scholarly journals Active tuberculosis among Iraqi schoolchildren with positive skin tests and their household contacts

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 675-688
Author(s):  
W. Al Kubaisy ◽  
A. Al Dulayme ◽  
H. D. Selman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Past History ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Positive Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Positive Skin ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
History Of

In a prospective cohort study in Iraq, schoolchildren with a positive tuberculin skin test during the nationwide survey in 2000 were followed up in 2002 to determine prevalence of latent tuberculosis [TB] infection and risk factors among household contacts. Of 205 children, 191 remained skin-test positive in 2002. Based on X-ray and clinical examination, 9 children [4.4%] were active TB cases. Among 834 household contacts, there were 144 new TB cases, giving a cumulative incidence of 17.3%. Risk factors for TB among household contacts were: age > / = 15 years; technical/professional job; smoking; low body mass index; diabetes mellitus; steroid therapy; and closeness of contact with the index cases. Based on past history of TB in index children and their contacts, 77.2% of new TB cases were attributable to household contacts

Penicillin Hypersensitivity

1979 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 132-158
Keyword(s):  
Skin Test ◽  
Multicenter Study ◽  
Positive Skin Test ◽  
Penicillin Allergy ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Positive Skin ◽  
Positive History ◽  
History Of

A (massive) multicenter study of 3,000 patients has demonstrated that skin tests to penicillin G and penicilloyl-polylysine (PPL-now commercially available) predict and confirm penicillin allergy. Of patients with a history of penicillin reaction, 19% were positive to either, compared to 7% of controls. A history of anaphylaxis led to 46% positive. Of those with a history of urticaria 17% were positive, and those with maculopapular eruptions did not differ from controls (7% positive). Challenge with penicillin led to a reaction in 6% with a positive history (compared to 2% with a negative) and 67% with a combined positive history and positive skin test (to either).

A Survey of Latent Tuberculosis Infection Among Laboratory Healthcare Workers in New York City

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 801-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Garber ◽  
Pablo San Gabriel ◽  
Lauren Lambert ◽  
Lisa Saiman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
First Year ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
History Of ◽  
Latent Tb Infection

AbstractObjective:To determine the prevalence of positive tuberculin skin tests (TSTs), incidence of TST conversion, risk factors for positive TSTs, and history of active TB among HCWs in microbiology laboratories in New York City.Design:Two-year survey from May 1999 to June 2001.Setting:Nineteen microbiology laboratories.Results:During the first year, interviews were conducted with 345 laboratory HCWs (mean, 18 HCWs per site; range, 2 to 51) to assess the prevalence of positive TSTs, but 3 (1%) could not recall their result and were excluded from further analyses. The mean age of the remaining 342 HCWs was 48 years; 68% (n = 233) were female, 54% (n = 183) received bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination, and 71% (n = 244) were foreign born. The prevalence of a positive TST was 57% (n = 196), but only 20% (n = 39) of the HCWs received isoniazid. The incidence of TST conversion in the second year of the study was 1% (1 of 108). Multivariate analysis identified age (odds ratio [OR] per year, 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI95], 1.02–1.08), foreign birth (OR, 3.80; CI95, 1.98–7.28), BCG immunization (OR, 4.89; CI95, 2.72–8.80), and employment in a mycobacteriology laboratory (OR, 2.14; CI95, 1.25–3.68) as risk factors for a positive TST. Only one HCW had been treated for active TB.Conclusions:The prevalence of positive TSTs was high among laboratory HCWs, but the TST conversion rate was low. Higher rates of treatment for latent TB infection are desirable.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Status and Childhood Atopy

1996 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kitaw Demissie ◽  
Pierre Ernst ◽  
Margaret R Becklake
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Parental Occupation ◽  
Positive Skin ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of

BACKGROUND:Variation in the prevalence of allergic disorders among socioeconomic groups could be due either to differences in the type of allergens encountered or to actual differences in susceptibility to sensitization to any particular antigen.OBJECTIVE:To examine the relationship of skin test positivity to inhaled aeroallergens and socioeconomic status (SES).METHODS:A total of 989 Montreal elementary school children were studied. A short questionnaire was completed by parents, and the children performed spirometry before and after a free-running exercise challenge. A subsample of 309 children underwent allergy skin prick tests to common inhaled aeroallergens. SES was established using parental occupation.RESULTS:Higher social class was associated with an increased likelihood of having positive skin tests to cat and trees, while there was a trend towards an inverse relationship between SES and skin test sensitivity to cockroach and moulds. Reported history of asthma, hay fever or eczema were unrelated to SES.CONCLUSIONS:The results of this study suggest differences in levels of exposure to different allergens by social class. From the public health point of view, community-based allergen avoidance measures need to be adapted to social class.

scholarly journals Prevalence and predictors of positive tuberculin skin test results in a research laboratory

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 416-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian H. Pilsczek ◽  
Stefan H.E. Kaufmann
Keyword(s):  
Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Research Laboratory ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Positive Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Active Tuberculosis ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Place Of Birth ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
History Of

Latent tuberculosis was studied in a research laboratory. A prevalence of positive tuberculin skin test results (> 15mm) of 20% was found and the main predictors were place of birth in a foreign country with high prevalence of tuberculosis and a history of contact with patients with untreated active tuberculosis.

EVALUATION OF THE MUMPS SKIN TEST

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-473
Author(s):  
ALFRED L. FLORMAN ◽  
ALFRED E. FISCHER ◽  
RALPH E. MOLOSHOK
Keyword(s):  
Skin Test ◽  
Past History ◽  
Mumps Virus ◽  
Frequent Occurrence ◽  
Intradermal Test ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Epidemic Parotitis

An intradermal test with formalin-inactivated egg-grown mumps virus was done on 109 household contacts of 42 cases of epidemic parotitis. Sixty of these individuals were skin-test positive and 49 negative. There were 12 contact cases of epidemic parotitis and 11 of them occurred among the nonreactors. There were 27 children who gave negative skin tests and they furnished 10 of the contact cases. The possible significance of this has been discussed. The various types of reactions encountered have been described and the frequent occurrence of relatively faint reactions in children noted. The validity of the test was supported by an obvious correlation with the incidence of secondary cases, past history and the fact that patients who were originally skin-test negative were positive several months later. It is concluded that the test is of value in determining susceptibility to epidemic parotitis. In view of the large number of clinically inapparent cases, the skin test should prove most useful in practice in removing unnecessary concern for infection by parents who do not recall having had the disease.

Studies With Live Varicella Vaccine and Inactivated Skin Test Antigen: Protective Effect of the Vaccine and Clinical Application of the Skin Test

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 550-555
Author(s):  
Koichi Baba ◽  
Hyakuji Yabuuchi ◽  
Hidekazu Okuni ◽  
Michiaki Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Skin Reaction ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
Index Patient ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Positive Skin ◽  
Reaction Test ◽  
History Of ◽  
Viral Dose

In December 1975, a patient with varicella was admitted to a ward for children less than 2 years of age. Among 76 children without a history of varicella, 33 children more than 1 year of age were immediately vaccinated with a small viral dose of 80 plaque-forming units per person. Forty-three children less than 1 year of age were left unvaccinated. Among the vaccinated children, only eight exhibited mild varicella, while typical varicella developed in all 43 unvaccinated children during the next ten weeks. In July 1976, another patient with varicella was admitted to a ward with 49 children 3 to 5 years old. The children were immediately given the skin reaction test with mactivated varicella antigen. Seventeen of the 20 children with negative reactions were vaccinated, while the index patient and two children with fever were not vaccinated. Only one of the 17 vaccinated children showed mild varicella symptoms within two weeks after vaccination, while typical varicella developed in two unvaccinated children during the four weeks after appearance of the index case. Varicella developed in none of the 29 children who had positive skin tests. In the sequential skin test of seven vaccinated children, a positive skin reaction was observed as early as five days after vaccination, which preceded the appearance of neutralization antibody by seven to nine days.

scholarly journals Risk Factors and Prevalence for Latent Tuberculosis Infection among Health Care Workers in Al-Quwayiyah General Hospital Riyadh, KSA

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Enas Sh. Khater ◽  
Khalid H. M. Abdo
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Care ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Past History ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Work Place ◽  
History Of

Background: All health care facilities should intensify TB screening and encourage treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among Healthcare workers (HCWs) to prevent progression to tuberculosis (TB) disease. Aim: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of LTBI among HCWs in Al Quwayiyah General hospital as well as to compare the performance of QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFT-Plus) to TST in identifying LTBI. Methods: A cross sectional study and prospective cohort study was performed from January to July 2019 in Al Quwayiyah General hospital involving a total of 718 HCWs. questionnaire with socio-demographic data and work history was filled, and both tests were done TST and QFT test for each Healthcare worker. Results: The study showed that The prevalence of latent tuberculosis diagnosed was 9.05% and 9.19% using QFT-Plus and TST respectively. Only 26 (3.62%) subjects were positive for both tests whereas 131 (18.25%) were positive by either test. Comparing the results of the QFT-Plus with those of the TST, both tests had a significant total agreement of 88.8. Negative concordance comprised 85.37% of the results, and positive concordance comprised 3.62%. However, positive TST but negative QFT-Plus comprised 5.57% of the results, and negative TST but positive QFT-Plus comprised 5.43%. The association between risk factors and QFT-Plus test results in the studied groups showed that the smoking, health status, immunosuppresion, housing, occupation, contact T.B. at work place, past history of TB and diabetes mellitus appear as significant risk factors. The association between the studied risk factors and TST in the studied groups showed sig­nificant difference noted for smoking, BCG vaccination, immunosuppresion, housing, occupation, contact T.B. at work place, past history of TB and diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: The prevalence of latent tuberculosis diagnosed was 9.05% and 9.19% using QFT-Plus and TST respectively. Testing of HCWs at hire and periodically can help in the detection of LTBI Large scale study is recommended to confirm such findings in Saudi Arabia, also the use of Quantiferon for detection of LTBI beside using TST is recommended as it reduce the false positive reports by TST and is not affected by prior BCG status.

SKIN REACTIONS TO TOXOPLASMIC ANTIGEN IN PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT AGES WITHOUT KNOWN HISTORY OF INFECTION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 798-804
Author(s):  
HARRY A. FELDMAN ◽  
ALBERT B. SABIN
Keyword(s):  
Skin Test ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Skin Reactions ◽  
Positive Skin ◽  
Commercial Preparation ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chicken Eggs ◽  
Intracutaneous Injection

One hundred forty-two residents of the Cincinnati area ranging in age from 3 months to 81 years were surveyed for their reaction to the intracutaneous injection of toxoplasmic antigen prepared from infected chorioallantoic membranes of chicken eggs. The skin test antigen is also present in abundance in mouse peritoneal exudate freed of Toxoplasma by centrifugation and its concentration appears to be proportional to that of the complement-fixing antigen. The positive reactions, consisting of red, indurated, swollen, tender and itching lesions ranging in size, from 60 x 50 mm. to 10 x 10 mm. (the latter being relatively rare), reach their maximum in 30 to 48 hours. The incidence of positive reactions among at least 20 individuals in each age group listed was as follows: 0 to 4 years—0; 5 to 9 years—5%; 10 to 19 years—14%; 20 to 29 years—20%; 30 to 39 years—50%; 40 to 49 years—65%; 50 to 81 years—65%. A positive skin test was invariably associated with demonstrable toxoplasmic antibody in the serum. Toxoplasmic antibody in varying titer was also found in the serum of 7 of 18 persons (39%) with negative skin tests. Further evidence in favor of the high incidence of toxoplasmic antibody among the "normal" adult population was obtained when a 15 to 20 fold concentrated, commercial preparation of gamma globulin prepared from the plasma of more than 20,000 American adults was found to contain toxoplasmic antibody in a titer of 1:256 as determined by the dye test. Since no agent having an antigen in common with Toxoplasma and capable of giving rise to antibodies for this protozoon parasite has been found thus far, one must consider the possibility that inapparent infection with Toxoplasma may be widespread, although it is rather curious that the incidence of antibodies (and presumably infection) should rise so sharply after the 20th year of life. The toxoplasmic skin test is not useful for diagnosis because a strongly positive test bears no relationship to titer of antibody and a negative test is encountered too often in the presence of antibody.

Sequential degranulation of eosinophils induced by antigen or autocoids in allergic humans

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 354-355
Author(s):  
Kate W. Sjoerdsma ◽  
W. James Metzger
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage ◽  
Allergic Asthma ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Positive Skin Test ◽  
Positive Skin ◽  
Human Eosinophil ◽  
Asthmatic Patients ◽  
Allergic Asthmatic ◽  
History Of

Eosinophils are important to the pathogenesis of allergic asthma, and are increased in bronchoalveolar lavage within four hours after bronchoprovocation of allergic asthmatic patients, and remain significantly increased up to 24 hours later. While the components of human eosinophil granules have been recently isolated and purified, the mechanisms of degranulation have yet to be elucidated.We obtained blood from two volunteers who had a history of allergic rhinitis and asthma and a positive skin test (5x5mm wheal) to Alternaria and Ragweed. Eosinophils were obtained using a modification of the method described by Roberts and Gallin.

High Rate of Negative Results of Tuberculin and QuantiFERON Tests Among Individuals With a History of Positive Skin Test Results

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 436-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd N. Friedman ◽  
Esther R. Nash ◽  
June Bryant ◽  
Susan Henry ◽  
Julia Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Test ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Negative Group ◽  
Tuberculosis Screening ◽  
Positive Skin ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
History Of ◽  
Positive Results

Objectives.To evaluate individuals at high risk for tuberculosis exposure who had a history of a positive tuberculin skin test (TST) result in order to determine the prevalence of unsuspected negative TST results. To confirm these findings with the QuantiFERON-TB test (QFT), an in vitro whole-blood assay that measures tuberculin-induced secretion of interferon-γ.Methods.This survey was conducted from November 2001 through December 2003 at 3 sites where TST screening is regularly done. Detailed histories and reviews of medical records were performed. TSTs were placed and read by 2 experienced healthcare workers, and blood was drawn for QFT. Any subject with a negative result of an initial TST during the study (induration diameter, <10 mm) underwent a second TST and a second QFT. The TST-negative group comprised individuals for whom both TSTs had an induration diameter of <10 mm. The confirmed-negative group comprised individuals for whom both TSTs yielded no detectable induration and results of both QFTs were negative.Results.A total of 67 immunocompetent subjects with positive results of a previous TST were enrolled in the study. Of 56 subjects who completed the TST protocol, 25 (44.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 31.6%-57.6%) were TST negative (P<.001). Of 31 subjects who completed the TST protocol and the QFT protocol, 8 (25.8%; 95% CI, 10.4%-41.2%) were confirmed negative (P<.005).Conclusions.A significant proportion of subjects with positive results of a previous TST were TST negative in this study, and a subset of these were confirmed negative. These individuals' TST status may have reverted or may never have been positive. It will be important in future studies to determine whether such individuals lack immunity to tuberculosis and whether they should be considered for reentry into tuberculosis screening programs.

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