumal Vivekanandhan ◽  
Malee Thungrabeab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Zno Nanoparticles ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Zno Nps ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Insecticidal Effect ◽  
Significant Difference

Fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) is a major pest of corn, rice, and sorghum among other crops usually controlled using synthetic or biological insecticides. Currently, the new invention of nanotechnology is taking root in the agricultural industry as an alternative source of pest management that is target-specific, safe, and efficient. This study sought to determine the efficacy of commercial Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) towards S. frugiperda under labora-tory conditions. ZnO NPs were diluted into different concentrations (100- 500ppm), where the baby corn used to feed the S. frugiperda larvae was dipped. The development of the insect feeding on food dipped in ZnO solution was significantly (p<0.05) affected, and the number of days that the insect took to complete its life cycle had a significant difference compared to the control. There was a significant difference in the adults’ emergence at all the concentrations of ZnO NPs compared to the control, with over 90% of the eggs successfully going through the cycle until adult emergence. Additionally, several malformations were observed throughout the lifecycle of the insect. Also, the fecundity of the females was greatly affected. The findings of this study suggest the possibility of exploitation of ZnO nanoparticles not only to eradicate S. frugiperda but to significantly reduce their population in the ecosystem through deformations, reduced fecundity, reduced oviposition, and hatchability of eggs. It will be a valuable tool in integrated pest management regimens.

scholarly journals The Efficacy of Some Plants Extracts on Fallarmyworm (Spodopterafrugiperda, J.E. Smizh) in Sudan

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Nada Elsheikh M. Kona ◽  
Awad KhalafallaTaha ◽  
AbubakerHaroun Mohamed Adam ◽  
Mohammed E. E. Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Calotropis Procera ◽  
Randomized Block Design

The Fall armyworm worm (FAW) (Spodopterafrugiperda) is one of the important economic pests which goes on several field crops and causes serious damage. The aim of this study was to look for efficient, less cost and environmentally friend plant extract for controlling Fall armyworm worm in cereal crops. A Complete Randomized Block Design (CRBD) experiments with three replications were conducted in the laboratory to investigate the insecticidal effects of four plant extracts consisting of ethanolic extract of Neem (Azadirachta indica) seeds, Black pepper (Piper nigrum) seeds, Usher (Calotropis procera ) leaves and water extracts of Argel (Solenostemma argel) leaves on larvae of the Fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda). Newly emerged larvae of FAW were treated topically by 4 concentrations (10, 25, 50 and 75%) of each extract, and then the larval mortalities were calculated after 24, 48 and72 hrs. The results showed the highest concentrations (75%) of the three ethanolic extracts gave higher mortality percentages (100%) after 72 hrs of exposure, compared with other concentrations. Also, these were not significantly different from the recommended dose of the standard pesticide “Spinosad”. On the other hand, Argel water extract showed no effect on the (FAW) larvae. It is recommended that this experiment to be replicated under different environments.

Morphological and molecular identification of all developmental stages of four whitefly species (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) commonly intercepted in quarantine

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2118 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTOPHER MALUMPHY ◽  
KATHERINE WALSH ◽  
M. BELEN SUAREZ ◽  
DOMINIQUE W. COLLINS ◽  
NIEL BOONHAM
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Trialeurodes Vaporariorum ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Simple Character

Whiteflies are inadvertently, but commonly, transported in international plant trade. Rapid, accurate identification is the essential first step when such insects are intercepted by quarantine authorities. Whitefly taxonomy, and identification, is almost entirely based on the fourth-larval instar or puparium, but often only the eggs, early larval instars or adults are detected. Morphological descriptions of the egg, first three larval stages and adult are presented for four species commonly detected in trade, Bemisia afer (Priesner & Hosny), B. tabaci (Gennadius), Trialeurodes ricini (Misra) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood). Morphological characters are provided that enable most life stage/species combinations in these four species to be distinguished. The structure of the antenna is a reliable and simple character for separating the four larval instars. Phenotypic plasticity, previously only reported in the puparial stage, also occurs in the second and third-larval instars. Where morphological separation of two species is sometimes inconclusive, or impossible, identification can be achieved using four real-time PCR assays, designed and validated to distinguish between the four species. The assays are generic in their set-up and can be multiplexed to form two reactions allowing discrimination of B. afer and B. tabaci in one well, and T. ricini and T. vaporariorum in another.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Thai indigenous entomopathogenic nematodes for controlling fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) (J. E. Smith)(Lepidoptera; Noctuidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wandee Wattanachaiyingcharoen ◽  
Ongpo Lepcha ◽  
Apichat Vitta ◽  
Det Wattanachaiyingcharoen
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Sensitive Stage ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Abstract Background Under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, the virulence of 2 isolates of Thai indigenous entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in controlling the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae), was demonstrated. Six EPNs dosages were tested against 2 larval instars of FAW under the laboratory conditions, while 2 different concentrations were tested under the greenhouse conditions. Results The results of a laboratory experiment revealed that 2 Thai indigenous EPNs isolates (Heterorhabditis indica isolate AUT 13.2 and Steinernema siamkayai isolate APL 12.3) were efficient against the FAW, 2nd and 5th larval instars. Six different nematode concentrations (50,100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 infectious juveniles (IJs) ml−1) were evaluated, and all were proven to be effective, with the mortality rate associated with concentration. Inoculated larvae in the 2nd instar was more vulnerable than that in the 5th instar. H. indica isolate AUT 13.2 was more destructive than S. siamkayai isolate APL 12.3. The greatest mortality rate of 2nd instar larvae was 83% when H. indica AUT 13.2 was applied at the concentration of 250 IJs ml−1, and 68% when the nematode S. siamkayai APL 12.3 was used at the concentration of 300 IJs ml−1. At 250 IJsml−1, the highest mortality rate of the 5th instar larvae was 45% for H. indica AUT 13.2 and 33% for S. siamkayai APL 12.3, respectively. To customize the concentration and volume of nematodes suspension evaluated in the greenhouse settings, the most sensitive stage of FAW and the optimum concentration that caused the highest mortality were used. The concentrations of both indigenous nematodes’ isolates were 20,000 and 50,000 IJsml−1 per pot, respectively, and the results showed that the mortality rates were lower than that in the laboratory. FAW mortality rate was the highest (58%) in case of the nematode H. indica isolate AUT 13.2, against (45%) in case of S. siamkayai isolate APL 12.3, at the 50,000 IJs ml−1 concentrations. Conclusions The study revealed the 2 Thai indigenous EPNs isolates (H. indica isolate AUT 13.2 and S. siamkayai isolate APL 12.3) were capable of controlling the FAW in both laboratory and greenhouse environments. The 2 Thai EPNs showed the potential to be considered as a biological control agent.

scholarly journals Studies on mycosis of Metarhizium (Nomuraea) rileyi on Spodoptera frugiperda infesting maize in Andhra Pradesh, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Visalakshi ◽  
P. Kishore Varma ◽  
V. Chandra Sekhar ◽  
M. Bharathalaxmi ◽  
B. L. Manisha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Relative Humidity ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Larval Instars

Abstract Background Mycosis on the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), infecting maize was observed in research farm of Regional Agricultural Research Station, Anakapalli from October 2019 to February 2020. Main body High relative humidity (94.87%), low temperature (24.11 °C), and high rainfall (376.1 mm) received during the month of September 2019 predisposed the larval instars for fungal infection and subsequent high relative humidity and low temperatures sustained the infection till February 2020. An entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) was isolated from the infected larval instars as per standard protocol on Sabouraud’s maltose yeast extract agar and characterized based on morphological and molecular analysis. The fungus was identified as Metarhizium (Nomuraea) rileyi based on ITS sequence homology and the strain was designated as AKP-Nr-1. The pathogenicity of M. rileyi AKP-Nr-1 on S. frugiperda was visualized, using a light and electron microscopy at the host-pathogen interface. Microscopic studies revealed that all the body parts of larval instars were completely overgrown by white mycelial threads of M. rileyi, except the head capsule, thoracic shield, setae, and crotchets. The cadavers of larval instars of S. frugiperda turned green on sporulation and mummified with progress in infection. In vitro pathogenicity tests revealed the potential of AKP-Nr-1 strain of M. rileyi in management of S. frugiperda. Short conclusion The results indicated the potential of M. rileyi AKP-Nr-1 as biocontrol agent for management of the fall armyworm. This AKP-Nr-1 strain of M. rileyi needs further evaluation under field conditions to evaluate its efficacy against S. frugiperda and its effects on other hosts.

scholarly journals Effect of Temperature on Life Cycle of Spodoptera frugiperda under Laboratory Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ramzan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Laboratory Conditions

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Diptera:Lepidoptera) is a destructive pest of agricultural crops especially maize in many countries including Pakistan. The environmental factors like temperature play significant role in the growth and development of insect pests. It is very important to know the proper knowledge about effect of temperature on the development of Spodoptera frugiperda before managing this pest. For this purpose, the current study was conducted to check the effect of temperature (20 and 26◦C) on the life cycle of S. frugiperda under laboratory conditions. The results showed that the developmental times of all stages (eggs, larvae and pupae) were inversely related to temperature. The incubation period of eggs was 4.01±0.00b and 2.00±0.00b at 20 and 26◦C, respectively. The development time of first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth larval instar was 3.51±0.10b, 3.04±0.15b, 2.33±0.10b, 2.97±0.14b, 3.45±0.19b and 4.99± 0.22b, respectively at 20◦C while 2.77±0.13c, 2.89±0.20bc, 2.09±0.12bc, 2.22±0.17bc, 2.90±0.23c and 3.56±0.19b, respectively at 26◦C. The time of growth and development was increased at low temperature while reduced at high temperature. The food consumption rate and molting period of larvae can increase at high temperature for complete their growth and development. The current study concluded that environmental factors like temperature are highly effect the insect pests morphology and biology.

scholarly journals Chromosome level draft genomes of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), an alien invasive pest in China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Liu ◽  
Tianming Lan ◽  
Dongming Fang ◽  
Furong Gui ◽  
Hongli Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Male Genome ◽  
Genome Features ◽  
Rice Strain

AbstractThe fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) is a severely destructive pest native to the Americas, but has now become an alien invasive pest in China, and causes significant economic loss. Therefore, in order to make effective management strategies, it is highly essential to understand genomic architecture and its genetic background. In this study, we assembled two chromosome scale genomes of the fall armyworm, representing one male and one female individual procured from Yunnan province of China. The genome sizes were identified as 542.42 Mb with N50 of 14.16 Mb, and 530.77 Mb with N50 of 14.89 Mb for the male and female FAW, respectively. We predicted about 22,201 genes in the male genome. We found the expansion of cytochrome P450 and glutathione s-transferase gene families, which are functionally related to the intensified detoxification and pesticides tolerance. Further population analyses of corn strain (C strain) and rice strain (R strain) revealed that the Chinese fall armyworm was most likely invaded from Africa. These strain information, genome features and possible invasion source described in this study will be extremely important for making effective strategies to manage the fall armyworms.

scholarly journals Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): A recent threat and future management strategy in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-164
Author(s):  
S. Gahatraj ◽  
S. Tiwari ◽  
S. Sharma ◽  
L. Kafle
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Maize Field

Abstract. Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is an invasive pest of maize including other cultivated crops such as rice, wheat, and many other vegetables. This invasive species was initially noticed in North-America and later reported in many countries of Africa in early 2016. In South Asia, this has been reported for the first time in India followed by Srilanka in 2018 and Bangladesh, China, Taiwan and Nepal in 2019. It is polyphagous in nature and damage has been reported in more than 80 plant species. The loss has to lead up to 50-80% in maize in severe situation. FAW is a distant flyer and can fly more than 100 km in a night and spread well in crop fields. As this pest is already invasive in many states of India and the likelihood of entry and spreading in Nepal is higher because of the open border between the countries and flexible government quarantine policy. The great socio-economic loss has been forecasted once this pest has received invasive status in Nepal. Recently, this crop has been confirmed by Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) in Gaidakot area of Nawalpur district, Nepal and has been noticed in almost all parts of Nepal such as Sidhuli, Chitwan, Nawalparasi, Tanahun and Rupendehi districts. However, this information has not been endorsed by Nepal Plant Protection Office (NPPO), an official invasive species endorsing organization in Nepal. This species is spreading rapidly in maize growing areas and significant losses have been reported in maize crop by the farmers. The regular scouting, surveillance, and monitoring can be suggested to evaluate the pest status in the crop field. Habitat manipulation with the deployment of deterring crops ‘push’ such as desmodium (Desmodium uncinatum) and pest-attracting crop ‘pull’ such as Napier (Pennisetum purpureum) and Sudan grass (Sorghum vulgare sudanense) is suggested in a ‘push-pull strategy’, the most popular and successful method of FAW management in the maize field. Field sanitation, and conserving pest’s natural enemies are other integrated approaches. However, in a commercial maize field, a group of ‘soft’ and selective chemicals have been suggested for immediate control of this pest. This review compiled the recent informations available on FAW and is useful for farmers, researchers and policy makers to draw a roadmap for the future FAW management in Nepal.

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