Performa Pengeringan Kontinyu dan Terputus Pada Biji Kakao Fermentasi dengan Metode Pengeringan Lapis Tipis

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-55
Author(s):  
Sari Farah Dina ◽  
Harry P. Limbong
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Cocoa Bean ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Sun Drying ◽  
Thin Layer Drying ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Flat Plate Collector ◽  
Drying Chamber

This study aims to determine the performance of a continuous and intermittent sun drying of fermented-cocoa bean by using thin-layer drying method. Continuous drying using a solar dryer finned-flat plate collector type which is operated in two modes drying time, daytime and night time. During the day, the cocoa beans are dried in the drying chamber using hot air generated by the solar collectors. In the nighttime, desiccant (CaCl2) was added to the drying chamber that had been isolated. Open sun drying as intermittent drying of cocoa beans is done only on daytime. The drying process is terminated when equilibrium moisture content has been achieved. The results showed that the continuous drying rate higher than the intermittent drying. Dried-cocoa beans produced from continuous drying showed a lower moisture content (7.34% vs 7.50%), a better physical appearance, but the higher the degree of acidity (pH = 5.93 vs. 6.13). Total fat content and free fatty acids slightly lower than the intermittent sun-drying.ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui performa pengeringan kontinyu dan terputus pada biji kakao fermentasi menggunakan metode pengeringan lapis tipis. Pengeringan kontinyu menggunakan alat pengering surya tipe kolektor pelat datar bersirip yang dioperasikan dalam dua mode pengeringan, waktu siang dan waktu malam. Pada siang hari, biji kakao dikeringkan didalam ruang pengering menggunakan udara panas yang dihasilkan oleh kolektor surya. Pada malam hari desikan (CaCl2) dimasukkan kedalam ruang pengering yang telah diisolasi. Penjemuran langsung biji kakao di matahari sebagai pengeringan terputus dilakukan hanya pada sinag hari. Proses pengeringan dihentikan ketika kondisi keseimbangan kadar air dicapai. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengeringan kontinyu menghasilkan laju pengeringan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pengeringan terputus. Biji kakao yang dihasilkan dari pengeringan kontinyu juga menunjukkan kadar air yang lebih rendah (7.34% vs 7.50%), penampilan fisik yang lebih baik, tetapi derajat keasaman lebih tinggi (pH=5,93 vs 6,13). Kadar lemak total dan asam lemak bebas sedikit lebih rendah dibanding penjemuran langsung. Kata kunci : biji kakao fermentasi, pengeringan kontinyu, pengeringan terputus, performa.

Thin-Layer Drying Characteristics of Fresh and Sun-Dried Buckwheat Hay

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-724
Author(s):  
Fuji Jian ◽  
Mehul Patil ◽  
Digvir S. Jayas ◽  
Jitendra Paliwal
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Growth Time ◽  
List Type ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Drying Characteristics ◽  
Sun Drying ◽  
Thin Layer Drying

Highlights Thin-layer drying of fresh and sun-dried buckwheat hay was studied at 30°C to 180°C and 12.5% to 60% relative humidities. Buckwheat hay drying occurred in the falling-rate period. Partial sun-drying of the hay could reduce drying time by 50%. The D eff values of fresh flowers, leaves, and stems ranged from 1.4×10 -10 to 60×10 -10 m 2 /s. Abstract. Thin-layer drying characteristics of fresh and sun-dried buckwheat hay were studied at 30°C to 180°C, 12.5 to 60% relative humidities, and 0.2 m/s constant air velocity. The hay was harvested on three different times with a 10 to 12 d interval between the harvesting times. Half of the harvested hay was sun-dried on the field for 4 d (referred to as sun-dried hay). The drying behavior of flowers, leaves, and stems of the fresh and sun-dried hay was characterized. Moisture content of the fresh buckwheat flower was 0.777 to 1.633 (decimal dry basis), and fresh stems had a maximum moisture content of 5.64. Moisture content of the fresh hay decreased with the increase of growth time. Sun-drying on field could decrease more than half of the moisture content of the harvested fresh hay. Flowers, leaves, and stems needed varying drying times to reach their equilibrium moisture contents. The order of the drying time from the fastest to the slowest was flowers, leaves, then stems. Sun-dried and later harvested hay needed less drying time. The logarithmic model was the best fit for all drying processes of the flowers, leaves, and stems at different harvesting times and drying conditions. The effective moisture diffusivity of both fresh and sun-dried hay ranged from 1.4×10-10 to 60× 10-10 m2/s depending on different experimental conditions. The activation energy of the hay was from 21.08 to 33.85 kJ/mol. A power equation was the best equation to describe the drying constant of hay with their drying temperature. Keywords: Activation energy, Combination drying, Hay drying, Thin-layer drying, Water diffusivity.

An Indirect Passive Solar Dryer for Drying

2011 ◽  
Vol 367 ◽  
pp. 517-524
Author(s):  
A. F. Alonge ◽  
O. O. Oniya
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Solar Drying ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Sun Drying ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Drying System ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Local Materials ◽  
Drying Chamber

A solar drying system designed on the principles of convective heat flow, constructed from local materials was employed in drying yam (Dioscorea Alata). A glass collector having an efficiency of about 0.63 was used along with an absorber for absorbing the heat energy. The drying chamber consisted of drying trays. A chimney fitted at the top centre of the drying chamber enhanced airflow. Air passing through the collector heated up and dried the foodstuff in the drying chamber. The latitude of Ilorin is 8.26oN and the collector angle could be varied . 56o C, 41o C and 71o C were obtained as the maximum attainable temperatures for the drying chamber, ambient and collector respectively. Two samples of yam chips, each weighing 1560g and having an average size of 1cm thick, were dried both inside the dryer and outside the dryer within its surrounding. The initial moisture content of the yam was 70.3% (wet basis) and its final moisture content was 9% (wet basis).The result was compared to natural sun drying. It was observed that the drying time was reduced from 52 hours for sun drying to 45 hours for solar drying. The total cost of the construction was 6, 105 Naira.

scholarly journals Design and Performance Evaluation of a Solar Assisted Heat Pump Dryer Integrated with Biomass Furnace for Red Chilli

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yahya
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Drying Kinetics ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Mean Bias Error ◽  
Bias Error ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Sun Drying ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Drying Chamber

The performance of a solar assisted heat pump dryer integrated with biomass furnace has been designed and evaluated for drying red chillies, and drying kinetics of red chillies were evaluated. The red chillies were dried from 22 kg with moisture content of 4.26 db to moisture content of 0.08 db which needed 11 hours, with the average drying chamber temperature, drying chamber relative humidity, and an air mass flow rate of 70.5°C, 10.1%, and 0.124 kg/s, respectively, while the open sun drying needed 62 hours. Compared to open sun drying, this dryer yielded 82% saving in drying time. The drying rate, the specific moisture extraction rate, and thermal efficiency of the dryer were estimated in average to be about 1.57 kg/h, 0.14 kg/kWh, and 9.03%, respectively. Three mathematical models, the Newton, Henderson-Pabis, and Page models, were fitted to the experimental data on red chillies dried by solar assisted heat pump dryer integrated with biomass furnace and open sun drying. The performance of these models was evaluated by comparing the coefficient of determination (R2), mean bias error (MBE), and root mean-square error (RMSE). The Page model gave the best results for representing drying kinetics of red chillies.

scholarly journals “TEKO BERSAYAP” MODEL SOLAR DRYER FOR FISH DRYING

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuwana Yuwana ◽  
Bosman Sidebang ◽  
Evanila Silvia
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Sun Drying ◽  
Ambient Relative Humidity ◽  
Chamber Temperature ◽  
Drying Chamber

This objective of this research was to design a dryer called “Teko Bersayap” model and then to test its performance in drying fish in order to solve problems arising from open air sun drying. The dryer consisted of drying chamber with trays inside, heat collectors equipped with air inlets at their lower ends, chimney with an exhaust fan inside and humid air outlet at its upper end, was constructed to dry fish, “Bleberan (Pepetak Leiognatus spp)” species. The results of the experiment indicated that the dryer produced the drying chamber temperature 8.83oC higher than the ambient temperature and the relative humidity 13.91% lower than the ambient relative humidity. The fish moisture content decreased exponentially with drying time and the dryer completed the fish drying process in 18.9 hours compared to 27.6 hours of drying time needed to complete the sun drying for the fish, suggesting that the dryer was ready for utilization

Pengeringan Biji Kakao dengan Pengering Surya Tipe Terowong Berpenggerak Sel Fotovoltaik di Manokwari

Agrotek ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilson Palelingan Aman
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Photovoltaic Module ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Tunnel Dryer ◽  
Heat Collector ◽  
New Construction

<em>A research about cocoa beans drying used solar tunnel dryer with photovoltaic module driven have conducted in Manokwari. Solar tunnel dryer used in this research adapted from type Hohenheim with photovoltaic module and integrated air heat collector has been installed at the Department of Agricultural Technology, Papua State University Manokwari to dried cocoa beans. The objectives of this research were to design solar tunnel dryer and evaluate it�s performance in dryed cocoa beans. The result obtained was a new construction of solar tunnel dryer for cocoa beans with dimensions 6 m of length and 0,9 m of wide. The dryer completed with photovoltaic module to drive the blowers of hot drying air. �Performance test of the dryer showed that drying of 10 kg of cocoa beans with initial moisture content about 70% wet basis needed 13 hours of drying time to achieved final moisture content about 7,17% wet basis. The drying time achieved was faster compared than traditional solar drying that needed 20 hours of drying time. The maximum temperature achieved in drying chamber was 60 <sup>o</sup>C.</em>

scholarly journals Cherry Tomato Drying: Sun versus Convective Oven

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Alfeo ◽  
Diego Planeta ◽  
Salvatore Velotto ◽  
Rosa Palmeri ◽  
Aldo Todaro
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Oven Drying ◽  
Sun Drying ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Final Water Content ◽  
Drying Curves ◽  
Drying Conditions

Solar drying and convective oven drying of cherry tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) were compared. The changes in the chemical parameters of tomatoes and principal drying parameters were recorded during the drying process. Drying curves were fitted to several mathematical models, and the effects of air temperature during drying were evaluated by multiple regression analyses, comparing to previously reported models. Models for drying conditions indicated a final water content of 30% (semidry products) and 15% (dry products) was achieved, comparing sun-drying and convective oven drying at three different temperatures. After 26–28 h of sun drying, the tomato tissue had reached a moisture content of 15%. However, less drying time, about 10–11 h, was needed when starting with an initial moisture content of 92%. The tomato tissue had high ORAC and polyphenol content values after convective oven drying at 60 °C. The dried tomato samples had a satisfactory taste, color and antioxidant values.

scholarly journals An Experimental Study and Analysis on Solar Drying of Bitter Gourd Using an Evacuated Tube Air Collector in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR. Umayal Sundari ◽  
P. Neelamegam ◽  
C. V. Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Bitter Gourd ◽  
Sun Drying ◽  
Solar Dryer ◽  
Drying Rates ◽  
Evacuated Tube ◽  
Drying Chamber

The objective of this research work is to design and develop a forced convection solar dryer using evacuated tube air collector and study its performance on bitter gourd in Thanjavur District, Tamilnadu, India. The designed solar dryer consists of a drying chamber, evacuated tube air collector, a blower, and a chimney. Drying parameters, moisture ratio and drying rates, are calculated and their performance is compared with natural sun drying. The results of the present study show that the proposed solar dryer has greater efficiency, and the moisture content of bitter gourd is reduced from 91% to 6.25% in 6 hours as compared to 10 hours in natural sun drying. In this solar dryer, the products are uniformly dried, and the moisture content of the sample is controlled. It is found that the quality of the dried bitter gourd using solar dryer is higher than the natural sun-dried bitter gourd.

scholarly journals Effect of Pads and Thickness of Paddy on Moisture Removal under Sun Drying

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Narmilan ◽  
G. Niroash ◽  
M.I.M. Mowjood ◽  
A.T.A. Akram
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Moisture Removal ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Sun Drying ◽  
Regular Time ◽  
Paddy Farmers

Background: Sun drying is a popular post-harvest operation to maintain rice quality during the storage period. Farmers use different pads and thicknesses for sun drying of paddy in Ampara district, Sri Lanka. A study was conducted to evaluate the suitability and effectiveness of the drying pad and thickness as practiced by local paddy farmers during the sun drying process.Methods: The grain with an initial moisture content of 28% (dry basis) was sun dried with four types of drying pads and five levels of thickness of grain. This experiment was conducted between 8.30 am and 4.30 pm at the South Eastern University of Sri Lanka in August 2020. The moisture contents of the grain were measured at regular time intervals.Result: It was found that the duration of drying of paddy from 28% to 13% moisture content on a dry basis was 300 to 540 minutes depending upon the drying pad and thickness. The tarpaulin is reasonable at shallow thickness with less time to reach the necessary moisture level than other drying pads. Black polythene and fertilizer bag can be utilized for sun drying of paddy at 4 cm thickness with 130 minutes. It was found that with an increase in the thickness of paddy from 0.5 cm to 4 cm, the drying time increases. A statistically significant interaction was obtained between drying pads and thickness level on moisture removal of paddy. Therefore, the moisture removal rate differs with the drying pad and thickness of the paddy under open sun drying.

scholarly journals Physicochemical properties and microbial group behavior of postharvest peruvian cocoa bean (Theobroma cacao L.)

Enfoque UTE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 48-56
Author(s):  
Eduardo Salazar ◽  
Roxana Valenzuela ◽  
Margarita Aguilar ◽  
Natali Aranda ◽  
Alejandrina Sotelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Group Behavior ◽  
Cocoa Bean ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Good Manufacturing Practices ◽  
Microbial Group ◽  
Mold And Yeast ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Cocoa is used in the manufacturing of different products. Fermenting microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria use the high nutrient content of cocoa. This research evaluated physicochemical properties and microbial group behavior of fresh cocoa bean and four treatments to compare among them (A, A-farmer, B, and B-farmer). Moisture content, mold and yeast count, and Salmonella were determined in fresh cocoa beans and treatments. The results of fresh cocoa beans were moisture content of 56.30 ± 0.02 % and microbiological count below control. Treatments results were moisture content of 3.10 ± 0.02 %, 10.30 ± 0.20 %, 4.80 ± 0.00 %, and 11.40 ± 0.20 % (p ≤ 0.05), mold and yeast count were statistically similar (p > 0.05). Salmonella was not detected in any of the treatments. These findings indicate that regardless of post-harvest process, there is no fungal contamination in cocoa when carrying out good manufacturing practices.

Thin-Layer Mathematical Modeling of Turmeric in Indirect Natural Conventional Solar Dryer

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masnaji R. Nukulwar ◽  
Vinod B. Tungikar
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Sun Drying ◽  
Solar Dryer ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Drying Efficiency ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract The objective of this study is to find an optimized thin-layer mathematical model suitable for drying kinetics of turmeric. Turmeric has a high moisture content which necessitates effective drying. A 10 kg, sample batch, of turmeric was dried in a solar dryer. Drying air temperatures and air velocity were observed in the range of 55 °C–68 °C and 0.7 m/s–1.4 m/s, respectively, in the drying experiments. It is seen that the moisture content of the turmeric is reduced from 77% to 11.93% in 22 h when compared with open sun drying, which required 60 h for the same reduction in the moisture content. Scheffler dish was used to generate steam for the dryer. Seven thin-layer mathematical models, cited in the literature, had been used for the study. These models were applied for different trays placed in the dryer. The result of the research and experimentation showed that the Page model fits best for drying in the steam-based dryer and open sun drying. Experimental results showed 63.33% saving in drying time, and the drying efficiency was found as 29.85%. Uncertainty in the drying efficiency was observed as 0.67%. Experimental investigation and the findings from the mathematical modeling are presented in this paper.

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