scholarly journals Modeling-Based Estimate of the Vaccination Rate, Lockdown Rules and COVID-19

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1245
Author(s):  
Chinlin Guo ◽  
Wei-Chiao Chang
Keyword(s):  
Critical Factor ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Simulation Scenario ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Spread Of Infection

COVID-19 has become a severe infectious disease and has caused high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Restriction rules such as quarantine and city lockdown have been implemented to mitigate the spread of infection, leading to significant economic impacts. Fortunately, development and inoculation of COVID-19 vaccines are being conducted on an unprecedented scale. The effectiveness of vaccines raises a hope that city lockdown might not be necessary in the presence of ongoing vaccination, thereby minimizing economic loss. The question, however, is how fast and what type of vaccines should be inoculated to control the disease without limiting economic activity. Here, we set up a simulation scenario of COVID-19 outbreak in a modest city with a population of 2.5 million. The basic reproduction number (R0) was ranging from 1.0 to 5.5. Vaccination rates at 1000/day, 10,000/day and 100,000/day with two types of vaccine (effectiveness v = 51% and 89%) were given. The results indicated that R0 was a critical factor. Neither high vaccination rate (10,000 persons/day) nor high-end vaccine (v = 89%) could control the disease when the scenario was at R0 = 5.5. Unless an extremely high vaccination rate was given (>4% of the entire population/per day), no significant difference was found between two types of vaccine. With the population scaled to 25 million, the required vaccination rate was >1,000,000/day, a quite unrealistic number. Nevertheless, with a slight reduction of R0 from 5 to 3.5, a significant impact of vaccine inoculation on disease control was observed. Thus, our study raised the importance of estimating transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in a city before determining the subsequent policy.

scholarly journals THE POTENTIAL OF THREE LARVAL PREDATORS AGAINST FALL ARMYWORM SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA (LEPIDPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) UNDER THE LABORATORY CONDITION

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-42
Author(s):  
Moses Otuba ◽  
Jumrae Cho
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Podisus Maculiventris ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Orius Strigicollis ◽  
Set Up

Most cereal crops are often damaged by lepidopterous insects. Of recent, fall armyworm, S. frugiperda (J.E. Smith) has resulted into yield and economic loss in many African and Asian countries. This reduces farmers’ income drastically and to overcome this damage, pesticides have been used which are not also environmentally friendly. Experiments were set up to collect data on the potential of three larval predators Orius strigicollis, Micromus angulatus, and Podisus maculiventris against S. frugiperda. The consumption of S. frugiperda larvae by three predators had highly significant effects (P≤0.05) on first, fourth, and sixth instars. No significant difference was reported between M. angulatus and O. strigicollis on second, third and fifth larval instars of S. frugiperda. O. strigicollis consumed more first larval instar (6.2±0.71) of S. frugiperda than M. angulatus (4.9±1.07) and P. maculiventris (4.2±0.74). However, P. maculiventris consumed more second to sixth larval instars of S. frugiperda than other two predators (O. strigicollis and M. angulatus). The predator P. maculiventris is recommended for controlling S. frugiperda in their second to sixth larval instars while O. strigicollis in the first larval instar. It can be also concluded that fourth larval instars of S. frugiperda is more suitable for its control using predator P. maculiventris as compared to other larval instars. This study therefore recommends predator Podisus maculiventris to be used in control of S. frugiperda under laboratory conditions.

scholarly journals The influence of a community intervention on influenza vaccination knowledge and behavior among diabetic patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lili Tao ◽  
Ming Lu ◽  
Xiaoning Wang ◽  
Xiaoyan Han ◽  
Shuming Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Community Intervention ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimental Group

Abstract Background This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of a comprehensive community intervention on cognition and inoculation behaviors of diabetic patients immunized with influenza vaccine. Methods A total of 1538 diabetic patients aged 35 years and above for outpatient visits and follow-up treatments were selected from six community health service centers (three for the experimental group, and the other three for the control group) in Chaoyang District, Beijing. Comprehensive interventions applied to the experimental group include patient intervention and community climate interventions. We compared the total awareness of influenza vaccine knowledge and influenza vaccination rates between the two groups before and after the intervention. Results Before the intervention, the total awareness rate of influenza vaccine in the experimental group and the control group was similar (50.6 and 50.2%, respectively. P = 0.171). After the intervention, the awareness rate of influenza vaccine in the experimental group and the control group increased. The amplitude of the increase was similar (70.3 and 70.1%, respectively. P = 0.822,). Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in the influenza vaccination rate between the experimental group and the control group (29.0 and 26.8%, respectively. P = 0.334). After the intervention, the vaccination rate of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group. The difference was statistically significant (The vaccination rate 45.8 and 27.4% for the experimental group and the control group, respectively. P < 0.001). Conclusion Comprehensive community interventions had a positive effect on vaccination in diabetic patients. Trial registration ChiCTR1900025194, registered in Aug,16th, 2019. Retrospectively registered.

Correlation Between Healthcare Workers' Knowledge of Influenza Vaccine and Vaccine Receipt

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 845-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Martinello ◽  
Laura Jones ◽  
Jeffrey E. Topal
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Nursing Staff ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractObjective:Influenza vaccine receipt by healthcare workers (HCWs) is important because HCWs are at risk for occupational exposure to influenza and may act as vectors in the nosocomial transmission of influenza. HCWs were surveyed to determine whether belief in commonly held influenza vaccine misconceptions was associated with influenza vaccine acceptance.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:A large urban teaching hospital.Method:A self-administered survey was used to assess nursing and physician staff influenza vaccine knowledge, current vaccination status, and potential reasons for vaccine declination.Results:Two hundred twelve of 215 surveys were completed. The overall influenza vaccination rate was 73%. Physician staff were significantly more likely to have been vaccinated compared with nursing staff (82% vs 62%, respectively; P = .0009). HCWs answering the 5 influenza vaccine basic knowledge questions correctly were significantly more likely to have been vaccinated than those responding incorrectly to any question (84% vs 64%, respectively; P = .002). This association was present in the nursing group where 80% of those answering the knowledge questions correctly were vaccinated, but only 49% of those answering incorrectly were vaccinated (P = .000005). However, in the physician group, there was no significant difference in the influenza vaccination rates between those answering correctly and those answering incorrectly (P = .459).Conclusion:Belief in commonly held influenza vaccine misconceptions was significantly associated with influenza vaccine declination among nursing staff and may act as a barrier to greater rates of influenza vaccination. Reasons for influenza vaccine nonreceipt may differ between nursing and physician staff.

scholarly journals Rapid Impact Analysis of B 1.1.7 Variant on the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 in North Carolina

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael DeWitt
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Current Vaccine ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

AbstractBackgroundSeveral cases of the B1.1.7 variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus were identified in North Carolina first on January 23, 2021 in Mecklenburg County and later in Guilford County on January 28, 2021.[1,2] This variant has been associated with higher levels of transmissibility.[3–6] This study examines the potential impact of increased transmissibility as the B1.1.7 variant becomes more predominant given current vaccine distribution plans and existing non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs).MethodWe explored the anticipated impact on the effective reproduction number for North Carolina and Guilford County given the date of import of B1.1.7. The approximate growth rate in proportion of B1.1.7 observed in the United Kingdom was fit and used to establish the estimate share of B1.1.7 circulating in North Carolina. Using the nowcasted reproduction numbers, a stochastic discrete compartmental model was fit with the current vaccination rates and B1.1.7 transmissibility to estimate the impact on the effective reproduction number.ResultsWe found that the effective reproduction number for North Carolina and Guilford County may exceed one, indicating a return to accelerating spread of infection in April as the proportion of B1.1.7 increases. The effective reproduction number will likely decrease into March, then increase as the proportion of B1.1.7 increases in circulation in the population.ConclusionsExisting non-pharmaceutical interventions will need to remain in effect through the spring. Given the current vaccination rate and these interventions, it is likely that there will be an increase in SARS-CoV-2 infections. The impact of the variant will likely be heterogeneous across North Carolina given the reproduction number and volume of susceptible persons in each county at the time of introduction of the variant. Age-based vaccinations will likely reduce the overall impact on hospitalizations. This analysis underlines the need for population level genetic surveillance to confirm the proportion of variants circulating.

Influenza Vaccination Rate and Factors Associated With Compliance Among Health Care Employees in Large and Medium Acute Care Hospitals

2020 ◽  
pp. 106286062092942
Author(s):  
Michal Gafner ◽  
Hila Korlander ◽  
Reuven Zimlichman ◽  
Tomer Ziv-Baran ◽  
Eyal Zimlichman
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Preventive Intervention ◽  
Compliance Rate ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Health Care Employees ◽  
Tertiary Hospitals

Annual influenza epidemics are associated with high morbidity and mortality worldwide, with vaccinations being the main preventive intervention; however, the compliance rate of health care employees remains low. Study aims were to examine vaccination rates among physicians and nurses in surgical and medicine wards, compare between medium and large tertiary hospitals, and identify factors associated with increased vaccination rates. Structured questionnaires were distributed. A total of 238/339 (70.2%) were vaccinated. In multivariate analysis, respiratory illness during precedent winter (odds ratio [OR] 3.146, P = .007), working in a medium hospital (OR 2.4, P = .003), and an attending resident with an infectious diseases subspecialty (OR 20.473, P = .007) were associated with a higher vaccination rate. Institutional email or portal messages were associated with decreased vaccination rates (OR = 0.259, P = .007). The leading reason for vaccination was “to stay healthy” (73.5%). Recruiting experts in the field, providing up-to-date information, and increasing management’s involvement could encourage vaccination among health care employees.

scholarly journals Varying Vaccination Rates Among Patients Seeking Care for Acute Respiratory Illness: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadi Shehadeh ◽  
Ioannis M Zacharioudakis ◽  
Markos Kalligeros ◽  
Evangelia K Mylona ◽  
Tanka Karki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Time Trend ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Acute Respiratory Illness ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background Complications following influenza infection are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and the Centers for Disease Control Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends universal annual vaccination. However, vaccination rates have remained significantly lower than the Department of Health and Human Services goal. The aim of this work was to assess the vaccination rate among patients who present to health care providers with influenza-like illness and identify groups with lower vaccination rates. Methods We performed a systematic search of the PubMed and EMBASE databases with a time frame of January 1, 2010, to March 1, 2019 and focused on the vaccination rate among patients seeking care for acute respiratory illness in the United States. A random effects meta-analysis was performed to estimate the pooled seasonal influenza vaccination rate, and we used a time trend analysis to identify differences in annual vaccination over time. Results The overall pooled influenza vaccination rate was 48.61% (whites: 50.87%; blacks: 36.05%; Hispanics: 41.45%). There was no significant difference among gender groups (men: 46.43%; women: 50.11%). Interestingly, the vaccination rate varied by age group and was significantly higher among adults aged &gt;65 (78.04%) and significantly lower among children 9–17 years old (36.45%). Finally, we found a significant upward time trend in the overall influenza vaccination rate among whites (coef. = .0107; P = .027). Conclusions In conclusion, because of the significantly lower influenza vaccination rates in black and Hispanic communities, societal initiatives and community outreach programs should focus on these populations and on children and adolescents aged 9–17 years.

scholarly journals Type of GI Provider Does Not Affect Rates of Vaccination Amongst Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehul Trivedi ◽  
Neena Malik ◽  
Joann Kwah
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Preventative Care ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Included Patient ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Abstract Background:Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) are at heightened risk of infection, and are often under vaccinated. At our institution, IBD patients may follow up with one of three gastroenterology (GI) providers: IBD specialists, GI Fellows and General GI providers. Aims: Our primary objective was to identify whether the type of GI provider had an effect on rates of vaccinations for IBD patients. The seven vaccines studied were listed in the American College of Gastroenterology’s 2017 Guidelines on Preventative Care in IBD, and include Influenza, Tetanus/Diphtheria/Pertussis, Hepatitis A (HAV), Hepatitis B (HBV), Pneumococcus (PCV13 and PPSV23), Meningococcus, and Human Papillomavirus (HPV).Methods:Retrospective case control study of IBD patients, looking at vaccination rates for each of the seven vaccinations listed above, and type of GI provider followed. Other data collected included patient demographics, IBD type, treatment regimen and insurance.Results:Of 338 IBD patients, 65 (19.2%) followed up with a GI fellow, 110 (32.5%) with a general GI provider, and 163 (48.2%) with an IBD specialist. HBV was the only vaccine with a significant difference in vaccination rate by type of provider. Bivariate analysis showed that patients who followed with IBD specialists and GI fellows were more likely to be vaccinated for HBV than patients who followed up with general GI provider (OR = 2.55, p = .003 and OR = 2.73, p = .007 respectively).Conclusion Type of GI provider only impacted rates of vaccination for HBV among IBD patients in this study, with IBD specialists and GI fellows outperforming general GI providers.

Aerosol generation through pars plana vitrectomy

2020 ◽  
pp. bjophthalmol-2020-317214
Author(s):  
Hasan Naveed ◽  
Fong May Chew ◽  
Hanbin Lee ◽  
Edward Hughes ◽  
Mayank A Nanavaty
Keyword(s):  
Pars Plana Vitrectomy ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Aerosol Generation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Optical Particle Counter ◽  
Pars Plana ◽  
23 Gauge ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Ex Vivo Study

PurposeTo assess whether pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) is an aerosol-generating procedure (AGP) in an ex vivo experimental model.MethodsIn this ex vivo study on 10 porcine eyes, optical particle counter was used to measure particles ≤10 μm using cumulative mode in the six in-built channels: 0.3 μm, 0.5 μm, 1 μm, 2.5 μm, 5 μm and 10 μm aerosols during PPV. Two parts of the study were as follows: (1) to assess the pre-experimental baseline aerosol count in the theatre environment where there are dynamic changes in temperature and humidity and (2) to measure aerosol generation with 23-gauge and 25-gauge set-up. For each porcine eye, five measurements were taken for each consecutive step in the experiment including pre-PPV, during PPV, fluid–air exchange (FAX) and venting using a flute with 23-gauge set-up and a chimney with 25-gauge set-up. Therefore, a total of 200 measurements were recorded.ResultsWith 23-gauge and 25-gauge PPV, there was no significant difference in aerosol generation in all six channels comparing pre-PPV versus PPV or pre-PPV versus FAX. Venting using flute with 23-gauge PPV showed significant reduction of aerosol ≤1 μm. Air venting using chimney with 25-gauge set-up showed no significant difference in aerosol of ≤1 μm. For cumulative aerosol counts of all particles measuring ≤5 μm, compared with pre-PPV, PPV or FAX, flute venting in 23-gauge set-up showed significant reduction unlike the same comparison for chimney venting in 25-gauge set-up.ConclusionPPV and its associate steps do not generate aerosols ≤10 μm with 23-gauge and 25-gauge set-ups.

scholarly journals AB0566 NAILFOLD EXTENT OF REDUCED CAPILLARY DENSITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL ULCERS AND WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF DIGITAL ULCERS IN SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1580.2-1580
Author(s):  
R. De Angelis ◽  
F. Salaffi
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Capillary Density ◽  
Optical Probe ◽  
Typical Feature ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Digital Ulcers ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference

Background:A growing evidence supports the role of microvasculopathy as a primary pathogenic event in systemic sclerosis (SSc). The most commonly used imaging technique to identify microangiopathy in SSc is high magnification videocapillaroscopy (NVC), and reduced capillary density and/or capillary loss, which is a typical feature of “scleroderma microangiopathy”, easily identified by NVC, has been associated with digital ulcers (DUs). Different approaches have been proposed to measure capillary density or capillary loss. Some of these were qualitative methods, others semi-quantitative, others only concerned a limited nailfold area, without ever evaluating the overall density, which is more suitable for quantitative estimate.Objectives:To assess the association between the extent of different values of nailfold capillary density and the presence of DUs and to identify the risk of developing DUs, based on quantitative parameters.Methods:The study involved 54 SSc selected patients (47 women and 7 men, mean age 59.5 years, 50 with limited and 4 with diffuse). The study population came from an ongoing database, that includes clinical and laboratory data of patients with definite SSc. A videocapillaroscope (VideoCap® 3.0, DS Medica, Milan, Italy) with a 200x optical probe was used. During examination, eight fingers (fingers 2–5 of each hand), 4 fields per finger, according to the standard literature were assessed. For each patient, a total of 32 images were collected, then classified as having either “normal”, “non-specific” or the “scleroderma pattern” (SP). Capillary density was defined as the number of capillaries/mm in the distal row, regardless of its shape and morphology. Avascular areas were defined by the absence of loops within a width/area extending over more than 500 microns. For each patient, the SP images were further graded with no/slight reduction of the capillary density (7-9 loops/mm) (NOR), with a well-defined reduction of capillary density (6-4 loops/mm) (RED) and with loss of capillaries (<4) plus avascular areas (AA). Then, the overall percentages were calculated (the number with SP, the number with NOR, with RED and with AA, respect to 32), thus obtaining the quantitative measures. All data were analysed using the MedCalc® version 18.6; 64-bit (MedCalc Software, Mariakerke, Belgium).Results:A total of 1728 images were analyzed. Patients with DUs were 16/54 (29.6%). All patients had a SP, but only five patients showed a SP along the entire nailfold. A comparison between patients with or without DUs showed a significant difference both for the overall extent of AA (p=0.032), and particularly for the overall extent of RED (p<0.001). No significant difference was found regarding the overall extent of the SP (p=0.085). Factor significantly associated with DUs in multivariate analysis was the overall extent of RED (p=0.0286). The ROC curve was very effective at discriminating the capillary feature able to distinguish patients with DUs from patients without DUs. The discriminatory power of the overall extent of RED was very good, with an AUC of 0.948 (95 % CI 0.852 ± 0.990). Then, we calculated the cut-off values of the overall extent of RED for presence/absence of DUs with the highest combination of sensitivity and specificity. The resulting cut-off value (Yourden index of 0.825) was >68.7 (sensitivity 92.31 %; specificity 90.24 %) with a LR+ of 9.46.Conclusion:Our data strongly support that the capillary density between 4 and 6 loops/mm is the best capillaroscopic quantitative measure associated with DUs and able to discriminate the probability of having DUs. If all SSc-specific antibodies and/or other laboratory/clinical parameters are not yet available, the overall capillary density can allow physicians to assess SSc patients easily, regarding DUs and risk for developing DUs.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Correlates of Improved Influenza Vaccination of Healthcare Personnel: A Survey of Hospitals in Louisiana

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 723-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayla L. Fricke ◽  
Mariella M. Gastañaduy ◽  
Renee Klos ◽  
Rodolfo E. Bégué
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Patient Contact ◽  
Hospital Type ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Item Questionnaire

Objective.To describe practices for influenza vaccination of healthcare personnel (HCP) with emphasis on correlates of increased vaccination rates.Design.Survey.Participants.Volunteer sample of hospitals in Louisiana.Methods.All hospitals in Louisiana were invited to participate. A 17-item questionnaire inquired about the hospital type, patients served, characteristics of the vaccination campaign, and the resulting vaccination rate.Results.Of 254 hospitals, 153 (60%) participated and were included in the 124 responses that were received. Most programs (64%) required that HCP either receive the vaccine or sign a declination form, and the rest were exclusively voluntary (36%); no program made vaccination a condition of employment. The median vaccination rate was 67%, and the vaccination rate was higher among hospitals that were accredited by the Joint Commission; provided acute care; served children, pregnant women, oncology patients, or intensive care unit patients; required a signed declination form; or imposed consequences for unvaccinated HCP (the most common of which was to require that a mask be worn on patient contact). Hospitals that provided free vaccine, made vaccine widely available, advertised the program extensively, required a declination form, and imposed consequences had the highest vaccination rates (median, 86%; range, 81%–91%).Conclusions.The rate of influenza vaccination of HCP remains low among the hospitals surveyed. Recommended practices may not be enough to reach 90% vaccination rates unless a signed declination requirement and consequences are implemented. Wearing a mask is a strong consequence. Demanding influenza vaccination as a condition of employment was not reported as a practice by the participating hospitals.

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