scholarly journals “Ruinensehnsucht”: Longing for Decay in Computer Games

Author(s):  
Mathias Fuchs

There is no technical reason and no quality inherent to the medium of computer games that would require corrosion, dust, and ruins. Pixels do not corrode and 3D geometry is not affected by physical decay. Yet if we look at contemporary computer games we find an abundance of ruined buildings, of mould and of all forms of decay of organic matter and inorganic materials. It would be too easy to explain this fact by an attempt to increase realism, because some of these games clearly feature more decay than reality could ever produce. There must be a longing by designers and players to immerse themselves within an environment of disintegrating, decaying objects. The author investigates the longing for decay along four threads that are informed by computer games history, art history, psychoanalytic reasoning and the concept of transmedia megatext.

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Schnitzer ◽  
R. C. Turner ◽  
I. Hoffman

Differential thermogravimetric (DTG) curves of untreated peat, muck, and 10 different Podzol L–H materials showed peaks at approximately 100 °C (moisture), 280° (low-temperature band), and 370 to 390 °C (high-temperature band). The maxima at 280 °C were sharp and characteristic of all surface materials investigated. The DTG curves were essentially the same for all of the Podzol L–H materials investigated.The DTG curves for 12 organic matter preparations extracted from Podzol Bh, Bfh, Bhf, Bfl, and Btf horizons showed maxima at 100 °C and in the 420 to 520 °C region (high-temperature band). The peaks at 280 °C were virtually absent in these materials. This suggested differences in composition between L–H and B horizon organic matter of the Podzols studied. The variations in the positions of the high-temperature bands of the B materials were related to the morphological characteristics of these soils in the field. From this it appeared that thermogravimetry might be a useful aid in soil classification.Addition of inorganic materials did not affect the position of the low-temperature bands but had a pronounced effect on the high-temperature bands of both L–H and B organic matter. Addition of Na caused the peaks of the latter to shift to higher temperatures while addition of Al and Fe caused shifts to lower temperatures.


Author(s):  
А.А. Третьяков

Процедурная генерация, или создание контента во время работы программы, это сложное направление, которое требует не только понимания 3D-графики, но и навыков программирования графики, что часто сводится к изучению работы графических процессоров. Из-за такой сложности разработчики часто используют уже готовые инструменты для создания контента. Такие инструменты обобщают и упрощают работу, предоставляя большой заготовленный набор функции, который можно использовать не зная программирования вовсе. К сожалению, обобщение часто приводит к уменьшению гибкости и вводит новые ограничения. Статистика показывает, что использование процедурной генерации, для создания массивной 3D-геометрии, невозможно при использовании готовых инструментов с уже заготовленными функциями. Такие инструменты не позволяют воплотить огромные масштабы массивной геометрии в жизнь из-за различных ограничений. Кроме того, существующие алгоритмы создания 3D-геометрии часто не учитывают применение этих алгоритмов для создания массивной 3D-геометрии, например, планет. Рассматриваемый в этой работе алгоритм Marching Cubes также не учитывает применение алгоритма для создания массивной геометрии, из-за чего применение этого алгоритма в таких целях будет иметь много ограничений и много недостатков. Но данный алгоритм выбран не случайно, он обладает большой популярностью и мы поговорим почему. Данная работа фокусируется на представлении новой модификации на уже существующий алгоритм Marching Cubes в целях применения его в рамках массивной геометрии. Данный алгоритм найдет применение в компьютерных играх с космической тематикой, наш алгоритм позволяет создавать массивную 3D-геометрию планетарных масштабов даже на слабых компьютерах без особых затрат по ресурсам. Кроме того, наш алгоритм позволяет изменять сгенерированную геометрию в реальном времени, без задержек по времени, что так важно компьютерным играм. Procedural generation, or the creation of content while a program is running, is a complex area that requires not only an understanding of 3D graphics, but also graphics programming skills, which often boils down to learning how GPUs work. Because of this complexity, developers often use off-the-shelf content creation tools. Such tools generalize and simplify work by providing a large pre-built set of functions that can be used without knowing programming at all. Unfortunately, generalization often reduces flexibility and introduces new constraints. Statistics show that using procedural generation to create massive 3D geometry is impossible when using ready-made tools with already prepared functions. Such tools do not allow the huge scales of massive geometry to be brought to life due to various constraints. In addition, existing 3D geometry creation algorithms often do not account for the application of these algorithms to create massive 3D geometry such as planets. The Marching Cubes algorithm considered in this work also does not take into account the use of the algorithm for creating massive geometry, which is why the use of this algorithm for such purposes will have many limitations and many disadvantages. But this algorithm was not chosen by chance, it is very popular and we will talk why. This work focuses on modifying the existing Marching Cubes algorithm to apply it to massive geometry. This algorithm will find application in computer games with a space theme, our algorithm allows to create massive 3D geometry of planetary scales even on a low-end computers without special resource costs. In addition, our algorithm allows to change the generated geometry in real time, without time delays, which is so important for computer games.


Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1415
Author(s):  
Paula Alexandra Gonçalves ◽  
João Graciano Mendonça Filho ◽  
Deolinda Flores

Organic petrology is an important tool used to characterize dispersed organic matter (DOM) in sediments and sedimentary rocks, and to assess its thermal maturity. This study was carried out on 33 cutting samples (Middle-Upper Jurassic) from the Ramalhal-1 well to characterize the particulate organic matter and to evaluate its thermal maturity. The samples were submitted to optical petrography analysis (reflected white and blue incident lights) and the mean random reflectance was measured. Microscopic observations revealed a low DOM content, characterized by the predominance of macerals of the inertinite group (including charcoal), followed by solid bitumen. Huminite/vitrinite is usually small in size and quantity. Liptinite macerals were also present, represented by sporinite, cutinite, liptodetrinite and rare bituminite. A type III-IV kerogen was defined for the Ramalhal-1 sequence. Huminite/vitrinite mean random reflectance varied between 0.38% and 0.75%, pointing to an immature-to-mature stage of the organic matter. Multi-populations of solid bitumen occurred in almost all the samples, filling voids and fractures in the inorganic materials (mainly carbonates). The bitumen populations were quite heterogeneous, concerning both the optical characteristics and distribution, displaying different thermal maturities. No relationship between vitrinite and bitumen reflectance was established, indicating that these bitumens were not generated in situ.


2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-396
Author(s):  
Rizka Ummi Arofah ◽  
Max Rudolf Muskananfola ◽  
Oktavianto Eko Jati

Sungai Banjir Kanal Barat Semarang merupakan sungai dengan daerah padat pemukiman yang menyumbang suplai material organik maupun anorganik. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan pencemaran di perairan tersebut. Limbah dapat mempengaruhi kualitas perairan dan biota di dalamnya. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kandungan bahan organik sedimen dengan kelimpahan makrozoobenthos, hubungan antara tekstur sedimen dengan kandungan bahan organik sedimen, serta hubungan antara tekstur sedimen dengan kelimpahan makrozoobenthos di muara dan sungai Banjir Kanal Barat, Semarang. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret - April 2018 dengan menggunakan metode kuantitatif. Penentuan lokasi sampling menggunakan purposive sampling yang terdiri dari 4 stasiun. Metode analisis statistik yang digunakan adalah uji normalitas, korelasi, regresi. Makrozoobenthos yang didapatkan adalah Nereis, Nephthys, Melanoides, Cerithium, Pomacea, Dreissena, dan Corbicula. Fraksi liat dan kandungan bahan organik memiliki hubungan yang positif dengan nilai korelasi r = 0,893. Fraksi liat dengan kelimpahan makrozoobenthos memiliki hubungan yang positif dengan nilai korelasi r = 0,906. Hal ini sama dengan kandungan bahan organik sedimen dengan kelimpahan makrozoobenthos juga memiliki hubungan yang positif dengan nilai korelasi r = 0,928. Semakin besar kandungan bahan organik sedimen dan makrozoobenthos. Kualitas perairan berdasarkan indeks keanekaragaman di stasiun IV sebesar  1,2 yang tergolong tercemar sedang. Sedangkan pada stasiun I, II dan III dengan nilai 0,15; 0,15 ; 0,93 termasuk tercemar berat.  Banjir Kanal Barat Semarang is a river with densely populated areas that contribute to the supply of organic and inorganic materials. This can cause pollution in these waters. Waste can affect the quality of water and biota in it. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between sediment organic matter with abundance of macrozoobenthos, the relationship between sedimentary texture and organic sediment materials, as well as the relationship between sedimentary texture and abundance of macrozoobenthos in estuaries of Banjir Kanal Barat, Semarang. This research was conducted in March - April 2018 using kuantitative method. Kinds of macrozoobenthos was found from genus Nereis, Nephthys, Melanoides, Cerithium, Pomacea, Dreissena, and Corbicula. Determination of the sampling location using purposive sampling method. The clay fraction and the abundance of sediment organic matter have a positive relationship with the correlation value r = 0.893. The clay fraction with abundance of macrozoobenthos has a positive relationship with the correlation value r = 0.906. This is the same as the abundance of organic sediment material with abundance of macrozoobenthos also has a positive relationship with the correlation value r = 0.928. the greater the percentage of clay, the more abundant the organic matter of sediment and makrozoobenthos. 


2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 139-148
Author(s):  
Yusmiati Bppt ◽  
Bambang Singgih

Survey results show that the soil organic matter content is very low, i.e. less than 2% for paddy fields and about 2% for the fields. The decrease of soil organic matter content is thought to be caused by the way of agricultural cultivation that is less attention to the content of organic matter with the use of chemical fertilizers is very intensive. The use of organic fertilizer can be a solution to the problem. Bio-slurry generated from liquid biogas reactors tends to be semi-solid and has characteristics, which are light brown or green and tend to be dark; little or no gas bubbles content; odorless and insect less; textured sticky, tough, and not shiny. The bio-slurry composition consists of organic materials (18-27%) and inorganic materials (2-3%). The content of NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium) in liquid bio-slurry consists of nitrogen (0.25%), phosphorus (0.13), and potassium (0.12%). While the content of NPK in dry (solid) bio-slurry consists of nitrogen (3.6%), phosphorus (1.8%), and potassium (3.6%). In addition, bio-slurry also contains other nutrients, namely amino acids, fatty acids, humic acid, vitamin B-12, auxin hormones, cytokines, antibiotics, and micronutrients such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and molybdenum (Mo). Benefits of bio-slurry is for organic fertilizer, bio-pesticide, biological fertilizer, plant growth regulator, animal feed, improving soil structure, increasing weed growth, increasing soil fertility and increasing soil microorganism activity.


1977 ◽  
Vol 32 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1011-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert W. Ludwig

Abstract The fresh-water medusa Craspedacusta sowerbii (Hydrozoa: Limnomedusae) contains 99.26% water, 0.67% organic matter, and 0.07% inorganic materials. Its cation concentrations are compared to those of Aurelia aurita, sea-water, and habitat water.


The flow of digesta to the duodenum and through the terminal ileum was measured over 24 h periods in sheep fitted with re-entrant intestinal cannulas. A diet of hay supplemented by protein or starch was given. Paper impregnated with chromium sesquioxide was given twice daily by rumen fistula. The chromium was fully recovered in the faeces, though its excretion was rather irregular on a daily basis. Recovery of the chromium in the digesta flow indicated that the duodenal flow was depressed to 85% of the normal value during the 24 h of the flow measurement. Ileal flow was less affected. The mean flows to the duodenum and through the ileum were 8.0 and 3.7 kg/24 h respectively. These values became 9.5 and 3.6 kg/24 h if an adjustment were made to give 100% recovery of the chromium. About 68% of the organic matter digested disappeared in the stomach, 20% in the small intestine and the remainder in the large intestine. About 90% of the cellulose digested disappeared in the stomach and the remainder in the large intestine. The quantities of water, sodium, chloride and phosphorus flowing to the duodenum were much greater than the sheep consumed; potassium showed a smaller increase. The small intestine absorbed most of the water, chloride, phosphorus and potassium. The large intestine absorbed most of the sodium and continued the absorption of water and chloride.


Author(s):  
Amit Kumar

Nutrients play a key role in maintaining soil fertility. Regular use of chemical fertilizers has great impact on soil infertility. Nutrient supply for soil sustainability is the most important step to maintain the fertility and integrity. The enrichment of soil with organic matter could reduce the content of bioavailable metal species as a result of complexation of free ions of heavy metals. The NPK ratio in the soil should be maintained for the good crop yield. There are various organic and inorganic materials available to mix with soil to enhance the soil fertility. Misuse of soil amendment can result not only in damage to crops but can also cause negative impact on soil fertility.


Fractals ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 05 (supp02) ◽  
pp. 83-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalumbu Malekani ◽  
James A. Rice ◽  
Jar-Shyong Lin

Natural organic matter in soils is usually found in intimate association with inorganic materials, primarily aluminosilicates, during the early stages of diagenesis to form an organo-mineral composite known as humin. Such composites typically represent more than 50% of the organic carbon present. Because of humin's insolubility and the surface reactivity of its organic components it is recognized as an important adsorbent of many anthropogenic organic compounds introduced into natural soil systems. Fractal analysis of small-angle X-ray scattering data was used to characterize the surface roughness of four humin samples following sequential removal of organic matter. The surface fractal dimensions were observed to decrease with removal of organic matter which also resulted in a decrease in surface pore size. These results suggest that the mineral components of humin have smooth surfaces over length scales of ~ 1 to ~ 15 nm, and that it is the organic matter coatings that are responsible for their surface roughness. Models clay-organic compounds exhibited results that are consistent with the observation made for natural samples. The surfaces of all the components of humin were found to be dominated by micro- and mesopores that could explain humin's high sorptive uptake of organic chemicals in the environment.


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