The Trimetric Tri�Squared Test: An Advanced Post Hoc Exact Test Designed to Statistically Determine Construct Validity

Abstract The aim of this study is to explore the antecedents of studying abroad. First, we explore motivations for and barriers against studying abroad in two groups of students (who had studied abroad, and who had not studied abroad). Second, differences in attachment dimensions and styles are examined in both groups. A deductive thematic analysis supported the thematic structure identified by Krzaklewska (2008) in regard to motivations. Furthermore, five barriers were identified using inductive thematic analysis. Although the same motivational and barrier themes were found in both groups, there were some notable qualitative differences in meaning attached to them. A one-way MANOVA showed non-significant differences between the two groups of students and attachment dimensions. Finnaly, Fisher’s exact test was conducted, and the post hoc comparison showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of students who had studied abroad and had a secure attachment style compared to students who had not studied abroad.

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Test re-test reliability and construct validity of the star-track test of manual dexterity

10.7287/peerj.preprints.683 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Niels Kildebro ◽

Ilda Amirian ◽

Ismail Gögenur ◽

Jacob Rosenberg

Keyword(s):

Construct Validity ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Manual Dexterity ◽

Test Reliability ◽

University Hospital ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Validity Study ◽

Study Test ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Track Test

Objectives: To determine test re-test reliability and construct validity of the star-track test of manual dexterity. Design: Test re-test reliability was tested in a controlled study. Construct validity was tested in a blinded randomized crossover study. Setting: The study was performed at a university hospital in Denmark.Participants: A total of 11 subjects for test re-test and 20 subjects for the construct validity study were included. All were healthy volunteers. Intervention: The test re-test trial had two measurements with 2 days pause in between. The interventions in the construct validity study included baseline measurement, intervention 1: fatigue, intervention 2: stress, and intervention 3: fatigue and stress. There was a 2 day pause between each intervention. Main outcome measure: Integrated measure of completion time and number of errors. Results: All participants completed the study (test re-test n = 11; construct validity n=20). Test re-test showed a strong Pearson product-moment correlation (r= 0.90, n= 11, P < 0.01) with no sign of learning effect. The 20 subjects in the construct validity trial were randomized to the order of the four interventions, so that all subjects completed each intervention once. A repeated measures ANOVA determined that mean integrated measure differed between interventions (p = 0.003). Post hoc tests using Bonferroni correction revealed that compared with baseline all interventions had significantly higher integrated scores ranging from 47-59% difference in mean. Conclusion: The star track test of manual dexterity had a strong test re-test reliability, and was able to discriminate between a subject´s normal manual dexterity and dexterity after exposure to fatigue and/or stress.

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Evaluation of the Microshear Bond Strength of MDP-containing and Non–MDP-containing Self-adhesive Resin Cement on Zirconia Restoration

Operative Dentistry ◽

10.2341/18-132-l ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 44 (4) ◽

pp. 379-385 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

EJ Go ◽

Y Shin ◽

JW Park

Keyword(s):

Bond Strength ◽

Resin Cement ◽

Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽

Resin Cements ◽

Adhesive Resin ◽

Exact Test ◽

Tukey Test ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Microshear Bond Strength

SUMMARY Objectives: The purpose of this study was to measure the microshear bond strength (μSBS) of four different self-adhesive resin cements with/without 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP)-containing primer to zirconium ceramics and to evaluate the effect of zirconia primers on these self-adhesive resin cements (SARCs). Methods and Materials: Zirconia blocks (20 × 20 × 8 mm3) were prepared and divided into eight groups (n=20). They were sandblasted (50 μm Al2O3) and treated as follows: no primer or primer (Z-Primer Plus). Four self-adhesive resin cements (MDP-containing: Permacem 2.0 [PC], Clearfil SA luting [CS]; non–MDP-containing: Rely-X U200 [RU], Maxcem Elite [ME]) were bonded to the zirconia surface. After thermocycling, a μSBS test was performed. The failure mode was analyzed using light microscopy. Statistical analysis of μSBS was performed using one-way analysis of variance and two-sample t-test with post hoc Tukey test. The loss rate was evaluated using the Fisher's exact test and χ2 test with post hoc Tukey test (p<0.05). Results: Within the no primer groups, the PC and CS groups showed higher bond strength than the RU and ME groups. Comparing the μSBS of the no primer and primer groups in the same SARCs, the RU/P group was higher than the RU group, and the ME/P group was higher than the ME group. No significant difference was observed between the PC and PC/P groups and between the CS and CS/P groups. Conclusions: Non–MDP-containing SARC showed the increased bonding value with MDP-containing primer to zirconia ceramics. The bond strength of MDP-containing SARCs was not affected significantly by the use of zirconia primer.

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Test re-test reliability and construct validity of the star-track test of manual dexterity

10.7287/peerj.preprints.683v1 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Niels Kildebro ◽

Ilda Amirian ◽

Ismail Gögenur ◽

Jacob Rosenberg

Keyword(s):

Construct Validity ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Manual Dexterity ◽

Test Reliability ◽

University Hospital ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Validity Study ◽

Study Test ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Track Test

Objectives: To determine test re-test reliability and construct validity of the star-track test of manual dexterity. Design: Test re-test reliability was tested in a controlled study. Construct validity was tested in a blinded randomized crossover study. Setting: The study was performed at a university hospital in Denmark.Participants: A total of 11 subjects for test re-test and 20 subjects for the construct validity study were included. All were healthy volunteers. Intervention: The test re-test trial had two measurements with 2 days pause in between. The interventions in the construct validity study included baseline measurement, intervention 1: fatigue, intervention 2: stress, and intervention 3: fatigue and stress. There was a 2 day pause between each intervention. Main outcome measure: Integrated measure of completion time and number of errors. Results: All participants completed the study (test re-test n = 11; construct validity n=20). Test re-test showed a strong Pearson product-moment correlation (r= 0.90, n= 11, P < 0.01) with no sign of learning effect. The 20 subjects in the construct validity trial were randomized to the order of the four interventions, so that all subjects completed each intervention once. A repeated measures ANOVA determined that mean integrated measure differed between interventions (p = 0.003). Post hoc tests using Bonferroni correction revealed that compared with baseline all interventions had significantly higher integrated scores ranging from 47-59% difference in mean. Conclusion: The star track test of manual dexterity had a strong test re-test reliability, and was able to discriminate between a subject´s normal manual dexterity and dexterity after exposure to fatigue and/or stress.

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Addressing a Crisis of Generalizability with Large-Scale Construct Validation

10.31234/osf.io/c45t9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jessica Kay Flake ◽

Mairead Shaw ◽

Raymond Luong

Keyword(s):

Construct Validity ◽

Large Scale ◽

Construct Validation ◽

Replication Studies ◽

Descriptive Research ◽

Psychological Science ◽

Replication Research ◽

New Ideas ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Validation Research

Yarkoni describes a grim state of psychological science in which the gross misspecification of our models and specificity of our operationalizations produce claims with generality so narrow that no one would be interested in them. We consider this a generalizability of construct validity issue and discuss how construct validation research should precede large-scale replication research. We provide ideas for a path forward by suggesting psychologists take a few steps back. By retooling large-scale replication studies, psychologists can execute the descriptive research needed to assess the generalizability of constructs. We provide examples of reusing large-scale replication data to conduct construct validation research post hoc. We also discuss proof of concept research that is on-going at the Psychological Science Accelerator. Big team psychology makes large-scale construct validity and generalizability research feasible and worthwhile. We assert that no one needs to quit the field, in fact, there is plenty of work to do. The optimistic interpretation is that if psychologists focus less on generating new ideas and more on organizing, synthesizing, measuring, and assessing constructs from existing ideas, we can keep busy for at least 100 years.

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Surveillance of postchemotherapy subcentimeter residual retroperitoneal mass (RRM) in metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumor (mNSGCT).

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2020.38.6_suppl.391 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 (6_suppl) ◽

pp. 391-391

Author(s):

Cody Cotner ◽

Susan Hilton ◽

Ronac Mamtani ◽

Thomas J. Guzzo ◽

David J. Vaughn

Keyword(s):

Complete Response ◽

Salvage Chemotherapy ◽

University Of Pennsylvania ◽

Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection ◽

Exact Test ◽

Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumor ◽

Decision Methods ◽

The University ◽

Post Hoc

391 Background: Approximately 30 – 60% of patients with mNSGCT treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy (CBCT) achieve a complete response (CR), defined as normalization of serum tumor markers with either no RRM or a RRM < 1 cm. While there is universal agreement that patients with a RRM ≥ 1 cm should undergo retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND), many institutions, including ours, recommend surveillance for patients who achieve a CR. However, studies have not defined which axis of the RRM should be considered when making this decision. Methods: The electronic medical records (2007 – 2017) at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (HUP) were searched to identify good-risk mNSGCT patients treated with CBCT who achieved a CR and underwent surveillance. Consistent with RECIST 1.1, we define a CR as no RRM or a RRM < 1 cm in the transaxial short axis (TSA). We do not consider the transaxial long axis (TLA) or the craniocaudal axis (CCA). A post-hoc review was performed by a blinded radiologist and the RRM dimensions in the TSA, TLA, and CCA were recorded. Differences in the frequency of recurrence between groups with a RRM < 1.0 cm and ≥ 1.0 cm in the TLA and CCA were assessed using the Fischer exact test. Results: 39 patients met study criteria and were included. At a median follow-up of 50.8 months, only 2 patients (5.1%) recurred. Both were successfully treated with RPLND and salvage chemotherapy. Post-hoc review of imaging: median TSA 6 mm (range, 0-11); median TLA 8 mm (range, 0-14); median CCA 11 mm (range, 0-34). Thirteen (33%) and 27 (69%) patients had a RRM ≥ 1 cm in the TLA and CCA, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the risk of recurrence between patients with a RRM < 1.0 cm and ≥ 1.0 cm in the TLA (p=0.54) or CCA (p=0.53). Conclusions: Surveillance is an effective strategy in patients with mNSGCT and a post-chemotherapy RRM < 1.0 cm in the TSA. Our study suggests that referencing the TSA and not the TLA or CCA in this decision-making may avoid unnecessary post-chemotherapy RPLND.

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The Actual Demand for the Elimination of Architectural Barriers among Senior Citizens in Poland

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16142601 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (14) ◽

pp. 2601 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Izabela Kurtyka-Marcak ◽

Maria Hełdak ◽

Katarzyna Przybyła

Keyword(s):

Senior Citizens ◽

Mobility Limitations ◽

Chi Square ◽

Exact Test ◽

The Public ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Cross Tabulation ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Architectural Barriers ◽

Lower Silesia

The purpose of the study is to determine the actual demand for the elimination of architectural barriers among senior citizens in their place of residence and also in its immediate environment in Poland. The research covered a group of people in the post-productive age, living in the Lower Silesia voivodship in Poland. Different research methods were used in the study, primarily including the public opinion survey based on a questionnaire as well as statistical analyses. The cross-tabulation analysis of differences in quality characteristics was performed using Pearson’s chi-square test (χ2 test of independence) or Fisher’s exact test, when the expected number was lower than five. As a post hoc analysis, checking the nature of differences between the studied groups, the analyses were carried out using the method by Baesley and Schumacker. For all analyses, the maximum permissible error class I α = 0.05 was adopted, whereas p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The research revealed that a much larger group of people aged 55 and older suffers from mobility limitations than the ones resulting from disability certificates, thus confirming the assumption that along with the respondents’ age, their mobility limitations intensify, resulting in the need for assistance while moving outside their houses/apartments.

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Cognitive performance and behavior across idiopathic/genetic epilepsies in children and adolescents

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-78218-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Frederik Jan Moorhouse ◽

Sonia Cornell ◽

Lucia Gerstl ◽

Moritz Tacke ◽

Timo Roser ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Performance ◽

Behavioral Problems ◽

Exact Test ◽

Behavioral Parameters ◽

Group 2 ◽

Mean Differences ◽

Genetic Epilepsies ◽

And Behavior ◽

The University ◽

Post Hoc

AbstractWe investigated the cognitive and behavioral profile of three distinct groups of epilepsies with a genetic background for intergroup differences: (1) idiopathic/genetic generalized epilepsies (IGE/GGE group); (2) idiopathic focal epilepsies (IFE group); and (3) epilepsies with proven or strongly suggested monogenic or structural/numeric chromosomal etiology (genetic epilepsies, GE group). Cognitive (total IQ and subcategories) and behavioral parameters (CBCL) were assessed at the tertiary epilepsy center of the University of Munich (Germany). We used ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni-correction to explore significant mean differences and Fisher’s exact test for significant proportional differences of intelligence impairment and behavioral problems. 126 (56 IGE/GGE, 26 IFE, 44 GE) patients were available. Total IQ was 89.0 ± 15.9 (95% CI 84.5–93.4) for IGE/GGE, 94.8 ± 18.1 (95% CI 87.3–102.3) for IFE and 76.4 ± 22.4 (95% CI 67.6–85.3) for GE (p = 0.001). The same trend was significant for all but one IQ subcategory. The rate of patients with an intelligence impairment (total IQ < 70) was higher for GE (40%) than for IGE/GGE (14%) and for IFE (7%) patients (p = 0.033). There were no significant differences between groups for behavior scores and behavioral problems. This study shows that the current ILAE classification of epilepsies with genetic etiology creates a heterogeneous group of patients with respect to cognitive performance but not behavior. These findings may help in further delineating epilepsies as regards cognitive performance, notwithstanding their closely related etiological classification.

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The Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Fertility in Experimental Retrocervical Endometriosis

Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1601484 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 39 (05) ◽

pp. 217-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jaqueline Abreu ◽

Carmen Rebelatto ◽

Carolina Savari ◽

Luiz Capriglione ◽

Lye Miyague ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Control Groups ◽

Fertile Period ◽

Macroscopic Appearance ◽

Exact Test ◽

Qualitative Variables ◽

Post Hoc ◽

And Control

Purpose To evaluate the effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on fertility in experimental retrocervical endometriosis. Methods A total of 27 New Zealand rabbits were divided into three groups: endometriosis, in which endometrial implants were created; mesenchymal, in which MSCs were applied in addition to the creation of endometrial implants; and control, the group without endometriosis. Fisher's exact test was performed to compare the dichotomous qualitative variables among the groups. The quantitative variables were compared by the nonparametric Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The Mann-Whitney test was used for post-hoc multiple comparison with Boniferroni correction. Results Regarding the beginning of the fertile period, the three groups had medians of 14 ± 12.7, 40 ± 5, and 33 ± 8.9 days respectively (p = 0.005). With regard to fertility (number of pregnancies), the endometriosis and control groups showed a rate of 77.78%, whereas the mesenchymal group showed a rate of 11.20% (p = 0.015). No differences in Keenan's histological classification were observed among the groups (p = 0.730). With regard to the macroscopic appearance of the lesions, the mesenchymal group showed the most pelvic adhesions. Conclusion The use of MSCs in endometriosis negatively contributed to fertility, suggesting the role of these cells in the development of this disease.

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