scholarly journals Natural resumption of pine trees on the cuttings of the Middle Priangarya due to the peculiarities of forest soil

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-118
Author(s):  
А.П. Смирнов ◽  
А.А. Смирнов ◽  
П.В. Богачев
Keyword(s):  
Granulometric Composition ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Permafrost Soils

Исследования последующего возобновления проводились на вырубках 5-15-летнего возраста в Северном лесничестве Усть-Илимского района Иркутской области. Основное внимание было уделено подросту сосны, как самой распространенной и наиболее эксплуатируемой хвойной породе. На почвенных прикопках измерялась мощность гумусового горизонта А1 и лесной подстилки А0, а также определялся гранулометрический состав верхних минеральных горизонтов почв. Выявлено отсутствие значимой корреляции густоты подроста сосны с отношением мощности А1/А0 осолоделых красно-бурых длительно-сезонно-мерзлотных почв региона, сформированных в условиях резкой континентальности климата, преобладания испарения над осадками, богатства материнской породы обменным кальцием, магнием и натрием. Установлена высокая обратная корреляция численности подроста сосны с «утяжелением» гранулометрического состава почв от супеси к среднему суглинку. Наибольшее количество подроста (3-5 тыс. экз./га) выявлено в исходных сосняках с почвами супесчаного, реже – легкосуглинистого механического состава. На почвах легко- и среднесуглинистых сосны значительно меньше, в составе подроста господствуют береза и осина. Подрост сосны практически отсутствует на относительно богатых суглинистых почвах в исходных пихтарниках, ельниках, лиственничниках. Отношение А1/А0, в силу особенностей формирования почв в районе исследований, не играет определяющей роли в успешности последующего возобновления сосны на вырубках. Studies of the subsequent resumption were carried out on the cuttings of 5-15-year-olds in the Northern Forestry of The Ust-Ilim district of Irkutsk region. The focus was on the growth of the pine tree as the most common and most exploited coniferous breed. The soil excavations measured the thickness of the A1 humus horizon and the forest litter A0, as well as the granulometric composition of the upper mineral horizons of the soils. The absence of a significant correlation between the density of the pine grower with the ratio of the thickness of A1/A0 of the osolode-made red-brown longseason-permafrost soils of the region, formed in conditions of sharp continentality of the climate, the predominance of evaporation over precipitation, the wealth of the mother breed exchange calcium, magnesium and sodium. There is a high inverse correlation of the number of the growth of pine with the "weighting" of the granulometric composition of soils from the sandy loam to the average loam. The largest number of teenagers (3-5 thousand ex./ha) was found in the original pines with the soils of the supine, less often – lightly coglinish mechanical composition. On the soils of light- and medium-sougling pines are much smaller, in the teenage part of the birch and aspen dominate. The growth of pine is practically absent on relatively rich loamy soils in the original firs, spruce trees, larch. The A1/A0 ratio, due to the peculiarities of soil formation in the research area, does not play a decisive role in the success of the subsequent resumption of pine cuttings.

scholarly journals Early detection of pine wilt disease in Pinus tabuliformis in North China using a field portable spectrometer and UAV-based hyperspectral imagery

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Run Yu ◽  
Lili Ren ◽  
Youqing Luo
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Pinus Tabulaeformis ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
Pine Wilt ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Airborne Vehicle

Abstract Background Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a major ecological concern in China that has caused severe damage to millions of Chinese pines (Pinus tabulaeformis). To control the spread of PWD, it is necessary to develop an effective approach to detect its presence in the early stage of infection. One potential solution is the use of Unmanned Airborne Vehicle (UAV) based hyperspectral images (HIs). UAV-based HIs have high spatial and spectral resolution and can gather data rapidly, potentially enabling the effective monitoring of large forests. Despite this, few studies examine the feasibility of HI data use in assessing the stage and severity of PWD infection in Chinese pine. Method To fill this gap, we used a Random Forest (RF) algorithm to estimate the stage of PWD infection of trees sampled using UAV-based HI data and ground-based data (data directly collected from trees in the field). We compared relative accuracy of each of these data collection methods. We built our RF model using vegetation indices (VIs), red edge parameters (REPs), moisture indices (MIs), and their combination. Results We report several key results. For ground data, the model that combined all parameters (OA: 80.17%, Kappa: 0.73) performed better than VIs (OA: 75.21%, Kappa: 0.66), REPs (OA: 79.34%, Kappa: 0.67), and MIs (OA: 74.38%, Kappa: 0.65) in predicting the PWD stage of individual pine tree infection. REPs had the highest accuracy (OA: 80.33%, Kappa: 0.58) in distinguishing trees at the early stage of PWD from healthy trees. UAV-based HI data yielded similar results: the model combined VIs, REPs and MIs (OA: 74.38%, Kappa: 0.66) exhibited the highest accuracy in estimating the PWD stage of sampled trees, and REPs performed best in distinguishing healthy trees from trees at early stage of PWD (OA: 71.67%, Kappa: 0.40). Conclusion Overall, our results confirm the validity of using HI data to identify pine trees infected with PWD in its early stage, although its accuracy must be improved before widespread use is practical. We also show UAV-based data PWD classifications are less accurate but comparable to those of ground-based data. We believe that these results can be used to improve preventative measures in the control of PWD.

scholarly journals Pinus Species as Prospective Reserves of Bioactive Compounds with Potential Use in Functional Food—Current State of Knowledge

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1306
Author(s):  
Marcin Dziedziński ◽  
Joanna Kobus-Cisowska ◽  
Barbara Stachowiak
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Functional Food ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Few Data

The pine (Pinus L.) is the largest and most heteromorphic plant genus of the pine family (Pinaceae Lindl.), which grows almost exclusively in the northern hemisphere. The demand for plant-based remedies, supplements and functional food is growing worldwide. Although pine-based products are widely available in many parts of the world, they are almost absent as food ingredients. The literature shows the beneficial effects of pine preparations on human health. Despite the wide geographical distribution of pine trees in the natural environment, there are very few data in the literature on the widespread use of pine in food technology. This study aims to present, characterise and evaluate the content of phytochemicals in pine trees, including shoots, bark and conifer needles, as well as to summarise the available data on their health-promoting and functional properties, and the potential of their use in food and the pharmaceutical industry to support health. Various species of pine tree contain different compositions of bioactive compounds. Regardless of the solvent, method, pine species and plant part used, all pine extracts contain a high number of polyphenols. Pine tree extracts exhibit several described biological activities that may be beneficial to human health. The available examples of the application of pine elements in food are promising. The reuse of residual pine elements is still limited compared to its potential. In this case, it is necessary to conduct more research to find and develop new products and applications of pine residues and by-products.

Invasive Pine Tree Effects on Northern Coastal Scrub Structure and Composition

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Steers ◽  
Susan L. Fritzke ◽  
Jen J. Rogers ◽  
James Cartan ◽  
Kaitlyn Hacker
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Monterey Pine ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Day Range ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
The Impact

AbstractVegetation that becomes overtopped usually experiences a decrease in abundance or species richness. When an overtopping plant alters the physiognomy of the existing vegetation (e.g., trees invading a shrubland), ecosystem processes can also be dramatically altered. Worldwide, Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) cultivars have been planted in Mediterranean-like climates and are known to invade surrounding natural communities. Ecological impacts resulting from these invasions have been widely investigated; however, the effects from solitary pine trees on the vegetation they overtop are lacking. Furthermore, studies on the impact of P. radiata cultivars from the California floristic province, where P. radiata is native, do not exist. In coastal California, north of the present-day range of native P. radiata stands, cultivars of this species have invaded northern coastal scrub vegetation. To determine the impact of pine invasion on species richness and structure in this habitat, floristic surveys were conducted in 20 blocks that consisted of invaded and uninvaded plots. An invaded plot contained two subplots located under the canopy of an isolated pine tree, whereas a paired, uninvaded plot contained two subplots located in coastal scrub adjacent to each pine. Pine trees selected ranged in size from 2.8 to 119 cm (1.1 to 46.9 in) basal diameter. Our results demonstrate that understory native cover and species richness are negatively correlated with tree size. Understory exotic plant cover and richness of species other than P. radiata did not show any correlation with tree size, mainly because exotic plants had a very low abundance overall.

scholarly journals The properties of river alluviums of the Upper-Dniester alluvial plain

2017 ◽  
pp. 293-303
Author(s):  
Khrystyna Perets ◽  
Oksana Vovk ◽  
Oleh Orlov ◽  
Olena Lutsyshyn
Keyword(s):  
Granulometric Composition ◽  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Alluvial Plain ◽  
Alluvial Soils ◽  
Floodplain Soil

Alluvial soil formation is a dynamic process, the main prerequisite of which is the regular, periodic flooding of the river floodplain with flood waters, which are enriched with multidispersed organic and mineral particles. During the last century, about 80 % of territory of the Upper-Dniester alluvial plain was transformed by means of hydrotechnical construction: waterproof dams and drainage channels have broken the wide river floodplains into isolated fragments, making impossible the free flow of flood waters, enriched with silt. The results of the study of stratification patterns of the river silt in the riverbed floodplain, depending on the flow velocity, granulometric composition, physical and chemical properties, given its role in the floodplain soil formation are given. The granulometric composition of the Dniester River silt changes downstream from the sandy to the heavy-loamy; In the floodplains of the Stryj and Svicha rivers medium- and heavy-loamy deposits are postponed, respectively. In the upper part of the Upper- Dniester alluvial plain (Chaikovichi 1, 2) accumulates a silt with predominance of the medium and fine sand fraction, which forms a good filtration ability of soils, whereas downstream the physical clay content increases (up to 47.2 %), which makes the river silt an important source of mineral nutrition of plants. The domination (over 40 %)in silt granulometric composition the rough dust fraction (Ustia 1, Zalisky 1) contributes to the improvement of the water-physical properties of alluvial soils and provides optimal conditions for the biota functioning. For the investigated river alluviums an alkaline reaction of the extract (pH (H2O) = 7,44–8,03) and low content of humus (0,54–3,80 %) are characteristic. The amount of nitrogen in the silt varies within 1,47–18,20 mg/100 g of soil. The river alluviums of the Upper-Dniester alluvial plain are an active factor in floodplain soil formation, since it optimizes the water-physical and physical-chemical properties of alluvial soils. But the influence area of silt on the soilsis sharply reduced and is limited only to the space in front of the dams. In the soils outside the dam, to which no fresh alluvial material comes, the hydrological regime is rebuilt and properties change substantially, up to the loss of their typological alluvial features. Key words: river alluviums, silt, floodplain, the Upper-Dniester alluvial plain, alluvial soils, hydrotechnical fragmentation.

The antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds isolated from the bark of Ryukyu pine trees (Pinus luchuensis Mayr.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanagasaki Takashi ◽  
Teruya Shoei
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Tree Bark ◽  
Cosmetic Products ◽  
Material Source ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Pinus Luchuensis

Background: Considering that many foreign tourists visit Okinawa, Japan, to purchase some cosmetic products, there is an urgent need to create cosmetic products native to Okinawa. As the Ryukyu pine tree, which is endemic to Okinawa, has been used as a source of wood, investigating the possible use of its bark is recommended. Using this natural resource from Okinawa would aid in promoting the products of Okinawa’s unique brands. As a result, this study was designed to isolate useful materials for cosmetic production. Therefore, fractionation was conducted based on a few types of chromatographies, after which the extracted product of the Ryukyu pine tree (Pinus luchuensis Mayr.) bark was analyzed, and its polyphenol contents compared. Methods: Bark of the Ryukyu pine tree cultivated in the northern mountainous region of the Okinawa Main Island was used for ASE extraction using ultrapure water at 130°C. DIAION HP20 with methanol and two HPLC fractionation types were subsequently used for phenolic compound isolation. Results: ASE extraction and HP20 and HPLC fractionations resulted in an isolation of several compounds: threo-1,2-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-propane-1,3-diol (compound 1; 0.03% w/w of an ASE extract), erythro-1,2-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-propane-1,3-diol (compound 2; 0.03% w/w of an ASE extract), catechin (0.11% w/w of an ASE extract), and vanillin (0.31% w/w of an ASE extract). In addition, the value of its antioxidant activity by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging capacity assay was 3.3 mmol-trolox eq./g, 2.6 mmol-trolox eq./g, 9.7 mmol-trolox eq./g and 0.7 mmol-trolox eq./g for compound 1, compound 2, catechin, and vanillic acid, respectively. Conclusion: These phenolic compounds possess whitening and anti-aging potentials. Therefore, Ryukyu pine tree bark would be a useful raw material source for cosmetic production.

Learned Attention and the Contents of Perception

2019 ◽  
pp. 65-100
Author(s):  
Kevin Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Learning ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Natural Kinds ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Comprehensive Account ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Pine Trees

This chapter argues that when we learn to recognize natural kinds, such as pine trees, this should be understood not in terms of kind properties coming to be represented in our perception, but simply in terms of a shift in our attention, which causes us to represent new low-level properties, such as colors, shapes, and textures. Susanna Siegel has argued that kinds, such as pine trees, can look phenomenally different to someone once that person becomes disposed to recognize them, and that the best explanation for this is that kind properties, such as being a pine tree, can become represented in perception. The chapter details an alternative explanation for the different look of the pine tree: a shift in one’s attentional pattern onto other low-level properties. Philosophers have alluded to this alternative before, but the chapter provides a comprehensive account of the view, drawing on the science of perceptual learning.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of the Pinewood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Reveals the Molecular Mechanism Underlying Its Defense Response to Host-Derived α-pinene

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongxia Li ◽  
Fanli Meng ◽  
Xun Deng ◽  
Xuan Wang ◽  
Yuqian Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Stress Reaction ◽  
Reproduction Rate ◽  
Molecular Response ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Pine Trees

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is fatal to the pine trees around the world. The production of the pine tree secondary metabolite gradually increases in response to a B. xylophilus infestation, via a stress reaction mechanism(s). α-pinene is needed to combat the early stages of B. xylophilus infection and colonization, and to counter its pathogenesis. Therefore, research is needed to characterize the underlying molecular response(s) of B. xylophilus to resist α-pinene. We examined the effects of different concentrations of α-pinene on the mortality and reproduction rate of B. xylophilus in vitro. The molecular response by which B. xylophilus resists α-pinene was examined via comparative transcriptomics of the nematode. Notably, B. xylophilus genes involved in detoxification, transport, and receptor activities were differentially expressed in response to two different concentrations of α-pinene compared with control. Our results contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which B. xylophilus responds to monoterpenes in general, and the pathogenesis of B. xylophilus.

scholarly journals Experimental Study of Polarized Radar Scattering from the Tree Canopy at the Ka-Band

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiung-Shen Ku ◽  
Pao-Chi Chang ◽  
Yang-Lang Chang
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Radiometric Calibration ◽  
Ka Band ◽  
Scattering Coefficients ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Radar Scattering ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Distributed Target

In this study, experimental measurements were carried out to estimate the polarized backscattering coefficient at the Ka-band through deciduous and coniferous trees. By utilizing a ground-based scatterometer, the returned signal was obtained in three polarized states at an incident angle ranging from 30 to 80 degrees. The scattering coefficients were estimated from the radar equation for the distributed target under narrow beam approximation. Radiometric calibration was conducted using a metal sphere, and a set of corner reflectors was used as the calibration target to ensure measurement accuracy. Both frequency and angular response of backscattering coefficients with three polarizations were analyzed for the cases of deciduous (banyan) and coniferous (pine) trees. The results indicated that the dynamic range for HV polarization is higher than that of HH and VV polarizations for both banyan and pine trees. Comparatively, the dynamic range for the pine tree is larger than that of the banyan tree.

Regeneration of Natural Pine Forest - Review of Work Done After the 1989 Fire in Mount Carmel, Israel

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Ne'eman
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
One Year

In September 1989 a fire burned a large natural Pinus halepensis Mill. forest on Mt. Carmel, Israel. This paper summarizes the main results of five years of research, in which the effects of natural factors and management on the development of the forest and the vegetation were studied. It was found that the burned pine tree skeletons were correlated with the spatial pattern of seed germination.. Fewer pine seedlings were found one year after the fire near the burned trunks, but the survival and growth rate of these young pine trees was higher in the following four years. Pine ash was found to inhibit post-fire seed germination, offering a possible explanation for the apparent effect of the old burned trees on the spatial pattern of the new pine seedlings. Both laboratory experiments and field measurements indicate that the high pH of the ash, is the main factor responsible for the inhibition of germination. We examined several management regimes designed to enhance the growth of the young post-fire pine trees and assess their influence on the recovery of the forest. The results revealed that four years after fire, and three years after treatments, forest regeneration was mainly affected by the natural process while management had only a marginal effect. Management such as cutting and leaving, or cutting and removing the burned trunks and twigs from the plots, had almost no effect on species composition and cover. However, thinning of Pinus and Cistus seedlings increased survival and growth of remaining seedlings.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF LAND SUITABILITY FOR DRAGON FRUIT CULTIVATING IN KURANJI DISTRICT PADANG CITY

JURNAL BUANA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 428
Author(s):  
Risky Wahyudi M ◽  
Paus Iskarni ◽  
Triyatno .
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Land Suitability ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Dragon Fruit ◽  
Fruit Plants ◽  
Research Show

Abstract This research of aims are determine the condition of land characteristics, land suitability for dragon fruit plants in the research area. The method used in the study is a survey method with mapping of land units The research show as follows: 1. land characteristics: a) climate: rainfall 3117.8 mm/year, b) elevation: the criteria are very good because all land units are between 0 - 350 elevation c) slope: divided into three (3) classes namely class is flat, sloping, slightly tilted d) the texture of the soil is sandy loam, sandy clay, loamy sand, silt loam, silty clay, e) ph soil is dominated by a class of very good pH 5-7, f) nitrogen is divided into four (4) classes namely very good, good class, rather ugly class, bad class, g) phosphorus is divided into 3 classes, namely: very good, good class, rather ugly class, h) potassium: all land units have very good potassium class. 2. Land suitability level: all land units in the research location in Kuranji District have a fairly suitable level of suitability or enough potential as a place for growth and development of dragon fruit plants. Keyword: Land suitability, Dragon fruit, Kuranji

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