Diversity of Soils of Southern Transbaikalia (on the Example of the Daursky Reserve)

The paper presents the study of soil cover of the steppe areas on the territory of the Daursky State Nature Biosphere Reserve in Transbaikalia (East Siberia). We determined the types of soils in the area surrounding the currently dry Barun-Torey lake according to the modern classification: Chestnut typical and saline, Saline gleyed typical and sulfide (sor) typical. Typical chestnut soils are formed on the tops of lake terraces and form complexes with saline soils. Salted chestnut soils occupy transit landforms. Saline soils are confined to low relief forms of the shoreline and the bottom of the lake, where the accumulation of readily soluble salts occurs. Typical Chestnut and saline soils are characterized by a light granulometric composition and a low humus content. Sulphide and typical gleyed saline soils have a heavier granulometric composition, a highly alkaline reaction of the soil solution, a very low humus content and a high content of readily soluble salts. The natural factors of soil formation are: slightly dissected relief; arid and cryoarid climate; groundwater level; steppe and halophytic meadow vegetation. Chestnut soils that form at the tops of lake terraces are the most common. Solonchaks occupy low relief forms of the lake shoreline and lake bottom.

Download Full-text

Agroecological assessment of saline soils of Iran

АгроЭкоИнфо ◽

10.51419/20216616 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (48) ◽

pp. 16-16

Author(s):

Shima Mohammadi ◽

Keyword(s):

Granulometric Composition ◽

Humus Content ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Soil Salinization ◽

Organic Fertilizers ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Saline Soils ◽

Soil Density ◽

Electrical Sensing ◽

Over Time

For the studied saline soils, the expediency of assessing the content of mobile ion compounds by chemical autography based on electrolysis and ionite membranes, vertical electrical sensing is shown. However, the electrical conductivity of soils depended on humidity, temperature, humus content, granulometric composition, soil density, and fertilizer application. The change in the nature and degree of soil salinization over time and in space was determined not only by the microrelief of the surface, groundwater and the change in the depth of the umbrellas in density, but also by the patterns of solubility of salts from humidity, temperature, pCO2, complex formation. For relative optimization of the situation, it is recommended to apply mineral fertilizers, stimulants, organic fertilizers, and create a large-porous layer at a depth of 40-70 cm, reducing the upward current from the lower layers of the soil to the Ap. Keywords: SOIL, SALINIZATION, WAYS OF OPTIMIZATION

Download Full-text

THE EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON SOIL FORMATION IN A MORAINAL LANDSCAPE IN SASKATCHEWAN

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss85-033 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 293-307 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

J. J. MILLER ◽

D. F. ACTON ◽

R. J. ST. ARNAUD

Keyword(s):

Groundwater Flow ◽

Water Table ◽

Soil Formation ◽

Lateral Flow ◽

Dominant Factor ◽

Slope Position ◽

Soluble Salts ◽

Runoff Water ◽

Depth To Water Table ◽

Water Tables

The results of this study indicate the importance of groundwater flow and water table depth on the genesis, characteristics and distribution of soils within a hummocky morainal landscape. Non-saline and non-carbonated soils in upland depressions can be attributed to "depression-focused" recharge by snowmelt and snowmelt runoff in the spring, as evidenced by deep sola and/or eluvial horizons. Non-saline and carbonated soils on lower slopes adjacent to depressions are associated with local discharge and/or lateral flow from the adjacent groundwater mounds under the depressions in spring, as well as upward flow in the summer resulting from water use by phreatophytes such as willows, creating a water table depression around the slough fringes. Saline and carbonated soils at low elevations are associated with shallow and rather stable water tables, and local discharge from surrounding uplands. Soil types on uplands are more dependent on slope position and infiltration than on depth to water table or groundwater flow. Non-saline soils of different profile types occur on mid- and upper slope positions. These areas have a deep water table with mainly recharge or lateral flow occurring in the saturated zone. The infiltration of surface runoff water in upland depressions is the dominant factor influencing the distribution of soluble salts in this hummocky landscape. Key words: Water table, landscape position, recharge, discharge, soluble salts, soil genesis, morphology, carbonate soil

Download Full-text

The properties of river alluviums of the Upper-Dniester alluvial plain

Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography ◽

10.30970/vgg.2017.51.8867 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 293-303

Author(s):

Khrystyna Perets ◽

Oksana Vovk ◽

Oleh Orlov ◽

Olena Lutsyshyn

Keyword(s):

Granulometric Composition ◽

Alluvial Soil ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Soil Formation ◽

Hydrological Regime ◽

Clay Content ◽

Fine Sand ◽

Alluvial Plain ◽

Alluvial Soils ◽

Floodplain Soil

Alluvial soil formation is a dynamic process, the main prerequisite of which is the regular, periodic flooding of the river floodplain with flood waters, which are enriched with multidispersed organic and mineral particles. During the last century, about 80 % of territory of the Upper-Dniester alluvial plain was transformed by means of hydrotechnical construction: waterproof dams and drainage channels have broken the wide river floodplains into isolated fragments, making impossible the free flow of flood waters, enriched with silt. The results of the study of stratification patterns of the river silt in the riverbed floodplain, depending on the flow velocity, granulometric composition, physical and chemical properties, given its role in the floodplain soil formation are given. The granulometric composition of the Dniester River silt changes downstream from the sandy to the heavy-loamy; In the floodplains of the Stryj and Svicha rivers medium- and heavy-loamy deposits are postponed, respectively. In the upper part of the Upper- Dniester alluvial plain (Chaikovichi 1, 2) accumulates a silt with predominance of the medium and fine sand fraction, which forms a good filtration ability of soils, whereas downstream the physical clay content increases (up to 47.2 %), which makes the river silt an important source of mineral nutrition of plants. The domination (over 40 %)in silt granulometric composition the rough dust fraction (Ustia 1, Zalisky 1) contributes to the improvement of the water-physical properties of alluvial soils and provides optimal conditions for the biota functioning. For the investigated river alluviums an alkaline reaction of the extract (pH (H2O) = 7,44–8,03) and low content of humus (0,54–3,80 %) are characteristic. The amount of nitrogen in the silt varies within 1,47–18,20 mg/100 g of soil. The river alluviums of the Upper-Dniester alluvial plain are an active factor in floodplain soil formation, since it optimizes the water-physical and physical-chemical properties of alluvial soils. But the influence area of silt on the soilsis sharply reduced and is limited only to the space in front of the dams. In the soils outside the dam, to which no fresh alluvial material comes, the hydrological regime is rebuilt and properties change substantially, up to the loss of their typological alluvial features. Key words: river alluviums, silt, floodplain, the Upper-Dniester alluvial plain, alluvial soils, hydrotechnical fragmentation.

Download Full-text

DYNAMICS OF HUMUS RESERVES AND FORECAST OF CARBON-INVESTING POTENTIAL OF ZONAL SOILS OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN

Vestnik of Kazan state agrarin university ◽

10.12737/2073-0462-2021-27-31 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 27-31

Author(s):

Liliya Gaffarova

Keyword(s):

Forest Soil ◽

Large Scale ◽

Gray Forest Soil ◽

Humus Content ◽

Statistical Processing ◽

Soil Formation ◽

Typical Chernozem ◽

The Republic ◽

Soil Formation Factors ◽

Zonal Soils

The article analyzes the results of statistical processing of morphometric and agrochemical indicators of zonal soils of the Republic of Tatarstan based on the accumulated information of large-scale soil studies. The boundaries of genetic horizons are examined, the content of humus and its reserves within the limits of heavy loamy and clay varieties of arable soil subtypes is estimated. Arithmetic averages allow us to generalize the humus content in soils. So, in the series of sod-podzolic soils – light gray forest-gray forest – dark gray forest-podzolic chernozems – leached chernozems-typical soils in a layer of 0-30 cm on average contains 2,20; 2,58; 3,76; 4,76; 6,8; 7,6; 7,2 % humus. The observed patterns of humus accumulation in soils are also preserved in the distribution of its reserves – 85; 97; 140; 162; 233; 257; 240 tons per he-1. It is proposed to characterize the general population along the boundaries of typical values that fit into the 50% confidence interval to assess the overall range of spatial variability of humus indicators. The upper limit of the typicity will correspond to the greatest accumulation of humus with a combination of local features of soil formation factors and can serve as a guide for predicting carbon sequestration in the soils of this region. Accordingly, the carbon-sequestering potential of sod-podzolic soil and typical chernozem is-20 tons per he-1, light gray forest soil-22 tons per he-1, gray forest soil and leached chernozem-27 tons per he-1, the highest values in dark gray forest soil are more than 30 tons per he-1

Download Full-text

Natural resumption of pine trees on the cuttings of the Middle Priangarya due to the peculiarities of forest soil

Известия СПбЛТА ◽

10.21266/2079-4304.2021.235.103-118 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 103-118

Author(s):

А.П. Смирнов ◽

А.А. Смирнов ◽

П.В. Богачев

Keyword(s):

Granulometric Composition ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Soil Formation ◽

Inverse Correlation ◽

Decisive Role ◽

Forest Litter ◽

Research Area ◽

Pine Tree ◽

Pine Trees ◽

Permafrost Soils

Исследования последующего возобновления проводились на вырубках 5-15-летнего возраста в Северном лесничестве Усть-Илимского района Иркутской области. Основное внимание было уделено подросту сосны, как самой распространенной и наиболее эксплуатируемой хвойной породе. На почвенных прикопках измерялась мощность гумусового горизонта А1 и лесной подстилки А0, а также определялся гранулометрический состав верхних минеральных горизонтов почв. Выявлено отсутствие значимой корреляции густоты подроста сосны с отношением мощности А1/А0 осолоделых красно-бурых длительно-сезонно-мерзлотных почв региона, сформированных в условиях резкой континентальности климата, преобладания испарения над осадками, богатства материнской породы обменным кальцием, магнием и натрием. Установлена высокая обратная корреляция численности подроста сосны с «утяжелением» гранулометрического состава почв от супеси к среднему суглинку. Наибольшее количество подроста (3-5 тыс. экз./га) выявлено в исходных сосняках с почвами супесчаного, реже – легкосуглинистого механического состава. На почвах легко- и среднесуглинистых сосны значительно меньше, в составе подроста господствуют береза и осина. Подрост сосны практически отсутствует на относительно богатых суглинистых почвах в исходных пихтарниках, ельниках, лиственничниках. Отношение А1/А0, в силу особенностей формирования почв в районе исследований, не играет определяющей роли в успешности последующего возобновления сосны на вырубках. Studies of the subsequent resumption were carried out on the cuttings of 5-15-year-olds in the Northern Forestry of The Ust-Ilim district of Irkutsk region. The focus was on the growth of the pine tree as the most common and most exploited coniferous breed. The soil excavations measured the thickness of the A1 humus horizon and the forest litter A0, as well as the granulometric composition of the upper mineral horizons of the soils. The absence of a significant correlation between the density of the pine grower with the ratio of the thickness of A1/A0 of the osolode-made red-brown longseason-permafrost soils of the region, formed in conditions of sharp continentality of the climate, the predominance of evaporation over precipitation, the wealth of the mother breed exchange calcium, magnesium and sodium. There is a high inverse correlation of the number of the growth of pine with the "weighting" of the granulometric composition of soils from the sandy loam to the average loam. The largest number of teenagers (3-5 thousand ex./ha) was found in the original pines with the soils of the supine, less often – lightly coglinish mechanical composition. On the soils of light- and medium-sougling pines are much smaller, in the teenage part of the birch and aspen dominate. The growth of pine is practically absent on relatively rich loamy soils in the original firs, spruce trees, larch. The A1/A0 ratio, due to the peculiarities of soil formation in the research area, does not play a decisive role in the success of the subsequent resumption of pine cuttings.

Download Full-text

On the Study of the Humus State of Meadow Brown Soils

Bulletin of Science and Practice ◽

10.33619/2414-2948/67/13 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (6) ◽

Author(s):

B. Aliyeva

Keyword(s):

Formation Process ◽

Humus Content ◽

Soil Formation ◽

General Tendency ◽

Meadow Soil ◽

Humus Formation ◽

Humus State ◽

Effect Of Surface

Abstract. The studies carried out and the results obtained on the humus state of meadow brown soils are fully consistent with the literature. The change in the humus content in the soils of the meadow soil formation process depends on the effect of surface and ground moisture on humus formation. Studies have revealed that the humus content in meadow brown soils decreases gradually and relatively evenly with depth. For meadow soils with a meadow process of soil formation, there is a general tendency for a decrease in humus from the upper horizons to the lower ones.

Download Full-text

Change of nitrogen regime of gray forest large-sawn-light-ber-soil soil under the influence at different systems fertilizer and chemical land-reclamation

PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE ◽

10.31548/agr2021.01.077 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 77-85

Author(s):

O.V. Dmytrenko ◽

◽

M.A. Tkachenko ◽

A.I. Pavlichenko ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Reclamation ◽

Humus Content ◽

Soil Formation ◽

Coarse Grained ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Density Correlation ◽

Long Time ◽

User Groups ◽

High Degree ◽

The Impact

The results of research in a stationary study, based in 1992 on gray forest coarse-grained loamy soil, on the impact of long-term chemical reclamation and0,0 various supply systems (mineral, organic, organo-mineral) on the nitrogen regime. Nitrogen is extremely important in agriculture, as all processes, photosynthesis, volume of substances and distribution of the level of yield and its quality are impossible without this element. In the total coverage of the country, the share of soils of forest origin exceeds 33 %, and among agricultural lands – 25 %. Given the content of humus and its total reserves, the integrated indicator of soil formation and the most important characteristic that determines the overall habit of the soil, in the articles above, change it from the above factors. It can also be shown that the content of gross nitrogen reflects the humus content, which is determined and differs from the humus content of the residual. There is a high density correlation between these indicators for all different studies (r = 0,991). The obtained data indicate that only with the use of greens and by-products of precursors and measured doses of mineral fertilizers with the use of liming achieved by the size of the total nitrogen to the initial level. The growth of the composition is 0,36 – 0,45 t / ha and in this case we can state the expansion of its reproduction. Only after mineralization nitrogen of organic compounds becomes available to plants. The form of nitrogen, which is easily hydrolyzed, is a fairly reliable indicator of the provision of this element. To classify the test content with the content of mobile compounds 81,2 – 103 mg / kg belong to the user groups with a very high degree of supply, but the degree hydrolyzes organic substances in high quantities (9,6 – 10,2 %). With the combined use of green manures, non-marketable plant products, single doses of mineral fertilizers in a combination of lime achieved growth of 27,5 % on the restoration to control of this form of nitrogen. For the above complex of nutrients at an increased content of 16,5 mg/kg to control the amount of N-NO3- + N-NH4 +, as well as 7,4 mg / kg of nitrifying capacity of the soil. The studied gray forest soils belong to the group of soils with low humus content and its total reserves, which are inherited from the original pedogenesis and modern soil formation processes. Under the influence of a set of agronomic measures for a long time the type of humus does not change, which indicates the invariability of the direction of soil formation

Download Full-text

Status of land use in Mil-Aran Karabakh cadastral region

NATURE AND SCIENCE ◽

10.36719/2707-1146/11/24-29 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (06) ◽

pp. 24-29

Author(s):

Könül Xosrov qızı Məcnunlu Musabəyli ◽

Keyword(s):

Morphological Structure ◽

Soil Formation ◽

Soil Salinization ◽

Irrigated Agriculture ◽

Limited Area ◽

Hydrothermal Conditions ◽

Chestnut Soils ◽

Drainage Rate ◽

Average Annual Temperature ◽

Groundwater Mineralization

Mil-Aran Karabakh cadastral region includes Barda, Agjabadi, Beylagan, Tartar regions as a whole, Aghdam, Aghdara region and Khojavend plain lands. Gray-meadow, meadow-forest, subasar alluvial meadow, gray, meadow-swamp, chestnut, meadow-chestnut soils are spread in the territory of this cadastral region. Grass-gray soils are transitional and are distributed in the strip between the gray-brown (chestnut) and meadow gray-brown (chestnut) soils of the dry steppes and the gray soils growing in drier conditions. Very large areas of the described lands are used for irrigated agriculture. The subasar regime of rivers and the resulting fresh alluvial sediments play a key role in the formation of subasar meadow-forest soils. During the autumn season, especially during floods, the rhythm of soil formation is repeatedly disrupted. This, of course, is reflected in the properties and morphological structure of these soils. Areas with gray soils have an arid semi-desert and dry steppe climate with an average annual temperature of 13.5-14.60. The temperature of the hot months is much higher. Unlike subasar meadow-forest lands of our republic, subasar-meadow soils are formed under meadows and shrubs. Rich grasses play an important role in enriching these soils with organic matter and ash elements. Meadow-swamp lands are spread in a relatively limited area of the republic. These soils are usually formed in the low and lowlands of the relief. The ecological and geographical features of the meadow-brown soils are in many respects similar to those of the brown soils. However, hydrothermal conditions are distinguished by the large seasonal differences, additional moisture due to surface and ground moisture. Our area is subject to varying degrees of salinization and erosion. We know that saline soils are lands with salts that are easily soluble in water in a 2-meter layer of soil. The effect of groundwater on soil salinization also depends on the degree of mineralization of that water. In this case, the crisis rate of groundwater mineralization is taken. Key words: Groundwater, mineralization rate,salt accumulation, irrigated soils, drainage rate

Download Full-text

IMPACT OF AGROMETEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS TO CHANGE OF PROPERTIES OF THE RECLAIMED SOLONETZES IN THE DRY STEPPE ZONE

Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin ◽

10.19047/0136-1694-2010-66-53-62 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 53-62

Author(s):

I. Lyubimova ◽

A. Aksenov ◽

A. Gorobets

Keyword(s):

Humus Content ◽

Salt Content ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Steppe Zone ◽

Soluble Salts ◽

Climate Indicators ◽

Dry Steppe ◽

High Carbonate ◽

The Impact ◽

The Given

Estimation of the impact of weather conditions on the change in the content of readily soluble salts and metabolic bases and humus in the reclaimed automorphic high-carbonate solonetzes of the dry-steppe zone at different of types of meliorative effects. The given results of researches show that weather conditions first of all render effects on rapidly changing soil properties, such as readily soluble salt content and exchangeable elements. There is no evidence of reliable correlations between humus content and weather conditions. Directionality and the share of the impact of climate indicators on different properties of reclaimed solonetzes is different, but in most cases it's is less than 30% of the share of influence of other factors.

Download Full-text

ЗВОЛОЖЕННЯ, ЯК ФАКТОР СТРУКТУРНОЇ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ НАСЕЛЕННЯ ПТАХІВ ДЕРЕВНИХ НАСАДЖЕНЬ БІОСФЕРНОГО ЗАПОВІДНИКА "АСКАНІЯ-НОВА"

Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University ◽

10.15421/20144_06 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (01) ◽

pp. 73

Author(s):

M. A. Listopadsky

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Spatial Structure ◽

Bird Species ◽

Biosphere Reserve ◽

Diversity Management ◽

Bird Communities ◽

Temporary Pond ◽

Forest Steppe ◽

Vegetation Diversity ◽

Chestnut Soils

The influence of different humidification types towards appearance of forest vegetation conditions on spatial organization of birds in the wood stands is analyzed. Population density, coefficient of occurrence, and informative connection with six types of soil humidification are given for 53 bird species. The informative estimation of every humidification type is determined for every bird species. Thereby it is definitely a contribution of every gradation of edaphic factor to the structural genesis of dendrophilous bird communities. The strongest informative connection between humidity gradients and the avifauna structure of the wood stands is available in dry edaphotopes for margin representatives and fresh one for typical forest species. These two humidification types play a start function in the structural genesis of some blocks of dendrophilous bird communities per se. It is determined that change of bird species of forest-steppe faunogenetic complex by species from Nemoral complex undergoes in most cases on the border of the gradient between fresh and humid edaphotopes. For 53 species of birds from dendrophilous complex is was revealed that the importance of different levels of soil moisture has a different impact in shaping of the modern structure dendrophilous avifauna. Dry and especially drily edaphotopes determine the spatial structure of the species that are of forest-steppe origin and belong to the representatives of the optional component of dendrophilous bird communities. Wet edafotopes are involved in the formation of the spatial structure of species of predominantly immoral origin and relate to the obligate component of representatives of dendrophilous bitd comminities. Gradient wetting of edaphotopes on the verge of ‘linked’/’fresh’ is restructuring for the bird communities. It takes an optional replacement red communists feature to obligate. Stands rather dry and fresh items currently being the most active formation of the spatial structure of bird communities. In relation to the stands for dryish soil compaction observed populations of species that nest there. The fort stands on fresh soil tend to be the emergence of new species for nesting communities. Despite the small area and the uneven spatial arrangement of belts that are caused the effect of irrigation, there are some places of nesting of small belts for species that occur there only because of the increased level of humidity and the presence of open temporary ponds used by waterbirds. These belts have a ‘hunchback’ profile, caused by the constant flooding, and as a result - a tall and dense stands in the center of the forest belt. Formation of watering places is a separate factor that attracts birds in plantations. This phenomenon is described in detail in the literature. Significant structural adjustment of reserve stands caused by the age and condition of vegetation diversity management techniques, moreover the "island" effect becomes characteristic is fewer birds – like dendrophilous. Under present conditions, it does not describe the dendrophilous features for the bird communities in general. Only a few species possess the most biocenotical selectively retain the characteristics inherent to the "island”type populations. The biosphere reserve "Askania Nova" represents the diversity loam with varying degrees of moisture and salinity. The most common are dark chestnut soils in the north of the reserve bordering the southern black soils. Most belts representing tree plantation reserve, located in dark chestnut soils with low humus content in loess loam. Also, the composition of the physical and chemical properties of soil contributes to some zoogenic factors. In relation to the spatial distribution of birds in the reserve, one of the leading factors of the spectrum is the nature of hydration. Directly or through the woody vegetation it determines the nature of the spatial distribution of bird dendrophilous complexes. Relatively high diversity was registered due to the variety of types of moisturizing various irrigation methods for soils. Protected steppe area, which is an indigenous prairie biogeocoenoses and buffer zone of the reserve devoid of any irrigation. Dendroparks and the area of a typical land reserve is the only territory where we registered waterbirds in artificial plantations. This phenomenon is described in detail in the literature. Artificially created temporary pond (puddle) significantly enrich nesting avifauna in tree plantations. Internal cessation of irrigation, which contirubute to the shift of bird species from the category like "water" in fresh and significantly intensifies adjustment in quantitative and qualitative composition of the breeding avifauna of the reserve. Changes among other options moisturizing shades avifauna respond usually quantitative structure rearrangements of existing species. Key words: typology, humidification, gradient of factor, structural genesis, biosphere reserve.

Download Full-text