scholarly journals Reproductive behaviour in women in Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 517-521
Author(s):  
T. Kazerooni ◽  
A. R. Talel ◽  
A. Sadeghi Hassanabadi ◽  
M. M. Arasteh ◽  
J. Saalabian
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Age At Menarche ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Age At Menopause ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Age At First Marriage ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
The Mean

Data on the reproductive behaviour of women in Shiraz are presented. A total of 9934 randomly selected women aged >/= 35 years of all socioeconomic levels were interviewed. The mean age at menarche +/- standard deviation was 13.96 +/- 1.23 years, mean age at first marriage was 17.10 +/- 4.24 years and mean age at first pregnancy was 19.50 +/- 3.90 years. The mean number of children was 4.56 +/- 1.70 children, although for illiterate women it was 6.76 +/- 1.76 children and for high-school or university-educated women it was 3.36 +/- 1.70 children. The mean age at menopause was 47.80 +/- 3.78 years

THE BAIGAS OF MADHYA PRADESH: A DEMOGRAPHIC STUDY

1997 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. REDDY ◽  
B. MODELL
Keyword(s):  
Central India ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Age At Menarche ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Age At Marriage ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Age At First Marriage ◽  
Anthropological Study ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Menarche Age

This paper outlines the demographic characteristics of the Baiga tribe, one of the most primitive of the aboriginal tribal groups of Central India. The Baiga population has grown steadily since the first anthropological study of the tribe in the 1930s. Age at menarche, age at marriage, breast-feeding, and time interval between marriage and first conception are natural. There are more females than males. Sub-tribe endogamy is common; consanguineous marriage is favoured (34% of marriages are between first cousins) and marital distance is low (mean 7·1 km). Though the mean menarcheal age is high (15·2 years), mean age at first marriage is low (16·6 years), giving a long reproductive period.

Occupation and Divorce

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
THEODORE N. GREENSTEIN
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Prestige ◽  
Marriage Education ◽  
Transport Equipment ◽  
Occupational Category ◽  
Social Surveys ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Age At First Marriage ◽  
Males And Females

Analyses of the combined General Social Surveys for 1972-1983 are used to estimate propensity to divorce (proportion of ever-married persons who have ever been divorced or legally separated) for major occupational categories and for selected occupations. Separate analyses for males and females show significant estimated effects of occupation on propensity to divorce even when occupational prestige, age, age at first marriage, income, education, and number of children are statistically controlled. Contrary to the findings of previous studies, male professional and technical workers do not have the lowest propensity to divorce. Propensity to divorce for male professional and technical workers, when adjusted for income, occupational prestige, age, age at first marriage, education, and number of children, is higher than for any occupational category except transport equipment operatives. For female workers, on the other hand, professional and technical workers do have the lowest propensity to divorce among nonfarm workers.

MARRIAGE STRUCTURE AND CONTRACEPTION IN NIGER

1999 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
SARA ANN PETERSON
Keyword(s):  
Birth Control ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Intention To Use ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Age At First Marriage ◽  
Ideal Number ◽  
Marriage Structure

Analysis of the 1992 Niger Demographic and Health Survey showed that although roughly two-thirds of both polygamous and monogamous women approve of birth control, polygamous wives are less likely than monogamous wives to discuss family size or birth control with their husband or to plan on using birth control. The study suggests that characteristics of polygamous couples have caused polygamous women to be more resistant to birth control use than monogamous women. The polygamous women tended to be married to older men who had not gone to primary school and who desired more children than monogamous husbands. The influence of marital structure is not significantly associated with intention to use birth control when the husband's age and the wife's ideal number of children were controlled for in the multivariate logistic regression model suggesting that background social factors may be more influential. In fact, educational level and age at first marriage were significantly associated with attitudes towards birth control and also with marital structure.

scholarly journals Salt content of processed foods in the Islamic Republic of Iran, and compliance with salt standards

2021 ◽  
pp. 687-692
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Zendeboodi ◽  
Sara Sohrabvandi ◽  
Elham Khanniri ◽  
Parang Nikmaram ◽  
Rozita Fanood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Content ◽  
National Standards ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Industrial Products ◽  
Tomato Paste ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Tehran Province ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Made In

Background: The World Health Organization recommends a maximum daily salt intake of 5 g for adults; the Islamic Republic of Iran has national standards for salt content of foods. Aims: This study aimed to determine the salt content of industrial (made in large-scale food companies) and non-industrial (made in local stores using traditional methods) foods in Tehran province and compare it with the Iranian national standards. Methods: We determined the salt content of 555 industrial and non-industrial products from parts of Tehran province in 2016 and 2018. The types of foods examined were: canned vegetables, industrial and non-industrial pickled vegetables, industrial and non-industrial tomato paste/tomato sauce, industrial and non-industrial nuts, and non-industrial barberry juice. The salt content of each product and its compliance with Iranian national standards was evaluated. Results: The salt content of industrial tomato paste/sauce in 2016 (2.05 g/100 g) and non-industrial tomato paste/sauce in 2018 (2.37 g/100 g) was higher than the Iranian standard (1.5/2.0 g/100 g). The mean salt content of both industrial (1.97 g/100 g) and non-industrial (2.16 g/100 g) nuts was higher than the Iranian standard (1.88 g/100 g), as was the mean salt content of non-industrial juice (0.79 g/100 mL versus 0.25 g/100 mL). In 2018, only 48% and 40% of industrial and nonindustrial tomato pastes/sauces met the Iranian standard. Overall, industrial products conformed better with the national standard than non-industrial products. Conclusions: Efforts are needed to reduce the salt content of processed food in the Islamic Republic of Iran and ensure they meet the Iranian standards.

scholarly journals Determinants of desire for more children among women in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitiku Wale Muluneh ◽  
Yikeber Abebaw Moyehodie
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Age At First Marriage ◽  
Catholic Religion ◽  
Ideal Number ◽  
Living Children

Abstract Background Desire for more children has an impact on couple’s fertility behaviors. It can be a precursor of actual fertility performance. However, the desire for more children is declining over time in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to identifying the determinants of the desire for more children among women in Ethiopia. Methods The 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data were used for the analysis. The sample consisted of 15,683 women. The binary logistic regression model was used to assess the determinants of desire for more children among women in Ethiopia. The results are presented as crude odds ratios (COR) and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) together with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Results No education (having no formal education) (AOR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.61–2.13), attained primary education (AOR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.43–1.83), age at first marriage 10–19 years (AOR = 1.80, 95% CI 1.27–2.54), Orthodox religion (AOR = 1.48, 95% CI 1.01–2.19), Catholic religion (AOR = 2.15, 95% CI 1.17–3.97), Muslim religion (AOR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.15–2.50), living in Amhara (AOR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.18–1.78), Oromia (AOR = 2.10, 95% CI 1.73–2.54), Benishangul (AOR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.01–1.45), SNNPR (AOR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.05–1.60), Gambela (AOR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.02–1.57), Harari (AOR = 2.24, 95% CI 1.82–2.76), ideal number of children four or fewer (AOR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.42–0.53), number of living children four or fewer (AOR = 2.12, 95% CI 1.90–2.37), and not use of contraceptives (AOR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.35–1.68) were associated with a higher desire for more children. Conclusion This finding showed that the age of women, educational level, age at first marriage, religion, region, occupation, ideal number of children, number of living children, and use of contraceptives were significant determinants of desire for more children. Therefore, it is important to adopt programs to encourage the desire for more children, implement policies in an attempt to increase the total fertility rate in Ethiopia ought to critically consider these factors. Moreover, continuous education and knowledge on reproductive health will help for better fertility behaviour for the women.

scholarly journals Temporal trends in age at menarche and age at menopause: a population study of 312 656 women in Norway

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 464-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
M S Gottschalk ◽  
A Eskild ◽  
S Hofvind ◽  
J M Gran ◽  
E K Bjelland
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Population Study ◽  
Age At Menarche ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Natural Menopause ◽  
Age At Menopause ◽  
The Mean

Abstract STUDY QUESTION Have mean age at menarche or mean age at natural menopause changed from the 1939 birth cohort to the 1964 birth cohort? SUMMARY ANSWER We estimated a minor decrease in mean age at menarche and an increase by nearly 3 years in mean age at natural menopause. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY In the Western world, age at menarche decreased across birth cohorts from the early 1800s until the 1950s. Whether mean age at menarche has continued to decrease in birth cohorts after the 1950s remains uncertain. It is also uncertain whether mean age at natural menopause has changed across birth cohorts. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We performed a retrospective population study of 312 656 women who were born in Norway during the years 1936–1964. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The data were obtained by two self-administered questionnaires from women who participated in the Norwegian breast cancer screening program (BreastScreen Norway) during the years 2006–2014. We used flexible parametric survival models with restricted cubic splines to estimate mean age at menarche, mean age at menopause and mean number of years between menarche and menopause according to the women’s year of birth. The women who were still having menstrual periods contributed with follow-up time until the time of data collection, and the women who had reported surgical removal of the uterus and/or both ovaries prior to natural menopause contributed with follow-up time until the time of surgery. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The mean age at menarche was 13.42 years (95% CI: 13.40–13.44 years) among women born during 1936–1939, and it was 13.24 years (95% CI: 13.22–13.25 years) among women born during 1960–1964. The mean age at natural menopause increased from 50.31 years (95% CI: 50.25–50.37 years) among women born during 1936–1939 to 52.73 years (95% CI: 52.64–52.82 years) among women born during 1960–1964. The mean number of years between menarche and menopause increased from 36.83 years (95% CI: 36.77–36.89 years) to 40.22 years (95% CI: 40.11–40.34 years). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Information about age at menarche and age at menopause was based on self-reports. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Late menopause is associated with increased risk of breast cancer but also with increased life expectancy. Thus, higher mean age at menopause may partly explain the increase in breast cancer incidence after menopause and the increase in life expectancy in recent time. Also, a longer interval between menarche and menopause could suggest that the number of years of female fecundity has increased. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was funded by the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority [grant number 2016112 to M.S.G.] and by the Norwegian Cancer Society [grant number 6863294-2015 to E.K.B.]. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

scholarly journals Marriage, Divorce, and Remarriage from Retrospective Data: A Multiregional Approach

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 1633-1652 ◽  
Author(s):  
T J Espenshade
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Population Analysis ◽  
Retrospective Data ◽  
Never Married ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Age At First Marriage ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean

In this paper the author applies the framework of multiregional population analysis to marital status changes as revealed by longitudinal retrospective data on marital histories collected as part of the June 1975 Current Population Survey supplement. Four marital statuses are used: never married, presently married, divorced, and widowed. Marital status life tables are computed for three periods: 1960–1965, 1965–1970, and 1970–1975, and, for each period, differences between males and females and between whites and blacks are described. We examine the proportion of a life-table cohort ever marrying, the mean age at first marriage, the number of marriages per person marrying, the proportion of marriages ending in divorce, the average duration of a marriage (or a divorce, or a widowhood), and the like.

scholarly journals Ethnic Fertility Differentials in Pakistan

1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (4II) ◽  
pp. 733-744
Author(s):  
Ali Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Age At First Marriage ◽  
Demand For Children

Pakistan is a country facing relatively high rates of population growth due to high fertility and decline in mortality rates. This is not only depleting scarce resources but also contributing significantly to environmental degradation. It is, therefore, desirable to know; why fertility rates in Pakistan remain high despite the nationwide family planning coverage since 1965? The objective of this study, therefore, is to establish trends and patterns of fertility among different ethnic groups (on the basis of languages spoken) in Pakistan. The study also explores the major reasons for different fertility behaviour. This is because; there are variety of languages spoken throughout the country having distinct norms, traditions and other customs which directly or indirectly influence fertility and fertility related decisions. The study found that the Balochi or Brohi speaking women had the most children, Sindhi and Pushto speaking women are the women with the second highest fertility levels, Punjabis with the lowest and Urdu speaking almost matching them. The study attributes the high fertility levels among some ethnic groups to low level of education, lower age at first marriage, higher demand for children and greater value placed on number of children. It is also found that fertility levels are high among those ethnic groups who have little knowledge and less use of contraceptives. On the basis of findings, study provides guideline to policy-makers, planners and family planning personnel’s for policy formation to facilitate reduction of fertility in particular context and to target specific sub-groups of population.

scholarly journals Factors influencing desired number of children among Ethiopian women: Application of count regression models.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habitu Liyew Molla ◽  
Essey Kebede Muluneh
Keyword(s):  
Family Size ◽  
Women's Education ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Age At First Marriage ◽  
Desired Family Size

Abstract Background: Desired family size, the number of children wanted in one’s lifetime, is one of the major factors influencing the population dynamics. Knowledge of factors influencing the desired family size is crucial in regulating the population growth. This study assesses the desired family size and its determinants among Ethiopian women. Methods: The study was based on the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data. A total of 13,941 women with complete information were considered in the study. Count regression models, a family of generalized linear models, were used to identify determinant factors for the desired number of children among women in Ethiopia. Results: Results showed that the average number of children per women was 4.5. The highest average was recorded in Somali region (10.58) and the lowest in Addis Ababa city administration (3.56). The random intercept negative binomial regression model was found to be the most appropriate model for the data. Women’s age, household head, contraception using, wealth index, women’s education, religion, marital status, husband’s work, family size and age at first marriage were significantly associated with the desired number of children by women at reproductive age. The study also showed that there was significant regional variation in desired number of children among Ethiopian women. Conclusions: Variables such as women’s age and family size were positively associated with the desired number of children by women at reproductive age while age at first marriage, contraception using, wealth index and women’s education were negatively associated with the desired number of children by women. Women who attained higher level of education preferred small family size compared to women with no formal education. Desire for children was high among mothers from rural areas, women in the poorest economic level and woman having no work. Keywords: Desired number of children, statistical weight, EDHS, Count regression models, multilevel analysis.

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